Nu chto zh, esli nel'zya perehodit' v pryamougol'nye koordinaty, to, navernoe, zadacha chisto sfericheskaya: Zemlyu schitaem
sharom, a otrezok - dugoi bol'shogo kruga. Pust'phi i lambda - shirota i dolgota tochki na zemnoi poverhnosti; A - azimut
(schitaetsya ot napravleniya na severnyi polyus k vostoku), s - rasstoyanie, vyrazhennoe v uglovoi mere. Esli dano lineinoe
rasstoyanie L, to uglovoe (v radianah) mozhno naiti, podeliv L na radius Zemli: s = L/R, gde R=6371 km. Iskomye
koordinaty phi_1 i lambda_1 nahodyatsya po sleduyushim formulam sfericheskoi trigonometrii:
sin(phi_1) = cos(s)sin
(phi) + sin(s)cos(phi)cos(A),
cos(phi_1)sin(lambda_1-lambda) = sin(s)sin(A),
cos(phi_1)cos(lambda_1-lambda) =
cos(s)cos(phi)- sin(s)sin(phi)cos(A).
Snachala po pervoi formule nahoditsya phi_1, zatem po vtoroi i tret'ei sinus
i kosinus lambda_1-lambda. Obe funkcii nuzhny dlya togo, chtoby pravil'no opredelit' chetvert' lambda_1-lambda.
Esli
rasstoyanie neveliko (neskol'kokilometrovpo poverhnosti), to mozhno ispol'zovat' priblizhennye formuly:
s cos(A) =
phi-phi_1,
s