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S. A. Cimbalyuk
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Radioteleskop so sverhdlinnoi bazoi.
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24.05.2008 15:31 |
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RADIOTELESKOP SO SVERHDLINNO' BAZO'.
V daidzheste na russkom yazyke gazety "N'yu-'ork taims" za 14 sentyabrya 1993 goda rasskazyvaetsya o nazemnoi antenne diametrom
25 metrov, kotoraya nastol'ko chuvstvitel'na,chto (citiruyu) "smogla by legko obnaruzhit' slaben'kie radiovolny,ispuskaemye chelovecheskim organizmom". Zhal',chto ne ukazyvaetsya--na
kakom rasstoyanii sposobna obnaruzhit'!
Chem bol'she baza antenny (diametr ee prinimayushei reshetki)--tem vyshe chuvstvitel'nost' radara.
V astronomii uzhe davno ispol'zuyutsya
"slozhnye antennye sistemy so SVERHDLINNO' BAZO'". Eto neskol'ko radioteleskopov, raspolozhennyh v TYSYaChAH kilometrov drug ot druga i sinhronno upravlyaemyh iz odnogo
centra. Takoi nabor antenn funkcioniruet kak EDINY' radioteleskop GIGANTSKOGO razmera, obladayushii GROMADNO' chuvstvitel'nost'yu i chetkost'yu razresheniya.Uzhe v 90-e gody podobnuyu
sistemu Yaponiya sobiralas' DOPOLNIT' i orbital'nym radioteleskopom v KOSMOSE.
Vot CITATA iz stat'i Kima Smirnova v "Novoi gazete" :
"Stalo
vidimo daleko vo vse koncy sveta.Teleskop razmerom v rasstoyanie do Luny".
""Etu <<ideyu mirovogo klassa>> deistvitel'no okolo 40 let nazad predlozhili
otechestvennye uchenye N. Kardashev, L. Matveenko i G. Sholomickii. V osnove lezhit znakomoe so shkol'nyh uchebnikov yavlenie interferencii: svoistvo voln lyuboi prirody (na poverhnosti
vody, zvukovye, sveto- i radiovolny i dr.) usilivat'sya ili oslablyat'sya pri ih slozhenii v prostranstve.
Esli dva ili neskol'ko teleskopov razvesti na bol'shoe rasstoyanie
i nablyudat' za odnim i tem zhe nebesnym ob'ektom, to pri slozhenii ih signalov voznikaet interferenciya, rezko uvelichivaya razreshayushuyu sposobnost' vsei sistemy. Ona poluchaetsya
takaya, kak esli by my imeli teleskop s razmerami, ravnymi rasstoyaniyu, na kotoroe razneseny odinochnye malen'kie teleskopy. Eto znachit, chto bol'shoi teleskop ne obyazatel'no dolzhen
byt' sploshnym.
Predlozhennaya nashimi uchenymi sistema byla eksperimental'no oprobovana v SShA. Potom Rossiya dogovorilas' s Amerikoi o sovmestnyh issledovaniyah na otechestvennyh
i zaokeanskih radioteleskopah. I vse poluchilos'. Kak by nachal rabotat' radioteleskop s razmerami, blizkimi k diametru Zemli. Seichas v takih issledovaniyah prinimayut uchastie
vse tehnologicheski razvitye strany.
Na tom zhe <<chiliiskom poligone>> v pustyne Atakama stroitsya novyi radioteleskop-interferometr. On budet sostoyat' iz 64
otdel'nyh antenn diametrom 12 metrov i rabotat' na samyh korotkih volnah (do 0,3 mm), kotorye propuskaet atmosfera Zemli, da i to lish' v mestah, gde bezoblachno i ochen' suho.
Obsuzhdaetsya vopros o prisoedinenii k etomu proektu Rossii.
U samyh luchshih iz deistvuyushih seichas radioteleskopov ploshad', s kotoroi sobiraetsya energiya, izluchaemaya
dalekimi ob'ektami Vselennoi, - do 100 tysyach kvadratnyh metrov. No uzhe proektiruyutsya pribory, u kotoryh eta ploshad' uvelichitsya do milliona kvadratnyh metrov - kilometr na
kilometr. Vozmozhno, stanciya odnogo iz etih teleskopov raspolozhitsya pod Moskvoi, na radioobservatorii FIAN v Pushine.
Itak, teleskopy razmerom s Zemlyu uzhe real'nost'.
No predstav'te, kakie gorizonty otkroyutsya, esli k zemnym priboram pribavit' orbital'nye! Takoi proekt v nashei strane byl razrabotan. Radioteleskop, rabotayushii kak kosmicheskii
interferometr, dolzhen byl vyvodit'sya na vytyanutuyu orbitu s udaleniem ot Zemli na 350 tys. km. Eto - pochti rasstoyanie ot nas do Luny. Poluchaetsya teleskop podobnogo razmera.
Uglovoe razreshenie takogo teleskopa budet v tri milliona raz luchshe, chem u chelovecheskogo glaza, i v 40 raz luchshe, chem u radiointerferometrov na Zemle.
Izvestnye
radikal'nye peremeny otodvinuli osushestvlenie proekta <<Radioastron>> chut' li ne na dva desyatiletiya. I dazhe pri tom, chto upusheno stol'ko vremeni, on obeshaet dat'
takoe razreshenie izobrazhenii, kakogo segodnya net nigde v mire. Na nem budet ustanovlen atomnyi vodorodnyi standart, obespechivayushii ne tol'ko vysokostabil'nuyu interferenciyu,
no i vysokotochnoe izmerenie orbity.
Na 2016 god planiruetsya (i eto takzhe chast' utverzhdennoi federal'noi kosmicheskoi programmy) start sleduyushei stupeni proekta -
observatorii <<Millimetron>>, ohvatyvayushei millimetrovyi i submillimetrovyi diapazony (oblast' spektra tak nazyvaemogo reliktovogo fona, kotoryi neset dragocennuyu
informaciyu o sobytiyah, proishodivshih eshe pri rozhdenii nashei Vselennoi). Po svoim vozmozhnostyam eta orbital'naya observatoriya budet v desyatki raz <<zorche>>, chem luchshie
radioteleskopy, stroyashiesya seichas na Zemle.
V <<Radioastrone>> i <<Milli-metrone>>, v sozdanii kotoryh uchastvuyut mnogie nauchnye i konstruktorskie
kollektivy u nas i za rubezhom, planiruetsya dostich' maksimal'nogo uglovogo razresheniya i samoi vysokoi chuvstvitel'nosti s pomosh'yu noveishih nanotehnologii. A dal'she posleduyut
kosmicheskie interferometry, ohvatyvayushie ves' elektromagnitnyi diapazon.""
Konec CITATY iz "Novoi gazety".
Netrudno soobrazit', chto
podobnaya SUPERSISTEMA iz nazemnyh i orbital'nyh radioteleskopov UZhE sushestvuet u SShA i, blagodarya svoei sverhchuvstvitel'nosti, pozvolyaet vydelyat' iz radiofona,ulavlivat' i
fiksirovat' lyuboi istochnik radiovoln samoi slaboi moshnosti.
Takoi superradioteleskop so SVERHDLINNO' BAZO' smotrit ne v kosmos, a na POOChEREDNO vybiraemye chasti poverhnosti
Zemli!
Chto kasaetsya nelepyh somnenii v chuvstvitel'nosti podobnoi radioantennoi supersistemy, to vot dostatochno yasnyi primer; v 1989 godu slabyi radioperedatchik kosmicheskogo
apparata "Voyadzher-2" iz okrestnostei Neptuna s rasstoyaniya 4,5 milliarda kilometrov vel radioperedachi.Dostigayushii Zemlyu radiosignal imel nichtozhnuyu moshnost' v 10 kvadrillionnyh
dolei vatta! I tem ne menee radioantennaya sistema so SVERHDLINNO' BAZO', sostoyavshaya iz 38 gigantskih radioantenn raspolozhennyh na chetyreh kontinentah--nadezhno ulavlivala i
vydelyala iz radiofona etot predel'no slabyi radiosignal.(Nu a esli zhe ozabotit'sya MASSOVOST'Yu otslezhivaemyh istochnikov radioizlucheniya, to v toi zhe radioastronomii davno ispol'zuyutsya
mnogokanal'nye spektroanalizatory, sposobnye ODNOVREMENNO otslezhivat' bolee 20 millionov radiochastot!).
Uzh ne znayu, pozvolyaet li takaya radioantennaya sistema so SVERHDLINNO'
BAZO'--ulavlivat' i peredavat' v Ameriku slaben'kie radiovolny, ispuskaemye (kak ukazano v nachale stat'i) chelovekoobraznym organizmom,bredushim po ulicam Moskvy? No ot ego
radiotelefona--tochno ulavlivaet!
Nu hotya by UVIDET' i sfotografirovat' iz kosmosa figuru etogo moskovskogo sub'ekta--sovremennaya optika pozvolyaet bez problem.A ved' sovokupnaya
moshnost' OTRAZhAEMYH ego shlyapoi i plechami kvantov vidimogo sveta, dostigayushih optoelektronnoi apparatury kosmicheskogo sputnika--esli vdumat'sya,sovershenno nichtozhna!!!
I
tem ne menee: amerikanskii gigantskii sputnik-fotoshpion KN-12, pervyi iz kotoryh byl zapushen v kosmos eshe v nachale 90-h godov, imeet fotokamery,sposobnye delat' detal'nye
uvelichennye snimki zemnoi poverhnosti--na kotoryh vidny ob'ekty velichinoi s beisbol'nyi myach! A takzhe sposoben prochest' iz kosmosa--nazvanie razvernutoi na zemle gazety!!!
Moshnost' izlucheniya radiotelefonov sostavlyaet ot 100 do 600 millivatt.Rabotayut takie apparatiki na chastotah ot 450 do 1800 megagerc.
Interesno,chto eto takzhe
diapazon raboty razlichnyh priborov s NELINE'NO' SVYaZ'Yu, kotorye yavlyayutsya OTDEL'NO', no tozhe ochen' interesnoi i specifichnoi raznovidnost'yu radioapparatury.
Nelineinye
radiolokacionnye stancii ulavlivayut VTORIChNOE izluchenie:
1)ot metallicheskih kontaktov s maloi ploshad'yu poverhnosti soprikosnoveniya (treshiny,klepanye soedineniya, tochechnaya
svarka)
2)ot vhodyashih v sostav radioelektronnyh sredstv POLUPROVODNIKOVYH DIODOV I TRANZISTOROV.
Ob'ekty,ne soderzhashie elementov s nelineinymi harakteristikami,
NE BUDUT I VOSPRINIMAT'SYa priemnikom nelineinoi RLS.(Eto vazhnoe raz'yasnenie dlya oluhov--ne sposobnyh ponyat': kak NUZhNY' istochnik radioizlucheniya VYDELYaETSYa iz gromadnogo radiofona!)
Ispol'zuyutsya takie nelineinye RLS dlya poiska min (v tom chisle v nemetallicheskoi obolochke); skrytoi v rastitel'nosti bronetehniki; PODZEMNYH ob'ektov; nerabotayushih vrazheskih
SREDSTV SVYaZI,POMEH I PODSLUShIVANIYa; i dlya "slepoi' posadki letatel'nyh apparatov na avianesushie korabli.
Stancii legkie (10-20kg), trebuyut nebol'shuyu moshnost' (ot
sotyh dolei vatta--do soten vatt).Maksimal'naya dal'nost' ne prevyshaet 3 km.Mozhno predpolozhit',chto eto ogranichenie ustanavlivaetsya lish' maloi moshnost'yu PERENOSNYH nelineinyh
RLS.Dlya UVELIChENIYa dal'nosti deistviya ispol'zuyut moshnye radioimpul'sy,chto zavisit ot moshnosti peredatchika i koefficienta usileniya izluchayushei antenny.
Diapazon 0,6-1,0
gigagerc(decimetrovye radiovolny), naibolee chasto ispol'zuemyi dlya raboty nelineinyh RLS, effektiven dlya obnaruzheniya i raspoznavaniya ob'ektov v grunte.Pri locirovanii ob'ektov,skrytyh
v rastitel'nosti ili snege,celesoobrazno ispol'zovat' OBLUChAYuShUYu volnu chastotoi 150-400 megagerc.Nelineinye RLS imeyut,kak pravilo,maluyu dal'nost' deistviya,no obladayut VYSOKO'
POMEHOZAShIShENNOST'Yu.
Mirovym liderom v razrabotke nelineinyh RLS yavlyaetsya Nauchno-issledovatel'skii centr Armii SShA (raspolozhen v shtate Virdzhiniya).
Istochnik informacii:
zhurnal "Zarubezhnaya radioelektronika" 2002god,nomer 6, str.59.
Sergei Cimvalyuk
nezavisimyi issledovatel'
www.nootelepat.narod.ru
P.S. www.kp.ru/online/news//35942/"
style="border: dotted 1px #666;">
V Yaponii ustanovyat kruglosutochnuyu slezhku za gossluzhashimi
2 noyabrya 2007 07:28
Ministerstvo oborony Yaponii gotovitsya
k vvedeniyu sistemy sputnikovogo slezheniya za svoimi sotrudnikami. Prichinoi takogo povorota sobytii stal nedavnii skandal s byvshim zamestitelem rukovoditelya ministerstva Takemasoi
Moriei (Takemasa Moriya). On byl snyat s dolzhnosti posle togo, kak stalo izvestno o ego regulyarnyh posesheniyah elitnogo gol'fkluba za schet chastnogo oboronnogo predpriyatiya.
Kak soobshaet RIA Novosti, eto novovvedenie pozvolit osushestvlyat' kontrol' za mestopolozheniem i deistviyami sluzhashih ne tol'ko v rabochee vremya, no i po vyhodnym
dnya. V ministerstve oborony Yaponii soobshayut, chto perehod na kruglosutochnuyu slezhku za sotrudnikami vveden v celyah predotvrasheniya teraktov i dlya operativnogo obnaruzheniya nuzhnogo
sotrudnika vo vremya chrezvychainyh obstoyatel'stv.
Sluzhashie Minoborony budut snabzheny mobil'nymi telefonami, osnashennymi sistemoi sputnikovoi navigacii
GPS. Informaciya o mestopolozhenii sotrudnika budet kruglosutochno fiksirovat'sya v central'noi baze dannyh ministerstva.
Novaya sistema uzhe vyzvala nedovol'stvo apparata
sluzhashih ministerstva, predstavitel' kotorogo zayavil, chto <<sotrudniki ne zasluzhili takogo obrasheniya, napominayushego roditel'skoe popechitel'stvo>>. V otvet na eto,
ministr oborony Yaponii Sigeru Isiba (Shigeru Ishiba) otvetil v duhe luchshih samuraiskih tradidii: <<nesoglasnym s politikoi ministerstva budet predlozheno smenit' mesto
raboty>>.
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Dmitrii Docenko
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Re: Radioteleskop so sverhdlinnoi bazoi.
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2.06.2008 20:46 |
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Uvazhaemyi gospodin Cimbalyuk!
Vy oshibaetes' v odnoi melochi. Radiointerferometr ne obladaet gromadnoi (a tem bolee i GROMADNO') chuvstvitel'nost'yu. Razreshenie sistemy
uvelichivaetsya za schet bol'shoi bazy - rasstoyaniya mezhdu otdel'nymi elementami. No kolichestvo zaregistrirovannoi energii (i, sledovatel'no, chuvstvitel'nost') zavisit tol'ko ot
ploshadi antenn. Esli pomestit' dve televizionnye antenny na rasstoyanii 100 metrov drug ot druga, to kombinirui ih ili ne kombinirui, oni ne budut prinimat' kak 100-metrovaya
televizionnaya antenna.
Zamet'te, ni v odnoi iz vashih citat net ni slova pro povyshenie chuvstvitel'nosti. "Sverhchuvstvitel'nost'", uvy, tol'ko Vash domysel.
Nu i drugie melochi: dlya proekta "Millimetron" net ni tehniki (i ne budet - eto uzhe yasno), ni ideinogo obosnovaniya. Naskol'ko mne izvestno, v proekte "Millimetron"
ne uchastvuet ni odin zarubezhnyi kollektiv. Signal Voyadzhera lovila sistema, ne ob'edinennaya v interferometr.
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S. A. Cimbalyuk
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Re[2]: Radioteleskop so sverhdlinnoi bazoi.
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26.08.2008 15:33 |
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PROEKT MILLIMETRON
Proekt predpolagaet sozdanie kosmicheskoi observatorii millimetrovogo,
submillimetrovogo i infrakrasnogo diapazonov dlin voln s kriogennym teleskopom diametrom 12 m, rabotayushim v avtonomnom rezhime i kak interferometr s bazami Zemlya-Kosmos (s
nazemnymi teleskopami) i Kosmos-Kosmos (posle zapuska vtorogo analogichnogo kosmicheskogo teleskopa). Observatoriya obespechit provedenie astronomicheskih issledovanii s sverhvysokoi
chuvstvitel'nost'yu (do nanoYanskih) v avtonomnom rezhime i s sverhvysokim uglovym razresheniem (do nanosekund dugi) v interferometricheskom.
Ustanovleno, chto v spektre
kosmicheskogo elektromagnitnogo fona v diapazone (0,410) mm dominiruet reliktovoe kosmologicheskoe izluchenie, opisyvaemoe zakonom Planka s temperaturoi 2,73 K. Eto sootvetstvuet
absolyutnomu minimumu yarkostnoi temperatury vo vsem spektre fonovogo izlucheniya.
Ris.1. Spektr intensivnosti elektromagnitnogo kosmicheskogo fona dlya vysokih galakticheskih
shirot (R.C. Henry, Ap.J., 516, L49-L52, 1999).
V diapazone 250-500 mkm vyyavlen glubokii minimum spektral'noi plotnosti intensivnosti Iν fonovogo izlucheniya
i integral'noi intensivnosti νIν na chastote ν. Etot minimum sootvetstvuet granice diapazonov dominirovaniya kosmologicheskogo fona i dominirovaniya spektra izlucheniya
mezhzvezdnoi i mezhplanetnoi pyli. Ocenki pokazyvayut: esli chuvstvitel'nost' teleskopa po potoku ot issleduemogo istochnika opredelyaetsya tol'ko fonom kosmicheskogo izlucheniya, to
kosmicheskii teleskop s diametrom zerkala 12 m na volne 300 mkm ekvivalenten po chuvstvitel'nosti nazemnomu radioteleskopu s aperturoi 3 km na volne 2 sm. Ispol'zovanie kosmicheskih
baz pozvolyaet sozdat' s pomosh'yu togo zhe instrumenta interferometr s uglovym razresheniem v tysyachi raz luchshim, chem v nazemnyh RSDB. Diapazon millimetrovyh-submillimetrovyh voln
aktivno osvaivaetsya i uzhe dal vazhneishuyu informaciyu dlya kosmologii i vnegalakticheskoi astronomii, fiziki Galaktiki, galakticheskih ob'ektov i Solnechnoi sistemy. Sverhvysokoe
razreshenie i vysokaya chuvstvitel'nost' v ukazannyh diapazonah pozvolit detal'no issledovat' mnozhestvo zvezd s planetnymi sistemami. V etih diapazonah ochen' mal effekt rasseyaniya
izlucheniya iz-za flyuktuacii mezhzvezdnoi plazmy, chto sposobstvuet polucheniyu izobrazhenii sverhkompaktnyh ob'ektov, vysokotochnomu izmereniyu ih koordinat i parametrov dvizheniya.
Issledovaniya mogut provodit'sya kak v nepreryvnom spektre, tak i v molekulyarnyh i atomnyh liniyah, a takzhe vklyuchat' polyarizacionnye izmereniya i nablyudeniya peremennosti ob'ektov.
Proekt MILLIMETRON vklyuchen v federal'nuyu kosmicheskuyu programmu Rossii do 2015 goda. Zapusk pervogo kosmicheskogo apparata v 2016 g.
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S. A. Cimbalyuk
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Re[3]: SH'adCECg'ab ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY.
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26.08.2008 15:37 |
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ead gdSdos 'Sh 'S'aFa-da YaaYuCvS Se'' ' Sh'gd'.
B ... e
STadS
FEaTSEoYaaY gCd' vSH'adCECg'abaU agYaaUSYaS YaS YuCdaHC E. dS STTvCU'SdevS vSgk'zhvaUnUSCdgs
'S' vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv's ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY (ba-SYaFE'Yg'' VLBI - Very Long Base Interferometry). aUnY YuCdaH
vSH'aSgdvaYaaYu'' ad'vnE TECgdsl'C bCvgbC'd'Un U 'SheiCYa'' YaCUaaTvSSh'Yua HSEC''z 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU
' U da ShC UvCYus baShUaEsCd vCkSdo i'gda "ShCYuYanC" ShSHSi': 'ShYuCvsdo g aiCYao Unga'aY daiYaagdor
TaEok'C vSggdasYa's YaS CYuEC, adgECSh'USdo bCvCYuClCYa'C E'dagzhCvYanz bE'd, 'SheiSdo H'YaSYu''e UvSlCYa's
bESYaCdn ' YuYaaF'C HveF'C FCazh'Sh'iCg''C ' FCaHCSh'iCg''C bvaTECYun.
vCHngdav's vSShU'd's E
UagzaH'd ' 'gbaEoShaUSYa'r 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' gUCdS HEs SgdvaYaaYu'iCg''z iCECY. e 1920 FaHe UnHSrl'Ygs
SYuCv''SYag''Y zh'Sh'' EoTCvd SY'CEogaYa agelCgdU'E gCYagSi'aYaYanY p'gbCv'YuCYad. v' baYual' abd'iCg'aFa
dCECg'abS aYa 'ShYuCv'E H'SYuCdv F'FSYadg'aY ShUCShHn CdCEoFCYShC, YaSzaHslCYgs YaS vSggdasYa'' 200 gUCdaUnz
ECd ad CYuE'. Cv'SEa dCECg'abS H'SYuCdvaYu 2,5 YuCdvS ShS'vnUSEago 'vnk'aY g ... bSvSEECEoYanYu'
' g'YuYuCdv'iYanYu' adYaag'dCEoYaa iCYadvS lCEsYu', g'aYagdve'vaUSYaYaaY dS', ida vSggdasYa'C YuCShHe lCEsYu'
YuaShYaa TnEa 'ShYuCYasdo. CECg'ab YaSUaH'Egs daiYaa YaS iCYadv ShUCShHn. EUCd ad YaCC bvazaH'E iCvCSh lCE',
aTvSShes HUS bei'S. v' baYual' E'YaShn aYa' gUaH'E'go UYuCgdC, gaShHSUSs 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaer 'Svd'Yae
U U'HC g'gdCYun iCvCHerl'zgs dCYuYanz ' gUCdEnz baEag. aYadvSgdYaagdo 'Svd'Yan ShSU'g'd ad eFEaUaFa
H'SYuCdvS ShUCShHn I (da Cgdo ad eFES, baH 'adavnYu U'HYaS ShUCShHS 'Sh iCYadvS aTmC'd'US dCECg'abS) ' ad
vSggdasYa's D YuCShHe lCEsYu'. ShYuCYass pda vSggdasYa'C, YuaShYaa HaT'dogs dS'aY CFa UCE'i'Yan Da, bv' 'adavaY
'aYadvSgd gdSYaaU'dgs vSUYanYu YaeEr, da Cgdo baEagn vSShYunUSrdgs ' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaSs 'Svd'YaS 'giCShSCd.
aFHS eFEaUaY H'SYuCdv ShUCShHn Uni'gEsCdgs ba zhavYueEC I = L/Da , FHC L - HE'YaS UaEYan gUCdS.
Uad ShHCgo 'YuCCd YuCgda aiCYao USShYaaC aTgdasdCEogdUa: iCYu TaEokC "'gzaHYaaC" vSggdasYa'C YuCShHe
lCEsYu' D (TSShS), dCYu YuCYaok'Y eFEaUaY H'SYuCdv I YuaShYaa 'ShYuCv'do: vSShvCkSrlSs gbagaTYaagdo 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS
abvCHCEsCdgs adYaakCYa'CYu L/D. daTn eUCE'i'do TSShe, SY'CEogaYa 'gbaEoShaUSE gdSEoYaer TSE'e HE'YaaY
6 YuCdvaU, e'vCb'U CC bCvbCYaH''eEsvYaa dveTC dCECg'abS. S 'aYaiSz TSE'' TnE' gYuaYad'vaUSYan bEag''C
bCvCHU'ShYanC ShCv'SES baH eFEaYu 45a. EUCd ad ShUCShHn bSHSE YaS pd' ShCv'SES, advSShSEgs ad Ya'z ' ...
HveF'Yu' ShCv'SESYu' YaSbvSUEsEgs U zha'eg dCECg'abS. SdCYu ShCv'SES, baYuClCYaYanC YaS TSE'C, vSShHU'FSE'go
Ha dCz bav, ba'S YaC 'giCShSE' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYanC baEagn. S'Ss 'aYagdve'i's baEei'ES YaSShUSYa'C "ShUCShHYanY
'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv SY'CEogaYaS".
SEoYaCYkCC eUCE'iCYa'C TSShn gdSE''USCdgs g dveHYaagdsYu',
aTegEaUECYaYanYu' bvaF'TaYu TSE'', CC U'TvSi'sYu' ' d. b. S' basU'ESgo 'HCs - g'ESHnUSdo bei'', gaTvSYaYanC
adHCEoYanYu' dCECg'abSYu'. a ded UaShYa''SCd gelCgdUCYaYaaC aTgdasdCEogdUa: idaTn YaSTErHSESgo 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaSs
'Svd'YaS, g'ESHnUSCYunC bei'' HaEShYan Tndo 'aFCvCYadYan, S HEs pdaFa vSShYaagdo 'z zaHS YaC HaEShYaS bvCUnkSdo
(U U'H'YuaYu gUCdC) 2-3 Yu''vaYaS. e ShUCShHYaaYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvC SY'CEogaYaS HagdSdaiYaa gav'CYad'vaUSdo
TSShe bCvbCYaH''eEsvYaa YaSbvSUECYa'r YaS ShUCShHe (daiYaa YaSUCgd' dCECg'ab YaS CC iCYadv), idaTn evSUYasdo
abd'iCg''C bed' bei'aU. 'S' evSUYasdo bei'', bv'zaHsl'C YaS HUS adHCEoYanz vSShYaCgCYaYanz dCECg'abS?
FHC YaSTErHSdo 'z 'YadCvzhCvCYai'r? SYuCd'Yu, ida pdS bvaTECYuS TnES vCkCYaS gvSUYa'dCEoYaa YaCHSUYaa
(gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 9, 2000 F.). a ShYaSi'dCEoYaa vSYaokC baHaTYaSs ShSHSiS TnES vCkCYaS U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC.
gbaEoShaUSYa'C vSShYaCgCYaYaaFa bv'CYuS vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's ad 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU g YaCShSU'g'YuaY vCF'gdvSi'CY
g'FYaSEaU ' bv'UCEa ' basUECYa'r vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'' ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY - E.
...
'HCs E TnES bvCHEaShCYaS eiCYanYu' YaSkCY gdvSYan . E. SvHSkCUnYu, . . SdUCCYa'a ' . . aEaYu'i''Yu
U 1965 FaHe (gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 10, 1973 F.; n 8, 1978 F.). SbaYuYa'Yu agYaaUYanC bv'Yai'bn vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv''
ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY.
e bvagdCYkCYu gEeiSC vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv gagda'd 'Sh ... vSH'adCECg'abaU,
vSShYaCgCYaYanz YaS gadYa' 'E' dngsi' ''EaYuCdvaU ' YaSTErHSrl'z aH'Ya ' dad ShC 'USShSv - 'USSh'ShUCShHYanY
(ShUCShHabaHaTYanY) UYaCFSES'd'iCg''Y 'gdaiYa'' keYuaUaFa vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's g ivCShUniSYYaa k'va''Yu gbC'dvaYu.
USShSvn YaSzaHsdgs YaS vSggdasYa'sz ad CYuE' U HCgsd'' ' gadYa' Yu'EE'aYaaU gUCdaUnz ECd, da Cgdo bvS'd'iCg''
U TCg'aYaCiYaagd'; bapdaYue bv'zaHsl'C ad 'USShSvS vSH'aUaEYan 'YuCrd 'HCSEoYaa bEag''Y zhvaYad, S bagdebSrl'C
YaS aTS vSH'adCECg'abS g'FYaSEn bv'zaHsd ba gdvaFa bSvSEECEoYanYu bedsYu. d' keYuaUnC g'FYaSEn gaUCvkCYaYaa
'HCYad'iYan, Yaa bv'zaHsd YaS vSH'adCECg'abn g YaC'adavaY UvCYuCYaYaaY ShSHCvSh'aY U aH'Ya adYaag'dCEoYaa
HveFaFa, aTegEaUECYaYaaY vSShYaagdor vSggdasYa'Y ∆S ad vSH'adCECg'abaU Ha 'USShSvS. 'Ya'r, gaCH'Yasrler
iCYadvn SYadCYaYa vSH'adCECg'abaU 1 ' 2, YaSShnUSrd UC'davaYu TSShn D. Ya sUEsCdgs aHYa'Yu 'Sh agYaaUYanz abvCHCEsCYunz
bSvSYuCdvaU ' YuaShCd Tndo UnvSShCYa iCvCSh dv' vSShYaagd' aHYaa'YuCYaYanz 'aavH'YaSd daiC' 1 ' 2. CdveHYaa
ba'SShSdo, ida ShSHCvSh'S U ShSU'g'd ad HE'Yan D UC'davS D ' eFES U YuCShHe TSShaY ' YaSbvSUECYa'CYu YaS 'USShSv.
dS ShSHCvSh'S 'ShYuCvsCdgs dS' YaSShnUSCYunYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYanYu YuCdaHaYu: YaS aTa'z vSH'adCECg'abSz keYuaUnC
g'FYaSEn ad 'USShSvS ShSb'gnUSrdgs YaS k'va'abaEagYanC YuSFYa'dazhaYan. Sb'g' gUaHsd UYuCgdC U iCYadvC
aTvSTad'' YaS 'avvCEsdavC - egdvaYgdUC, agelCgdUEsrlCYu bCvCYuYaaShCYa'C g'FYaSEaU ' agvCHYaCYa'C bva'ShUCHCYa's
ShS TaEokaY bvaYuCSheda' UvCYuCYa' ('adavnY YaSYuYaaFa TaEokC bCv'aHS gSYuaY Ya'Sh'aiSgdadYaaY gagdSUEsrlCY
gbC'dvS UzaHYanz g'FYaSEaU). da agvCHYaCYaYaaC bva'ShUCHCYa'C Cgdo 'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's UzaHYanz
g'FYaSEaU, ' CC ShYaSiCYa'C gYa'YuSCdgs g UnzaHS 'avvCEsdavS. gE' keYuaUaY g'FYaSE, bv'YasdnY bCvUnYu vSH'adCECg'abaYu,
aTaShYaSi'do S(t), da g'FYaSE, bv'YasdnY UdavnYu vSH'adCECg'abaYu, TeHCd S(t + U), S 'z 'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's
UnvSSh'dgs U U'HC = <S(t)S(t+ + U)>, FHC eFEaUnC g'aT'' aTaShYaSiSrd agvCHYaCYa'C ba UvCYuCYa'. dS 'avvCEsi'
aYaYaSs zheYa'i's 'YuCCd aH'Ya vCSh'a UnvSShCYaYanY YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. EECHaUSdCEoYaa, CgE' bv' baHSiC g'FYaSEaU
YaS 'avvCEsdav gHU'Yaedo aHYae ShSb'go adYaag'dCEoYaa HveFaY Ha baEeiCYa's YuS'g'YueYuS UnzaHYaaFa g'FYaSES,
da UCE'i'YaS UvCYuCYaYaaFa gHU'FS HSgd 'g'aYuer ShSHCvSh'e U. v' pdaYu 'ShYuCvCYa's agelCgdUEsrdgs dCYu
daiYaCC, iCYu yShC (agdvCC) YuS'g'YueYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY zheYa'i'', S aYa dCYu agdvCC, iCYu k'vC gbC'dv ShSb'gnUSCYunz
g'FYaSEaU, da Cgdo iCYu YuCYaokC 'z UvCYuCYaYaSs 'aFCvCYadYaagdo. YuCYaYaa bapdaYue U E YaSTErHSrd keYuaUnC,
YaS'TaECC k'va'abaEagYanC, g'FYaSEn 'USShSvaU.
Sh-ShS UvSlCYa's CYuE' vSShYaagdo zaHS ∆S, S gECHaUSdCEoYaa
' ShSHCvSh'S U, 'ShYuCYasCdgs. eCE'i'Yae, bvabavi'aYaSEoYaer g'avagd' 'ShYuCYaCYa's ShSHCvSh'', YaSShnUSrd iSgdadaY
'YadCvzhCvCYai'' f. YaS daShC 'ShYuCvsCdgs. a 'ShYuCvCYaYanYu UCE'i'YaSYu U ' f YuaShYaa baEei'do vSShYaagdo zaHS
∆S ' CC 'ShYuCYaCYa'C Ua UvCYuCYa'. eCE'i'YaS ∆S sUEsCdgs zheYa'i'CY vSH'eg-UC'davaU beYa'daU 1 ' 2 '
YaSbvSUECYa's YaS 'USShSv. C vSggYuSdv'USs ShHCgo SYaSE'd'iCg''C gaadYaakCYa's, adYuCd'Yu E'ko, ida YuCdaH
E baShUaEsCd abvCHCE'do HE'Yae UC'davS TSShn g ak'T'aY 2-3 gSYad'YuCdvS ' YaSbvSUECYa'C YaS 'USShSv
g daiYaagdor Ha 0,001 eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn ba aTC'Yu eFEaUnYu 'aavH'YaSdSYu. enga'Ss daiYaagdo abvCHCECYa's
HE'Yan TSShn HSCd UaShYuaShYaagdo 'SheiSdo gaUvCYuCYaYanC HU'ShCYa's ShCYuYaaY 'avn U YuSgkdSTSz bESYaCdn.
Sb'g' g'FYaSEaU YaS vSH'adCECg'abSz HaEShYan Tndo bv'UsShSYan ' CH'YaaY k'SEC UvCYuCYa', HEs iCFa
iSgn YaS aTC'z gdSYai'sz YaCaTzaH'Yua 'S' YuaShYaa daiYaCC g'YazvaYa'Sh'vaUSdo. da agelCgdUEsCdgs bv'
baYual' YaCShSU'g'Yunz YuCgdYanz gdSYaHSvdaU iSgdadn ' UvCYuCYa', 'adavnC 'aYadvaE'verdgs ba Unga'agdST'EoYaaYue
SdaYuYaaYue pdSEaYae - UaHavaHYaaYue YuSShCve g adYaag'dCEoYaaY YaCgdST'EoYaagdor 210-14 ShS ged''. SShCv vSTadSCd
U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC YaS iSgdadC bv'YuCvYaa 1,4 i ( L = 21 gYu), S YaCgdST'EoYaagdo 210-14 aShYaSiSCd, ida ezaH
dS''z "iSgaU" gagdSUEsCd 0,4 gC'eYaHn ShS Yu'EE'aYa ECd. Cd'' UvCYuCYa' ShSb'gnUSrdgs YaS YuSFYa'dazhaYan
aHYaaUvCYuCYaYaa g ShSb'gor vSH'ag'FYaSEaU YaS aTC'z gdSYai'sz E, ' 'YuCYaYaa ba gHU'Fe aHYaa'YuCYaYanz YuCda'
abvCHCEsrd ShSHCvSh'e U bv' 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY aTvSTad'C ShSb'gCY.
e vSH'adCECg'abSz aTniYaa
bv'YuCYasrdgs baEYaabaUavadYanC bSvSTaE'iCg''C SYadCYaYan H'SYuCdvaYu ad 20 Ha 70 YuCdvaU. CECg'abn vSTadSrd
U YaCg'aEo''z adHCEoYanz H'SbSShaYaSz iSgdad, azUSdnUSrl'z 'YadCvUSE HE'Ya UaEYa ad YaCg'aEo''z Yu'EE'YuCdvaU
Ha YaCg'aEo''z YuCdvaU. v'CYuYanC g'gdCYun vSH'adCECg'abaU aTESHSrd aiCYao Unga'aY ieUgdU'dCEoYaagdor.
daTn gUCgd' ' Yu'Ya'YueYue keYun UYaedv' SbbSvSdevn, eg'E'dCE' bv'Ya'YuSCYunz g'FYaSEaU azESShHSrdgs Ha
dCYubCvSdevn 15 (-258aE).
CaTzaH'Yua iCd'a bvCHgdSUEsdo gCTC, ida, U adE'i'C ad vSggYuadvCYaYaaFa
U YaSiSEC gdSdo' abd'iCg'aFa gEeiSs, YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' vSH'aUaEYa U E YaC YaSTErHSrd,
HS CC bvagda ' YaCd. YaS TnES Tn, CgE' HUS g'FYaSES ad aHYaaFa 'gdaiYa''S, bvaYHs vSShE'iYanC bed', bv'zaH'E'
Tn YaS aH'Ya bv'CYuYa'' (dCECg'ab). a pd' g'FYaSEn bagdebSrd YaS HUS adHCEoYanz dCECg'abS, aFvaYuYaaC vSggdasYa'C
YuCShHe 'adavnYu' YaC baShUaEsCd YaSEaSh'do g'FYaSEn YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaa aH'Ya YaS HveFaY ('S' pda HCESCdgs
U ShUCShHYaaYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvC SY'CEogaYaS bv' baYual' g'gdCYun ShCv'SE). 'S'aY ShC 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' 'HCd
vCio?
CEa U daYu, ida U vCSheEodSdC aTvSTad'' Yun baEeiSCYu dS'aY ShC vCSheEodSd, 'S' CgE' Tn
YaSTErHSE' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'r YaS aHYaaYu vSH'adCECg'abC g H'SYuCdvaYu SYadCYaYan, vSUYanYu HE'YaC TSShn D - vSggdasYa'r
YuCShHe ... vSH'adCECg'abSYu'. apdaYue zhS'd'iCg'' Yun 'YuCCYu ShHCgo gEeiSY g'YadCSh'vaUSYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai''
, 'YaH''SdavaYu 'adavaY gEeSh'd basUECYa'C g'FYaSES YaS UnzaHC 'avvCEaYuCdvS bv' HagdSdaiYaa TE'Sh'aYu
gaUbSHCYa'' ShSb'gCY. dad g'FYaSE bv' gHU'FC ShSb'gCY bvab'gnUSCd 'avvCEsi'aYaYaer zheYa'i'r, 'YuCrler
YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. e pdad YuaYuCYad UzaHYanC g'FYaSEn 'aFCvCYadYan ' UnzaHYaaY g'FYaSE SYaSEaF'iCYa baEeiCYaYaaYue
bv' YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' k'va'abaEagYanz g'FYaSEaU, bagdebSrl'z YaS HUC SYadCYaYan.
aHiCv'YaCYu aH'Ya daYa''Y YuaYuCYad, 'SgSrl'Ygs 'aFCvCYadYaagd' g'FYaSEaU. enkC adYuCiSEago, ida agdvnY
YuS'g'YueYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY zheYa'i'' aTCgbCi'USCdgs 'gbaEoShaUSYa'CYu k'va'abaEagYanz, YaC'aFCvCYadYanz
g'FYaSEaU, ' U da ShC UvCYus TnEa g'SShSYaa, ida bv' U = 0 g'FYaSEn 'aFCvCYadYan. e pdaYu YaCd bvad'UavCi's,
dS' 'S' vCio 'HCd a vSShYanz UClSz. SShHnY 'Sh ... g'FYaSEaU agdSCdgs YaC'aFCvCYadYanYu Ua UvCYuCYa': zhSShn
UaEYa vSShYanz iSgdad, aTvSSherl'z k'va'abaEagYanY keYuaUaY g'FYaSE, zSad'iCg'' YuCYasrdgs gEeiSYYanYu
aTvSShaYu. a bv' U = 0 pd' gEeiSYYanC 'ShYuCYaCYa's bva'gzaHsd aH'YaS'aUa U aTa'z g'FYaSESz, gaUCvkSsgo
U aHYa' ' dC ShC YuaYuCYadn UvCYuCYa', UgECHgdU'C iCFa aTS g'FYaSES, gazvSYass "gaTgdUCYaYaer" YaC'aFCvCYadYaagdo,
gdSYaaUsdgs 'aFCvCYadYanYu' YuCShHe gaTaY ('avvCE'vaUSYaYanYu'), ida ' UnShnUSCd basUECYa'C b''S 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY
zheYa'i''.
enga'Ss daiYaagdo YuCdaHS E aTegEaUECYaS dCYu, ida 'gbaEoShaUSYa'C ... vSShYaCgCYaYanz
SYadCYaYa HSCd vSShvCkSrler gbagaTYaagdo, p'U'USECYadYaer dS'aUaY HEs aHYaaY SYadCYaYan g aFvaYuYaaY SbCvdevaY
(H'SYuCdvaYu), vSUYaaY HE'YaC TSShn.
S CYuEC YuS'g'YuSEoYaSs HE'YaS TSShn, bv' 'adavaY vSgbaEaShCYaYanC
YaS CC 'aYaiSz vSH'adCECg'abn 1 ' 2 YuaFed Tndo YaSbvSUECYan YaS aH'Ya ' dad ShC eiSgda' YaCTCgYaaY gzhCvn,
gagdSUEsCd bv'YuCvYaa 7 dng. ''EaYuCdvaU. Sh YaSTErHCYa'Y YuaFed Tndo abvCHCECYan: 'aYubaYaCYadn UC'davS
TSShn, da Cgdo dv' vSShYaagd' 'aavH'YaSd beYa'daU 1 ' 2 (DX, DY, DZ), ba 'adavnYu Uni'gEsCdgs HE'YaS UC'davS
TSShn D = (DX2 + DY2 + DZ2)1/2 c ak'T'aY 2-3 gYu; HUC eFEaUnC 'aavH'YaSdn 'USShSvS g ak'T'aY 0,001 gC'eYaHn; HUC 'aavH'YaSdn
dai'' ECUCvYaaFa baErgS CYuE' g ak'T'aY 3-6 gYu. vaYuC daFa, abvCHCEsrdgs bSvSYuCdvn bvCiCgg'' ' YaedSi''
- sUECYa'Y, gUsShSYaYanz g 'ShYuCYaCYa'sYu' YaSbvSUECYa's ag' UvSlCYa's CYuE'. go YaC gazvSYasCd bagdasYaYaaC
baEaShCYa'C U bvagdvSYagdUC, S ab'gnUSCd 'aYaeg Ua'veF bCvbCYaH''eEsvS ' bEag'agd' ShCYuYaaY avT'dn,
baHaTYaa ag' gECF'S YaS'EaYaCYaYaaFa UaEi'S (bvCiCgg's), ' YaS pda HU'ShCYa'C YaS'ESHnUSrdgs 'aECTSYa's
adYaag'dCEoYaa gvCHYaCFa baEaShCYa's ag' (YaedSi's), aTegEaUECYaYanC g'ESYu' bv'dsShCYa's EaEYaiS ' eYan.
gb'g'e bCvCi'gECYaYanz UCE'i'Ya HaTSUEsrdgs dS'ShC daiYaaC UvCYus, abvCHCEsCYuaC g ak'T'aY 0,05-0,10 Yu'EE'gC'eYaHn,
' adYaag'dCEoYaSs babvSU'S iSgaU YaS gdSYai'sz.
E k'va'a bv'YuCYasrd YaC daEo'a HEs 'ShYuCvCYa's
UCE'i'Ya, gUsShSYaYanz g CYuECY, Yaa ' HEs vCkCYa's SgdvaYuCdv'iCg''z ' Sgdvazh'Sh'iCg''z ShSHSi. v' pdaYu
'gbaEoSheCdgs da aTgdasdCEogdUa, ida E baShUaEsCd baEeiSdo Unga'a'SiCgdUCYaYanC vSH'a'ShaTvSShCYa's
vSShE'iYanz 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU (YaC daEo'a 'USShSvaU).
SEoYaCYk'Yu kSFaYu U vSShU'd'' vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv''
ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY gdSEa gaShHSYa'C gCdCY E 'Sh YaCg'aEo''z vSH'adCECg'abaU, 'adavnC ...
'Sh CH'YaaFa iCYadvS ' YaSUaHsdgs YaS aH'Ya aTmC'd; aYa' YuaFed vSTadSdo U vSShE'iYanz H'SbSShaYaSz HE'Ya UaEYa.
ShYuCv'dCEoYaer 'YazhavYuSi'r baHUCvFSrd gaUYuCgdYaaY aTvSTad'C, baShUaEsrlCY baEeiSdo TaECC baHvaTYanC
gUCHCYa's a YaSTErHSCYuaYu aTmC'dC, iCYu HSCd aHYaS bSvS vSH'adCECg'abaU. SShvCkSrlSs gbagaTYaagdo
gCd' abvCHCEsCdgs adYaakCYa'CYu HE'Yan UaEYan ' YuS'g'YuSEoYaaYue vSggdasYa'r YuCShHe CC pECYuCYadSYu'. Es
bvCHCEoYaa 'avad''z HE'Ya UaEYa (Yu'EE'YuCdvaUaFa H'SbSShaYaS) YuaShYaa Hagd'io vSShvCkCYa's bavsH'S 0,00003
eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn, ida U Yu'EE'aYa vSSh bvCUnkSCd vSShvCkCYa'C iCEaUCiCg'aFa FESShS. Sh gCdCY E YuaShYaa
gaShHSdo FEaTSEoYaer FCaHCSh'iCg'er gCdo - g'gdCYue abavYanz beYa'daU g 'ShUCgdYanYu' 'aavH'YaSdSYu'. ag'aEo'e
YuCdaH E HSCd YaC gSYu' 'aavH'YaSdn, S 'z vSShYaagd', da HEs bCvCzaHS ' STgaErdYanYu 'aavH'YaSdSYu YaCaTzaH'Yua
'YuCdo 'z zads Tn YaS aHYaaYu beYa'dC gCd'. Es pdaFa aTniYaa 'gbaEoSherd YuCdaH ESShCvYaaY Ea'Si'' 'g'eggdUCYaYanz
gbedYa''aU CYuE'.
HYa'Yu 'Sh bv'YuCvaU gCd' E gEeSh'd adCiCgdUCYaYaSs gCdo "USShSv", ShSHeYuSYaYaSs
'S' g'gdCYuS vSH'aaTgCvUSdav'Y YaS dCvv'dav'' agg'' ' E g bCvCHSiCY HSYaYanz ba gbedYa''aUnYu '
abdaUaEa'aYaYanYu 'SYaSESYu gUsSh' U iCYadv ... ' aTvSTad''. CvUSs aiCvCHo pdaY gCd' "USShSv",
ba bvaC'de, gagda'd 'Sh dvCz vSH'adCECg'abaU g SYadCYaYanYu' ShCv'SESYu' H'SYuCdvaYu 32 YuCdvS 'SShHnY, vSgbaEaShCYaYanz
U bagCE'C EUCdEaC (baH ESYa'd-CdCvTevFaYu), gdSYa'iC CECYaie'g'Ss (EdSUvabaEog''Y 'vSY) ' U evai'lC
aHSvn (U evsd'', rShYaCC aShCvS SY'SE).
vaYuC "USShSvS" gelCgdUeCd CUvabCYg'Ss E-gCdo
EVN (European VLBI Network), SYuCv''SYag'Ss - VLBA, SUgdvSE'Yg'Ss - LNA, sbaYag''Y bvaC'd - VERA, S dS'ShC bvaC'dn 'dSs
' AShYaaY avC'.
EECHerl'Yu kSFaYu U vSShU'd'' E gdSEa aTmCH'YaCYa'C UgCz vSH'adCECg'abaU
' gCdCY U CH'Yaer Yu'vaUer vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'er gCdo. "e 90-C FaHn, - b'gSE U 1998 FaHe . E. SvHSkCU,
- U SgdvaYaaYu'' UaShYa''ES aiCYao 'YadCvCgYaSs ' YaCaTniYaSs g'deSi's - gaShHSYa bv'Yai'b'SEoYaa YaaUnY vSH'adCECg'ab,
azUSdnUSrl'Y UCgo ShCYuYaaY kSv. egC 'vebYaCYk'C vSH'adCECg'abn Yu'vS aTmCH'YaCYan U FEaTSEoYaer g'gdCYue;
aYa' YuaFed ba 'aYuSYaHC YaSUaH'dogs YaS aHYae ' de ShC iSgdo YaCTS. v'Ya'YuSCYunC 'Yu' g'FYaSEn g'YazvaYa'Sh'verdgs
Unga'agdST'EoYanYu' SdaYuYanYu' FCYaCvSdavSYu' ' aTvSTSdnUSrdgs. aEeiSrl'Cgs 'ShaTvSShCYa's SgdvaYaaYu'iCg''z
'gdaiYa''aU aTESHSrd dS''Yu ShC eFEaUnYu vSShvCkCYa'CYu, 'S' CgE' Tn Yun 'YuCE' CH'YanY vSH'adCECg'ab g
vSShYuCvSYu' bavsH'S CYuE'. dS FEaTSEoYaSs gCdo vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvaU HSCd bavSSh'dCEoYanC vCSheEodSdn,
'adavnC TnEa dveHYaa bvCHU'HCdo" (eCgdYa'' , n 6, 1998 F.).
egC beYa'dn gCd' "USShSv"
U'EriCYan U YuCShHeYaSvaHYaer FEaTSEoYaer vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'er gCdo. vaYuC daFa, U FEaTSEoYaaY
gCd' eiSgdUerd ClC YaCg'aEo'a 'YagdveYuCYadaU agg'' ' E. da vSH'adCECg'abn H'SYuCdvaYu
64 YuCdvS baH ag'UaY (CHUCSho' aShCvS ' SEsSh'Ya), 70-YuCdvaUnC vSH'adCECg'abn eCYadvaU HSEoYaCY 'agYu'iCg'aY
gUsSh' YaS Uagda'C (a'aEa ggev'Yg'S) ' U vnYue (UbSdav's). S Unga'aFavYaaYu bESda EezhzhS U ShTC''gdSYaC
gdva'dgs 70-YuCdvaUnY vSH'adCECg'ab Yu'EE'YuCdvaUnz UaEYa.
EaTSEoYaSs Yu'vaUSs vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'Ss
gCdo baShUaEsCd 'SheiSdo zh'Sh'iCg''C bvaiCggn, bva'gzaHsl'C U gUCvz'aYubS'dYanz 'agYu'iCg''z 'gdaiYa''Sz
vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's ('USShSvn, sHvS FSES'd'', 'agYu'iCg''C YuSShCvn ' Hv.). E CC baYualor eHSEago UbCvUnC
YaSTErHSdo aiCYao vCH'aC sUECYa'C - UShvnU gUCvzYaaUaY ShUCShHn U CFa YaSiSEoYaaY gdSH''. S TSShC YuCShHe
vSH'adCECg'abaYu baH SEsSh'YaaYu ' 34-YuCdvaUaY SYadCYaYaaY U Sk'YuC (BbaYa's) bvaUCHCYaS gCv's p'gbCv'YuCYadaU
ba 'ShYuCvCYa'r 'aavH'YaSd beEogSvaU - UvSlSrl'zgs YaCYdvaYaYanz ShUCShH (bvaC'd "gdva'aYubEC'g").
SheiCYa'C vSH'a'ShaTvSShCYa'Y ga gUCvzUnga''Yu vSShvCkCYa'CYu HSEa UaShYuaShYaagdo aTYaSveSh'do ivCShUniSYYaa
YuSgg'UYanC iCvYanC Hnvn, vSTadSrl'C 'S' gUCvzYualYanY bv'vaHYanY eg'av'dCEo iSgd'i. aHaTYanC 'ggECHaUSYa's
bvCHgdSUEsrd 'g'Eri'dCEoYanY 'YadCvCg HEs SgdvaYaaYu'', 'agYuaEaF'' ' zh'Sh''' pECYuCYadSvYanz iSgd'i.
ESYunY bagECHYa'Y pdSb U vSShU'd'' E - UnYaag vSH'adCECg'abS U 'agYuag. agYu'iCg''Y vSH'adCECg'ab,
vSTadSrl'Y gaUYuCgdYaa g YaSShCYuYaaY gCdor, aTvSSheCd vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv; HE'YaS CFa TSShn abvCHCEsCdgs
UngadaY avT'dn, YaS 'adaver aYa ShSbelCYa. ... dS'aY bvaC'd baH YaSShUSYa'CYu VSOP (VLBI Space Observation Programme
- bvaFvSYuYuS YaSTErHCYa'Y bv' baYual' 'agYu'iCg'aY E) agelCgdU'E' sbaYag''C 'ggECHaUSdCE', ShSbegd'Uk'C
U 1997 FaHe 8-YuCdvaUer bSvSTaE'iCg'er SYadCYaYae YaS avT'de, YuS'g'YuSEoYaaC eHSECYa'C 'adavaY ad CYuE'
gagdSUEsCd a'aEa 20 dngsi ''EaYuCdvaU (gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 5, 1998 F.). EaTSEoYaSs gCdo YaSShCYuYanz
vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvaU g HaTSUECYa'CYu 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS VSOP 'gbaEoSheCdgs HEs 'SheiCYa's
bvaiCggaU Ua'veF iCvYanz Hnv, U iCYadvSz S'd'UYanz FSES'd'' ' d. b. dYuCd'Yu, ida gCdo g 'agYu'iCg''Yu
dCECg'abaYu YaC bvCHYaSShYaSiCYaS HEs FCaHCSh'iCg''z 'ShYuCvCYa'Y, bag'aEo'e HU'ShCYa'C 'agYu'iCg'aFa dCECg'abS
ba avT'dC YaCbvCvnUYaa YuCYasCd HE'Yae TSShn 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS, bagdasYagdUa 'adavaY YaCaTzaH'Yua HEs vCkCYa's
FCaHCSh'iCg''z ShSHSi.
e agg'' bvCHEaShCYa ' YaSzaH'dgs U gdSH'' vSShvSTad'' 'vebYaCYk'Y U Yu'vC
bvaC'd YaSShCYuYaa-'agYu'iCg'aY E - "SH'aSgdvaYa". Fa YaSeiYanY ve'aUaH'dCEo - aH'Ya 'Sh "adiaU"
E, H'vC'dav gdva'agYu'iCg'aFa iCYadvS S'SHCYu'' . E. SvHSkCU. e bvaC'dC bvCHegYuSdv'USCdgs
ShSbeg' 10-YuCdvaUaFa 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS "SH'aSgdvaYa" YaS avT'de g YuS'g'YuSEoYanYu eHSECYa'CYu
ad CYuE' Ha 300 dng. 'Yu. SH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv g dS'aY TSShaY TeHCd 'YuCdo vSShvCkSrler gbagaTYaagdo Ha
aHYaaY gdadngsiYaaY eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn! v' dS'aYu vSShvCkCYa'' YaSTErHSdCEo g CYuE' YuaF Tn vSShFEsHCdo
YaS eYaC 'SYuCkC' vSShYuCvaYu 2 gSYad'YuCdvS. e pdaYu FEaTSEoYaaYu bvaC'dC eiSgdUerd vSH'aSgdvaYaaYu'iCg''C
aTgCvUSdav'' E, SYaSHn, CUvabCYg''z FageHSvgdU, 'dSs, YaH'' ' UgdvSE''. gelCgdUECYa'C bvaC'dS
"SH'aSgdvaYa" YaSYuCiCYaa YaS gECHerl'Y FaH.
a YungEo eiCYanz 'HCd ClC HSEokC. S' adYuCiSCd
''aESY ECYuCYaaU'i SvHSkCU, vSShYuCvn avT'dn 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS YuaShYaa eUCE'i'do YaS YuYaaFa
bavsH'aU ' bagdva'do 'agYu'iCg'er gCdo vSH'adCECg'abaU, vSTadSrler gaUYuCgdYaa g YaSShCYuYaaY. Es
baEeiCYa's YaS'Eeik'z vCSheEodSdaU, YaS'UngkCFa vSShvCkCYa's, YaCaTzaH'Yua bvSU'EoYaa UnTvSdo H'SbSShaYa
HE'Ya UaEYa. v' pdaYu gECHeCd ei'dnUSdo HUS aFvSYa'i'USrl'z zhS'davS: badCv' 'ShEeiCYa's bv' vSgbvagdvSYaCYa''
U 'agYu'iCg'aYu bvagdvSYagdUC ' ieUgdU'dCEoYaagdo dCECg'abS. adCv' 'ShEeiCYa's U abd'iCg'aYu H'SbSShaYaC
UaShYa''Srd 'Sh-ShS baFEalCYa's YuCShShUCShHYaaY bnEor, S U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC - UgECHgdU'C vSggCsYa's vSH'aUaEYa
YaS g'abECYa'sz YuCShShUCShHYaaY bESShYun ' baFEalCYa's U adHCEoYanz vSYaYaSz YuCShShUCShHYaaY gvCHn. d' sUECYa's
YuCYaokC UgCFa bvasUEsrdgs U aTESgd' pEC'dvaYuSFYa'dYaaFa gbC'dvS YuCShHe vSH'a- ' abd'iCg''Yu H'SbSShaYaaYu,
YaS HE'YaSz UaEYa ad YaCg'aEo''z Yu'EE'YuCdvaU Ha YaCg'aEo''z Yu''vaYuCdvaU, U aTESgd', abd'YuSEoYaaY '
g dai'' ShvCYa's ieUgdU'dCEoYaagd' dCECg'abaU. apdaYue HSEoYaCYkCC vSShU'd'C vSH'adCECg'ab'' U 'agYuagC
U'H'dgs U bCvCzaHC YaS Yu'EE'YuCdvaUnY ' geTYu'EE'YuCdvaUnY H'SbSShaYan, S U HSEoYaCYkCYu - ' YaS 'YazhvS'vSgYanY.
e gdva'agYu'iCg'aYu iCYadvC vSShvSTadSYan bCvgbC'd'UYanC bvaC'dn "'EE'YuCdvaYa" ' "EeTYu'EE'YuCdvaYa",
bvCHegYuSdv'USrl'C gaShHSYa'C YuCShHeYaSvaHYaaY 'agYu'iCg'aY aTgCvUSdav''-'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS "CYuEs
- agYuag - agYuag", U'EriSrlCY U gCTs 'agYu'iCg'er gCdo vSH'adCECg'abaU pd'z H'SbSShaYaaU. S'TaECC
baHzaHslCC YuCgda HEs vSShYuClCYa's dS'aY gCd' - aTESgdo YaS vSggdasYa'' 1,5 Yu'EE'aYaS ''EaYuCdvaU ad CYuE'
U bvad'UagaEYaCiYaaYu YaSbvSUECYa''. e baHaTYaaY g'gdCYuC 'agYu'iCg''Y dCECg'ab g 12-YuCdvaUnYu ShCv'SEaYu
TeHCd p'U'USECYadCYa ba ieUgdU'dCEoYaagd' YaSShCYuYaaYue vSH'adCECg'abe g ShCv'SEaYu H'SYuCdvaYu 3 ''EaYuCdvS
YaS UaEYaC L = 2 gYu, S U 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'aYu vCSh'YuC baShUaE'd vCSE'ShaUSdo vSShvCkCYa'C U dngsi' vSSh
UnkC, iCYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvn g bvCHCEoYaaY YaSShCYuYaaY TSShaY.
a'dav dCzYa'iCg''z YaSe' . e.
EzCYuS ShUCShHYaaFa 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS SY'CEogaYaS, bvCHYaSShYaSiCYaYaaFa HEs 'ShYuCvCYa's
eFEaUnz H'SYuCdvaU ShUCShH.
HCr vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'' ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY bvCHEaSh'E'
U 1965 FaHe ''aESY ECYuCYaaU'i SvHSkCU (YanYaC S'SHCYu'', H'vC'dav gdva'agYu'iCg'aFa iCYadvS ),
CaYa'H USYaaU'i SdUCCYa'a ' CYaYaSH'Y av'gaU'i aEaYu'i''Y. S zhada gECUS YaSbvSUa: . . aEaYu'i''Y,
. E. 'EaUg''Y ('ShUCgdYanY Sgdvazh'Sh'') ' . E. SvHSkCU. bvCEo 1965 FaHS. ada 'Sh Svz'US ageHSvgdUCYaYaaFa
SgdvaYaaYu'iCg'aFa 'Yagd'dedS 'Yu. . . dCvYaTCvFS.
ShEeiCYa'C ad 'USShSvS (k'va'abaEagYanY
keYuaUaY g'FYaSE) bv'zaH'd YaS vSH'adCECg'abn 1 ' 2 g ShSHCvSh'aY U, aTegEaUECYaYaaY vSShYaagdor zaHS ∆S.
eC'dav TSShn D 'YuCCd HE'Yae D = ∆S/cosV, S dS' 'S' ∆S = VU, FHC V - g'avagdo vSH'aUaEYa, da U = (D/V)cosV, d.C.
ShSHCvSh'S U gaHCvSh'd 'YazhavYuSi'r a HE'YaC D. dS ShSHCvSh'S 'ShYuCvsCdgs 'avvCEsi'aYa YanYu YuCdaHaYu. Sb'g'
g'FYaSEaU S(t) ' S(t + U) YaS dCECg'abSz 1 ' 2 gUaHsdgs U 'avvCEsdavC, YaS UnzaHC 'adavaFa Uagbva'ShUaH'dgs
'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's 12(U) = =<S(t)S(t + U)>, 'YuCrlSs YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. EHU'FSs ShSb'g' Ha basUECYa's
YuS'g'YueYuS UnzaHYaaFa g'FYaSES, abvCHCEsrd ShSHCvSh'e U, vSUYaer UCE'i'YaC gHU'FS.
EzCYuS
YuCdaHS E. E'FYaSE ad 'USShSvS g SYadCYaYan bagdebSCd U bv'CYuYaer g'gdCYue ' bCvCHSCdgs U 'USYadaUSdCEo
- bvCaTvSShaUSdCEo SYaSEaFaUaFa g'FYaSES U i'zhvaUaY. TvSTadSYaYanY g'FYaSE UYuCgdC g YuCd'SYu' UvCYuCYa',
'adavnC UnvSTSdnUSrd SdaYuYanC iSgn, ShSb'gnUSCdgs YaS YuSFYa'dYaer ECYade. e iCYadvSEoYaaYu beYa'dC ...
ShSb'g' g'FYaSEaU ad ... vSH'adCECg'abaU 'avvCEE'verdgs HEs abvCHCECYa's UvCYuCYaYaaY ShSHCvSh'' U.
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| Naverh |
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S. A. Cimbalyuk
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26.08.2008 15:40 |
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Ctrannye fokusy Interneta...
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| Naverh |
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S. A. Cimbalyuk
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Re:
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26.08.2008 16:10 |
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ead gdSdos 'Sh 'S'aFa-da YaaYuCvS Se'' ' Sh'gd'.
B ... e
STadS
FEaTSEoYaaY gCd' vSH'adCECg'abaU agYaaUSYaS YaS YuCdaHC E. dS STTvCU'SdevS vSgk'zhvaUnUSCdgs
'S' vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv's ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY (ba-SYaFE'Yg'' VLBI - Very Long Base Interferometry). aUnY YuCdaH
vSH'aSgdvaYaaYu'' ad'vnE TECgdsl'C bCvgbC'd'Un U 'SheiCYa'' YaCUaaTvSSh'Yua HSEC''z 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU
' U da ShC UvCYus baShUaEsCd vCkSdo i'gda "ShCYuYanC" ShSHSi': 'ShYuCvsdo g aiCYao Unga'aY daiYaagdor
TaEok'C vSggdasYa's YaS CYuEC, adgECSh'USdo bCvCYuClCYa'C E'dagzhCvYanz bE'd, 'SheiSdo H'YaSYu''e UvSlCYa's
bESYaCdn ' YuYaaF'C HveF'C FCazh'Sh'iCg''C ' FCaHCSh'iCg''C bvaTECYun.
vCHngdav's vSShU'd's E
UagzaH'd ' 'gbaEoShaUSYa'r 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' gUCdS HEs SgdvaYaaYu'iCg''z iCECY. e 1920 FaHe UnHSrl'Ygs
SYuCv''SYag''Y zh'Sh'' EoTCvd SY'CEogaYa agelCgdU'E gCYagSi'aYaYanY p'gbCv'YuCYad. v' baYual' abd'iCg'aFa
dCECg'abS aYa 'ShYuCv'E H'SYuCdv F'FSYadg'aY ShUCShHn CdCEoFCYShC, YaSzaHslCYgs YaS vSggdasYa'' 200 gUCdaUnz
ECd ad CYuE'. Cv'SEa dCECg'abS H'SYuCdvaYu 2,5 YuCdvS ShS'vnUSEago 'vnk'aY g ... bSvSEECEoYanYu'
' g'YuYuCdv'iYanYu' adYaag'dCEoYaa iCYadvS lCEsYu', g'aYagdve'vaUSYaYaaY dS', ida vSggdasYa'C YuCShHe lCEsYu'
YuaShYaa TnEa 'ShYuCYasdo. CECg'ab YaSUaH'Egs daiYaa YaS iCYadv ShUCShHn. EUCd ad YaCC bvazaH'E iCvCSh lCE',
aTvSShes HUS bei'S. v' baYual' E'YaShn aYa' gUaH'E'go UYuCgdC, gaShHSUSs 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaer 'Svd'Yae
U U'HC g'gdCYun iCvCHerl'zgs dCYuYanz ' gUCdEnz baEag. aYadvSgdYaagdo 'Svd'Yan ShSU'g'd ad eFEaUaFa
H'SYuCdvS ShUCShHn I (da Cgdo ad eFES, baH 'adavnYu U'HYaS ShUCShHS 'Sh iCYadvS aTmC'd'US dCECg'abS) ' ad
vSggdasYa's D YuCShHe lCEsYu'. ShYuCYass pda vSggdasYa'C, YuaShYaa HaT'dogs dS'aY CFa UCE'i'Yan Da, bv' 'adavaY
'aYadvSgd gdSYaaU'dgs vSUYanYu YaeEr, da Cgdo baEagn vSShYunUSrdgs ' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaSs 'Svd'YaS 'giCShSCd.
aFHS eFEaUaY H'SYuCdv ShUCShHn Uni'gEsCdgs ba zhavYueEC I = L/Da , FHC L - HE'YaS UaEYan gUCdS.
Uad ShHCgo 'YuCCd YuCgda aiCYao USShYaaC aTgdasdCEogdUa: iCYu TaEokC "'gzaHYaaC" vSggdasYa'C YuCShHe
lCEsYu' D (TSShS), dCYu YuCYaok'Y eFEaUaY H'SYuCdv I YuaShYaa 'ShYuCv'do: vSShvCkSrlSs gbagaTYaagdo 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS
abvCHCEsCdgs adYaakCYa'CYu L/D. daTn eUCE'i'do TSShe, SY'CEogaYa 'gbaEoShaUSE gdSEoYaer TSE'e HE'YaaY
6 YuCdvaU, e'vCb'U CC bCvbCYaH''eEsvYaa dveTC dCECg'abS. S 'aYaiSz TSE'' TnE' gYuaYad'vaUSYan bEag''C
bCvCHU'ShYanC ShCv'SES baH eFEaYu 45a. EUCd ad ShUCShHn bSHSE YaS pd' ShCv'SES, advSShSEgs ad Ya'z ' ...
HveF'Yu' ShCv'SESYu' YaSbvSUEsEgs U zha'eg dCECg'abS. SdCYu ShCv'SES, baYuClCYaYanC YaS TSE'C, vSShHU'FSE'go
Ha dCz bav, ba'S YaC 'giCShSE' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYanC baEagn. S'Ss 'aYagdve'i's baEei'ES YaSShUSYa'C "ShUCShHYanY
'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv SY'CEogaYaS".
SEoYaCYkCC eUCE'iCYa'C TSShn gdSE''USCdgs g dveHYaagdsYu',
aTegEaUECYaYanYu' bvaF'TaYu TSE'', CC U'TvSi'sYu' ' d. b. S' basU'ESgo 'HCs - g'ESHnUSdo bei'', gaTvSYaYanC
adHCEoYanYu' dCECg'abSYu'. a ded UaShYa''SCd gelCgdUCYaYaaC aTgdasdCEogdUa: idaTn YaSTErHSESgo 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaSs
'Svd'YaS, g'ESHnUSCYunC bei'' HaEShYan Tndo 'aFCvCYadYan, S HEs pdaFa vSShYaagdo 'z zaHS YaC HaEShYaS bvCUnkSdo
(U U'H'YuaYu gUCdC) 2-3 Yu''vaYaS. e ShUCShHYaaYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvC SY'CEogaYaS HagdSdaiYaa gav'CYad'vaUSdo
TSShe bCvbCYaH''eEsvYaa YaSbvSUECYa'r YaS ShUCShHe (daiYaa YaSUCgd' dCECg'ab YaS CC iCYadv), idaTn evSUYasdo
abd'iCg''C bed' bei'aU. 'S' evSUYasdo bei'', bv'zaHsl'C YaS HUS adHCEoYanz vSShYaCgCYaYanz dCECg'abS?
FHC YaSTErHSdo 'z 'YadCvzhCvCYai'r? SYuCd'Yu, ida pdS bvaTECYuS TnES vCkCYaS gvSUYa'dCEoYaa YaCHSUYaa
(gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 9, 2000 F.). a ShYaSi'dCEoYaa vSYaokC baHaTYaSs ShSHSiS TnES vCkCYaS U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC.
gbaEoShaUSYa'C vSShYaCgCYaYaaFa bv'CYuS vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's ad 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU g YaCShSU'g'YuaY vCF'gdvSi'CY
g'FYaSEaU ' bv'UCEa ' basUECYa'r vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'' ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY - E.
...
'HCs E TnES bvCHEaShCYaS eiCYanYu' YaSkCY gdvSYan . E. SvHSkCUnYu, . . SdUCCYa'a ' . . aEaYu'i''Yu
U 1965 FaHe (gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 10, 1973 F.; n 8, 1978 F.). SbaYuYa'Yu agYaaUYanC bv'Yai'bn vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv''
ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY.
e bvagdCYkCYu gEeiSC vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv gagda'd 'Sh ... vSH'adCECg'abaU,
vSShYaCgCYaYanz YaS gadYa' 'E' dngsi' ''EaYuCdvaU ' YaSTErHSrl'z aH'Ya ' dad ShC 'USShSv - 'USSh'ShUCShHYanY
(ShUCShHabaHaTYanY) UYaCFSES'd'iCg''Y 'gdaiYa'' keYuaUaFa vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's g ivCShUniSYYaa k'va''Yu gbC'dvaYu.
USShSvn YaSzaHsdgs YaS vSggdasYa'sz ad CYuE' U HCgsd'' ' gadYa' Yu'EE'aYaaU gUCdaUnz ECd, da Cgdo bvS'd'iCg''
U TCg'aYaCiYaagd'; bapdaYue bv'zaHsl'C ad 'USShSvS vSH'aUaEYan 'YuCrd 'HCSEoYaa bEag''Y zhvaYad, S bagdebSrl'C
YaS aTS vSH'adCECg'abS g'FYaSEn bv'zaHsd ba gdvaFa bSvSEECEoYanYu bedsYu. d' keYuaUnC g'FYaSEn gaUCvkCYaYaa
'HCYad'iYan, Yaa bv'zaHsd YaS vSH'adCECg'abn g YaC'adavaY UvCYuCYaYaaY ShSHCvSh'aY U aH'Ya adYaag'dCEoYaa
HveFaFa, aTegEaUECYaYaaY vSShYaagdor vSggdasYa'Y ∆S ad vSH'adCECg'abaU Ha 'USShSvS. 'Ya'r, gaCH'Yasrler
iCYadvn SYadCYaYa vSH'adCECg'abaU 1 ' 2, YaSShnUSrd UC'davaYu TSShn D. Ya sUEsCdgs aHYa'Yu 'Sh agYaaUYanz abvCHCEsCYunz
bSvSYuCdvaU ' YuaShCd Tndo UnvSShCYa iCvCSh dv' vSShYaagd' aHYaa'YuCYaYanz 'aavH'YaSd daiC' 1 ' 2. CdveHYaa
ba'SShSdo, ida ShSHCvSh'S U ShSU'g'd ad HE'Yan D UC'davS D ' eFES U YuCShHe TSShaY ' YaSbvSUECYa'CYu YaS 'USShSv.
dS ShSHCvSh'S 'ShYuCvsCdgs dS' YaSShnUSCYunYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYanYu YuCdaHaYu: YaS aTa'z vSH'adCECg'abSz keYuaUnC
g'FYaSEn ad 'USShSvS ShSb'gnUSrdgs YaS k'va'abaEagYanC YuSFYa'dazhaYan. Sb'g' gUaHsd UYuCgdC U iCYadvC
aTvSTad'' YaS 'avvCEsdavC - egdvaYgdUC, agelCgdUEsrlCYu bCvCYuYaaShCYa'C g'FYaSEaU ' agvCHYaCYa'C bva'ShUCHCYa's
ShS TaEokaY bvaYuCSheda' UvCYuCYa' ('adavnY YaSYuYaaFa TaEokC bCv'aHS gSYuaY Ya'Sh'aiSgdadYaaY gagdSUEsrlCY
gbC'dvS UzaHYanz g'FYaSEaU). da agvCHYaCYaYaaC bva'ShUCHCYa'C Cgdo 'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's UzaHYanz
g'FYaSEaU, ' CC ShYaSiCYa'C gYa'YuSCdgs g UnzaHS 'avvCEsdavS. gE' keYuaUaY g'FYaSE, bv'YasdnY bCvUnYu vSH'adCECg'abaYu,
aTaShYaSi'do S(t), da g'FYaSE, bv'YasdnY UdavnYu vSH'adCECg'abaYu, TeHCd S(t + U), S 'z 'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's
UnvSSh'dgs U U'HC = <S(t)S(t+ + U)>, FHC eFEaUnC g'aT'' aTaShYaSiSrd agvCHYaCYa'C ba UvCYuCYa'. dS 'avvCEsi'
aYaYaSs zheYa'i's 'YuCCd aH'Ya vCSh'a UnvSShCYaYanY YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. EECHaUSdCEoYaa, CgE' bv' baHSiC g'FYaSEaU
YaS 'avvCEsdav gHU'Yaedo aHYae ShSb'go adYaag'dCEoYaa HveFaY Ha baEeiCYa's YuS'g'YueYuS UnzaHYaaFa g'FYaSES,
da UCE'i'YaS UvCYuCYaYaaFa gHU'FS HSgd 'g'aYuer ShSHCvSh'e U. v' pdaYu 'ShYuCvCYa's agelCgdUEsrdgs dCYu
daiYaCC, iCYu yShC (agdvCC) YuS'g'YueYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY zheYa'i'', S aYa dCYu agdvCC, iCYu k'vC gbC'dv ShSb'gnUSCYunz
g'FYaSEaU, da Cgdo iCYu YuCYaokC 'z UvCYuCYaYaSs 'aFCvCYadYaagdo. YuCYaYaa bapdaYue U E YaSTErHSrd keYuaUnC,
YaS'TaECC k'va'abaEagYanC, g'FYaSEn 'USShSvaU.
Sh-ShS UvSlCYa's CYuE' vSShYaagdo zaHS ∆S, S gECHaUSdCEoYaa
' ShSHCvSh'S U, 'ShYuCYasCdgs. eCE'i'Yae, bvabavi'aYaSEoYaer g'avagd' 'ShYuCYaCYa's ShSHCvSh'', YaSShnUSrd iSgdadaY
'YadCvzhCvCYai'' f. YaS daShC 'ShYuCvsCdgs. a 'ShYuCvCYaYanYu UCE'i'YaSYu U ' f YuaShYaa baEei'do vSShYaagdo zaHS
∆S ' CC 'ShYuCYaCYa'C Ua UvCYuCYa'. eCE'i'YaS ∆S sUEsCdgs zheYa'i'CY vSH'eg-UC'davaU beYa'daU 1 ' 2 '
YaSbvSUECYa's YaS 'USShSv. C vSggYuSdv'USs ShHCgo SYaSE'd'iCg''C gaadYaakCYa's, adYuCd'Yu E'ko, ida YuCdaH
E baShUaEsCd abvCHCE'do HE'Yae UC'davS TSShn g ak'T'aY 2-3 gSYad'YuCdvS ' YaSbvSUECYa'C YaS 'USShSv
g daiYaagdor Ha 0,001 eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn ba aTC'Yu eFEaUnYu 'aavH'YaSdSYu. enga'Ss daiYaagdo abvCHCECYa's
HE'Yan TSShn HSCd UaShYuaShYaagdo 'SheiSdo gaUvCYuCYaYanC HU'ShCYa's ShCYuYaaY 'avn U YuSgkdSTSz bESYaCdn.
Sb'g' g'FYaSEaU YaS vSH'adCECg'abSz HaEShYan Tndo bv'UsShSYan ' CH'YaaY k'SEC UvCYuCYa', HEs iCFa
iSgn YaS aTC'z gdSYai'sz YaCaTzaH'Yua 'S' YuaShYaa daiYaCC g'YazvaYa'Sh'vaUSdo. da agelCgdUEsCdgs bv'
baYual' YaCShSU'g'Yunz YuCgdYanz gdSYaHSvdaU iSgdadn ' UvCYuCYa', 'adavnC 'aYadvaE'verdgs ba Unga'agdST'EoYaaYue
SdaYuYaaYue pdSEaYae - UaHavaHYaaYue YuSShCve g adYaag'dCEoYaaY YaCgdST'EoYaagdor 210-14 ShS ged''. SShCv vSTadSCd
U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC YaS iSgdadC bv'YuCvYaa 1,4 i ( L = 21 gYu), S YaCgdST'EoYaagdo 210-14 aShYaSiSCd, ida ezaH
dS''z "iSgaU" gagdSUEsCd 0,4 gC'eYaHn ShS Yu'EE'aYa ECd. Cd'' UvCYuCYa' ShSb'gnUSrdgs YaS YuSFYa'dazhaYan
aHYaaUvCYuCYaYaa g ShSb'gor vSH'ag'FYaSEaU YaS aTC'z gdSYai'sz E, ' 'YuCYaYaa ba gHU'Fe aHYaa'YuCYaYanz YuCda'
abvCHCEsrd ShSHCvSh'e U bv' 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY aTvSTad'C ShSb'gCY.
e vSH'adCECg'abSz aTniYaa
bv'YuCYasrdgs baEYaabaUavadYanC bSvSTaE'iCg''C SYadCYaYan H'SYuCdvaYu ad 20 Ha 70 YuCdvaU. CECg'abn vSTadSrd
U YaCg'aEo''z adHCEoYanz H'SbSShaYaSz iSgdad, azUSdnUSrl'z 'YadCvUSE HE'Ya UaEYa ad YaCg'aEo''z Yu'EE'YuCdvaU
Ha YaCg'aEo''z YuCdvaU. v'CYuYanC g'gdCYun vSH'adCECg'abaU aTESHSrd aiCYao Unga'aY ieUgdU'dCEoYaagdor.
daTn gUCgd' ' Yu'Ya'YueYue keYun UYaedv' SbbSvSdevn, eg'E'dCE' bv'Ya'YuSCYunz g'FYaSEaU azESShHSrdgs Ha
dCYubCvSdevn 15 (-258aE).
CaTzaH'Yua iCd'a bvCHgdSUEsdo gCTC, ida, U adE'i'C ad vSggYuadvCYaYaaFa
U YaSiSEC gdSdo' abd'iCg'aFa gEeiSs, YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' vSH'aUaEYa U E YaC YaSTErHSrd,
HS CC bvagda ' YaCd. YaS TnES Tn, CgE' HUS g'FYaSES ad aHYaaFa 'gdaiYa''S, bvaYHs vSShE'iYanC bed', bv'zaH'E'
Tn YaS aH'Ya bv'CYuYa'' (dCECg'ab). a pd' g'FYaSEn bagdebSrd YaS HUS adHCEoYanz dCECg'abS, aFvaYuYaaC vSggdasYa'C
YuCShHe 'adavnYu' YaC baShUaEsCd YaSEaSh'do g'FYaSEn YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaa aH'Ya YaS HveFaY ('S' pda HCESCdgs
U ShUCShHYaaYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvC SY'CEogaYaS bv' baYual' g'gdCYun ShCv'SE). 'S'aY ShC 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' 'HCd
vCio?
CEa U daYu, ida U vCSheEodSdC aTvSTad'' Yun baEeiSCYu dS'aY ShC vCSheEodSd, 'S' CgE' Tn
YaSTErHSE' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'r YaS aHYaaYu vSH'adCECg'abC g H'SYuCdvaYu SYadCYaYan, vSUYanYu HE'YaC TSShn D - vSggdasYa'r
YuCShHe ... vSH'adCECg'abSYu'. apdaYue zhS'd'iCg'' Yun 'YuCCYu ShHCgo gEeiSY g'YadCSh'vaUSYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai''
, 'YaH''SdavaYu 'adavaY gEeSh'd basUECYa'C g'FYaSES YaS UnzaHC 'avvCEaYuCdvS bv' HagdSdaiYaa TE'Sh'aYu
gaUbSHCYa'' ShSb'gCY. dad g'FYaSE bv' gHU'FC ShSb'gCY bvab'gnUSCd 'avvCEsi'aYaYaer zheYa'i'r, 'YuCrler
YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. e pdad YuaYuCYad UzaHYanC g'FYaSEn 'aFCvCYadYan ' UnzaHYaaY g'FYaSE SYaSEaF'iCYa baEeiCYaYaaYue
bv' YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' k'va'abaEagYanz g'FYaSEaU, bagdebSrl'z YaS HUC SYadCYaYan.
aHiCv'YaCYu aH'Ya daYa''Y YuaYuCYad, 'SgSrl'Ygs 'aFCvCYadYaagd' g'FYaSEaU. enkC adYuCiSEago, ida agdvnY
YuS'g'YueYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY zheYa'i'' aTCgbCi'USCdgs 'gbaEoShaUSYa'CYu k'va'abaEagYanz, YaC'aFCvCYadYanz
g'FYaSEaU, ' U da ShC UvCYus TnEa g'SShSYaa, ida bv' U = 0 g'FYaSEn 'aFCvCYadYan. e pdaYu YaCd bvad'UavCi's,
dS' 'S' vCio 'HCd a vSShYanz UClSz. SShHnY 'Sh ... g'FYaSEaU agdSCdgs YaC'aFCvCYadYanYu Ua UvCYuCYa': zhSShn
UaEYa vSShYanz iSgdad, aTvSSherl'z k'va'abaEagYanY keYuaUaY g'FYaSE, zSad'iCg'' YuCYasrdgs gEeiSYYanYu
aTvSShaYu. a bv' U = 0 pd' gEeiSYYanC 'ShYuCYaCYa's bva'gzaHsd aH'YaS'aUa U aTa'z g'FYaSESz, gaUCvkSsgo
U aHYa' ' dC ShC YuaYuCYadn UvCYuCYa', UgECHgdU'C iCFa aTS g'FYaSES, gazvSYass "gaTgdUCYaYaer" YaC'aFCvCYadYaagdo,
gdSYaaUsdgs 'aFCvCYadYanYu' YuCShHe gaTaY ('avvCE'vaUSYaYanYu'), ida ' UnShnUSCd basUECYa'C b''S 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY
zheYa'i''.
enga'Ss daiYaagdo YuCdaHS E aTegEaUECYaS dCYu, ida 'gbaEoShaUSYa'C ... vSShYaCgCYaYanz
SYadCYaYa HSCd vSShvCkSrler gbagaTYaagdo, p'U'USECYadYaer dS'aUaY HEs aHYaaY SYadCYaYan g aFvaYuYaaY SbCvdevaY
(H'SYuCdvaYu), vSUYaaY HE'YaC TSShn.
S CYuEC YuS'g'YuSEoYaSs HE'YaS TSShn, bv' 'adavaY vSgbaEaShCYaYanC
YaS CC 'aYaiSz vSH'adCECg'abn 1 ' 2 YuaFed Tndo YaSbvSUECYan YaS aH'Ya ' dad ShC eiSgda' YaCTCgYaaY gzhCvn,
gagdSUEsCd bv'YuCvYaa 7 dng. ''EaYuCdvaU. Sh YaSTErHCYa'Y YuaFed Tndo abvCHCECYan: 'aYubaYaCYadn UC'davS
TSShn, da Cgdo dv' vSShYaagd' 'aavH'YaSd beYa'daU 1 ' 2 (DX, DY, DZ), ba 'adavnYu Uni'gEsCdgs HE'YaS UC'davS
TSShn D = (DX2 + DY2 + DZ2)1/2 c ak'T'aY 2-3 gYu; HUC eFEaUnC 'aavH'YaSdn 'USShSvS g ak'T'aY 0,001 gC'eYaHn; HUC 'aavH'YaSdn
dai'' ECUCvYaaFa baErgS CYuE' g ak'T'aY 3-6 gYu. vaYuC daFa, abvCHCEsrdgs bSvSYuCdvn bvCiCgg'' ' YaedSi''
- sUECYa'Y, gUsShSYaYanz g 'ShYuCYaCYa'sYu' YaSbvSUECYa's ag' UvSlCYa's CYuE'. go YaC gazvSYasCd bagdasYaYaaC
baEaShCYa'C U bvagdvSYagdUC, S ab'gnUSCd 'aYaeg Ua'veF bCvbCYaH''eEsvS ' bEag'agd' ShCYuYaaY avT'dn,
baHaTYaa ag' gECF'S YaS'EaYaCYaYaaFa UaEi'S (bvCiCgg's), ' YaS pda HU'ShCYa'C YaS'ESHnUSrdgs 'aECTSYa's
adYaag'dCEoYaa gvCHYaCFa baEaShCYa's ag' (YaedSi's), aTegEaUECYaYanC g'ESYu' bv'dsShCYa's EaEYaiS ' eYan.
gb'g'e bCvCi'gECYaYanz UCE'i'Ya HaTSUEsrdgs dS'ShC daiYaaC UvCYus, abvCHCEsCYuaC g ak'T'aY 0,05-0,10 Yu'EE'gC'eYaHn,
' adYaag'dCEoYaSs babvSU'S iSgaU YaS gdSYai'sz.
E k'va'a bv'YuCYasrd YaC daEo'a HEs 'ShYuCvCYa's
UCE'i'Ya, gUsShSYaYanz g CYuECY, Yaa ' HEs vCkCYa's SgdvaYuCdv'iCg''z ' Sgdvazh'Sh'iCg''z ShSHSi. v' pdaYu
'gbaEoSheCdgs da aTgdasdCEogdUa, ida E baShUaEsCd baEeiSdo Unga'a'SiCgdUCYaYanC vSH'a'ShaTvSShCYa's
vSShE'iYanz 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU (YaC daEo'a 'USShSvaU).
SEoYaCYk'Yu kSFaYu U vSShU'd'' vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv''
ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY gdSEa gaShHSYa'C gCdCY E 'Sh YaCg'aEo''z vSH'adCECg'abaU, 'adavnC ...
'Sh CH'YaaFa iCYadvS ' YaSUaHsdgs YaS aH'Ya aTmC'd; aYa' YuaFed vSTadSdo U vSShE'iYanz H'SbSShaYaSz HE'Ya UaEYa.
ShYuCv'dCEoYaer 'YazhavYuSi'r baHUCvFSrd gaUYuCgdYaaY aTvSTad'C, baShUaEsrlCY baEeiSdo TaECC baHvaTYanC
gUCHCYa's a YaSTErHSCYuaYu aTmC'dC, iCYu HSCd aHYaS bSvS vSH'adCECg'abaU. SShvCkSrlSs gbagaTYaagdo
gCd' abvCHCEsCdgs adYaakCYa'CYu HE'Yan UaEYan ' YuS'g'YuSEoYaaYue vSggdasYa'r YuCShHe CC pECYuCYadSYu'. Es
bvCHCEoYaa 'avad''z HE'Ya UaEYa (Yu'EE'YuCdvaUaFa H'SbSShaYaS) YuaShYaa Hagd'io vSShvCkCYa's bavsH'S 0,00003
eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn, ida U Yu'EE'aYa vSSh bvCUnkSCd vSShvCkCYa'C iCEaUCiCg'aFa FESShS. Sh gCdCY E YuaShYaa
gaShHSdo FEaTSEoYaer FCaHCSh'iCg'er gCdo - g'gdCYue abavYanz beYa'daU g 'ShUCgdYanYu' 'aavH'YaSdSYu'. ag'aEo'e
YuCdaH E HSCd YaC gSYu' 'aavH'YaSdn, S 'z vSShYaagd', da HEs bCvCzaHS ' STgaErdYanYu 'aavH'YaSdSYu YaCaTzaH'Yua
'YuCdo 'z zads Tn YaS aHYaaYu beYa'dC gCd'. Es pdaFa aTniYaa 'gbaEoSherd YuCdaH ESShCvYaaY Ea'Si'' 'g'eggdUCYaYanz
gbedYa''aU CYuE'.
HYa'Yu 'Sh bv'YuCvaU gCd' E gEeSh'd adCiCgdUCYaYaSs gCdo "USShSv", ShSHeYuSYaYaSs
'S' g'gdCYuS vSH'aaTgCvUSdav'Y YaS dCvv'dav'' agg'' ' E g bCvCHSiCY HSYaYanz ba gbedYa''aUnYu '
abdaUaEa'aYaYanYu 'SYaSESYu gUsSh' U iCYadv ... ' aTvSTad''. CvUSs aiCvCHo pdaY gCd' "USShSv",
ba bvaC'de, gagda'd 'Sh dvCz vSH'adCECg'abaU g SYadCYaYanYu' ShCv'SESYu' H'SYuCdvaYu 32 YuCdvS 'SShHnY, vSgbaEaShCYaYanz
U bagCE'C EUCdEaC (baH ESYa'd-CdCvTevFaYu), gdSYa'iC CECYaie'g'Ss (EdSUvabaEog''Y 'vSY) ' U evai'lC
aHSvn (U evsd'', rShYaCC aShCvS SY'SE).
vaYuC "USShSvS" gelCgdUeCd CUvabCYg'Ss E-gCdo
EVN (European VLBI Network), SYuCv''SYag'Ss - VLBA, SUgdvSE'Yg'Ss - LNA, sbaYag''Y bvaC'd - VERA, S dS'ShC bvaC'dn 'dSs
' AShYaaY avC'.
EECHerl'Yu kSFaYu U vSShU'd'' E gdSEa aTmCH'YaCYa'C UgCz vSH'adCECg'abaU
' gCdCY U CH'Yaer Yu'vaUer vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'er gCdo. "e 90-C FaHn, - b'gSE U 1998 FaHe . E. SvHSkCU,
- U SgdvaYaaYu'' UaShYa''ES aiCYao 'YadCvCgYaSs ' YaCaTniYaSs g'deSi's - gaShHSYa bv'Yai'b'SEoYaa YaaUnY vSH'adCECg'ab,
azUSdnUSrl'Y UCgo ShCYuYaaY kSv. egC 'vebYaCYk'C vSH'adCECg'abn Yu'vS aTmCH'YaCYan U FEaTSEoYaer g'gdCYue;
aYa' YuaFed ba 'aYuSYaHC YaSUaH'dogs YaS aHYae ' de ShC iSgdo YaCTS. v'Ya'YuSCYunC 'Yu' g'FYaSEn g'YazvaYa'Sh'verdgs
Unga'agdST'EoYanYu' SdaYuYanYu' FCYaCvSdavSYu' ' aTvSTSdnUSrdgs. aEeiSrl'Cgs 'ShaTvSShCYa's SgdvaYaaYu'iCg''z
'gdaiYa''aU aTESHSrd dS''Yu ShC eFEaUnYu vSShvCkCYa'CYu, 'S' CgE' Tn Yun 'YuCE' CH'YanY vSH'adCECg'ab g
vSShYuCvSYu' bavsH'S CYuE'. dS FEaTSEoYaSs gCdo vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvaU HSCd bavSSh'dCEoYanC vCSheEodSdn,
'adavnC TnEa dveHYaa bvCHU'HCdo" (eCgdYa'' , n 6, 1998 F.).
egC beYa'dn gCd' "USShSv"
U'EriCYan U YuCShHeYaSvaHYaer FEaTSEoYaer vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'er gCdo. vaYuC daFa, U FEaTSEoYaaY
gCd' eiSgdUerd ClC YaCg'aEo'a 'YagdveYuCYadaU agg'' ' E. da vSH'adCECg'abn H'SYuCdvaYu
64 YuCdvS baH ag'UaY (CHUCSho' aShCvS ' SEsSh'Ya), 70-YuCdvaUnC vSH'adCECg'abn eCYadvaU HSEoYaCY 'agYu'iCg'aY
gUsSh' YaS Uagda'C (a'aEa ggev'Yg'S) ' U vnYue (UbSdav's). S Unga'aFavYaaYu bESda EezhzhS U ShTC''gdSYaC
gdva'dgs 70-YuCdvaUnY vSH'adCECg'ab Yu'EE'YuCdvaUnz UaEYa.
EaTSEoYaSs Yu'vaUSs vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'Ss
gCdo baShUaEsCd 'SheiSdo zh'Sh'iCg''C bvaiCggn, bva'gzaHsl'C U gUCvz'aYubS'dYanz 'agYu'iCg''z 'gdaiYa''Sz
vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's ('USShSvn, sHvS FSES'd'', 'agYu'iCg''C YuSShCvn ' Hv.). E CC baYualor eHSEago UbCvUnC
YaSTErHSdo aiCYao vCH'aC sUECYa'C - UShvnU gUCvzYaaUaY ShUCShHn U CFa YaSiSEoYaaY gdSH''. S TSShC YuCShHe
vSH'adCECg'abaYu baH SEsSh'YaaYu ' 34-YuCdvaUaY SYadCYaYaaY U Sk'YuC (BbaYa's) bvaUCHCYaS gCv's p'gbCv'YuCYadaU
ba 'ShYuCvCYa'r 'aavH'YaSd beEogSvaU - UvSlSrl'zgs YaCYdvaYaYanz ShUCShH (bvaC'd "gdva'aYubEC'g").
SheiCYa'C vSH'a'ShaTvSShCYa'Y ga gUCvzUnga''Yu vSShvCkCYa'CYu HSEa UaShYuaShYaagdo aTYaSveSh'do ivCShUniSYYaa
YuSgg'UYanC iCvYanC Hnvn, vSTadSrl'C 'S' gUCvzYualYanY bv'vaHYanY eg'av'dCEo iSgd'i. aHaTYanC 'ggECHaUSYa's
bvCHgdSUEsrd 'g'Eri'dCEoYanY 'YadCvCg HEs SgdvaYaaYu'', 'agYuaEaF'' ' zh'Sh''' pECYuCYadSvYanz iSgd'i.
ESYunY bagECHYa'Y pdSb U vSShU'd'' E - UnYaag vSH'adCECg'abS U 'agYuag. agYu'iCg''Y vSH'adCECg'ab,
vSTadSrl'Y gaUYuCgdYaa g YaSShCYuYaaY gCdor, aTvSSheCd vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv; HE'YaS CFa TSShn abvCHCEsCdgs
UngadaY avT'dn, YaS 'adaver aYa ShSbelCYa. ... dS'aY bvaC'd baH YaSShUSYa'CYu VSOP (VLBI Space Observation Programme
- bvaFvSYuYuS YaSTErHCYa'Y bv' baYual' 'agYu'iCg'aY E) agelCgdU'E' sbaYag''C 'ggECHaUSdCE', ShSbegd'Uk'C
U 1997 FaHe 8-YuCdvaUer bSvSTaE'iCg'er SYadCYaYae YaS avT'de, YuS'g'YuSEoYaaC eHSECYa'C 'adavaY ad CYuE'
gagdSUEsCd a'aEa 20 dngsi ''EaYuCdvaU (gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 5, 1998 F.). EaTSEoYaSs gCdo YaSShCYuYanz
vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvaU g HaTSUECYa'CYu 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS VSOP 'gbaEoSheCdgs HEs 'SheiCYa's
bvaiCggaU Ua'veF iCvYanz Hnv, U iCYadvSz S'd'UYanz FSES'd'' ' d. b. dYuCd'Yu, ida gCdo g 'agYu'iCg''Yu
dCECg'abaYu YaC bvCHYaSShYaSiCYaS HEs FCaHCSh'iCg''z 'ShYuCvCYa'Y, bag'aEo'e HU'ShCYa'C 'agYu'iCg'aFa dCECg'abS
ba avT'dC YaCbvCvnUYaa YuCYasCd HE'Yae TSShn 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS, bagdasYagdUa 'adavaY YaCaTzaH'Yua HEs vCkCYa's
FCaHCSh'iCg''z ShSHSi.
e agg'' bvCHEaShCYa ' YaSzaH'dgs U gdSH'' vSShvSTad'' 'vebYaCYk'Y U Yu'vC
bvaC'd YaSShCYuYaa-'agYu'iCg'aY E - "SH'aSgdvaYa". Fa YaSeiYanY ve'aUaH'dCEo - aH'Ya 'Sh "adiaU"
E, H'vC'dav gdva'agYu'iCg'aFa iCYadvS S'SHCYu'' . E. SvHSkCU. e bvaC'dC bvCHegYuSdv'USCdgs
ShSbeg' 10-YuCdvaUaFa 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS "SH'aSgdvaYa" YaS avT'de g YuS'g'YuSEoYanYu eHSECYa'CYu
ad CYuE' Ha 300 dng. 'Yu. SH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv g dS'aY TSShaY TeHCd 'YuCdo vSShvCkSrler gbagaTYaagdo Ha
aHYaaY gdadngsiYaaY eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn! v' dS'aYu vSShvCkCYa'' YaSTErHSdCEo g CYuE' YuaF Tn vSShFEsHCdo
YaS eYaC 'SYuCkC' vSShYuCvaYu 2 gSYad'YuCdvS. e pdaYu FEaTSEoYaaYu bvaC'dC eiSgdUerd vSH'aSgdvaYaaYu'iCg''C
aTgCvUSdav'' E, SYaSHn, CUvabCYg''z FageHSvgdU, 'dSs, YaH'' ' UgdvSE''. gelCgdUECYa'C bvaC'dS
"SH'aSgdvaYa" YaSYuCiCYaa YaS gECHerl'Y FaH.
a YungEo eiCYanz 'HCd ClC HSEokC. S' adYuCiSCd
''aESY ECYuCYaaU'i SvHSkCU, vSShYuCvn avT'dn 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS YuaShYaa eUCE'i'do YaS YuYaaFa
bavsH'aU ' bagdva'do 'agYu'iCg'er gCdo vSH'adCECg'abaU, vSTadSrler gaUYuCgdYaa g YaSShCYuYaaY. Es
baEeiCYa's YaS'Eeik'z vCSheEodSdaU, YaS'UngkCFa vSShvCkCYa's, YaCaTzaH'Yua bvSU'EoYaa UnTvSdo H'SbSShaYa
HE'Ya UaEYa. v' pdaYu gECHeCd ei'dnUSdo HUS aFvSYa'i'USrl'z zhS'davS: badCv' 'ShEeiCYa's bv' vSgbvagdvSYaCYa''
U 'agYu'iCg'aYu bvagdvSYagdUC ' ieUgdU'dCEoYaagdo dCECg'abS. adCv' 'ShEeiCYa's U abd'iCg'aYu H'SbSShaYaC
UaShYa''Srd 'Sh-ShS baFEalCYa's YuCShShUCShHYaaY bnEor, S U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC - UgECHgdU'C vSggCsYa's vSH'aUaEYa
YaS g'abECYa'sz YuCShShUCShHYaaY bESShYun ' baFEalCYa's U adHCEoYanz vSYaYaSz YuCShShUCShHYaaY gvCHn. d' sUECYa's
YuCYaokC UgCFa bvasUEsrdgs U aTESgd' pEC'dvaYuSFYa'dYaaFa gbC'dvS YuCShHe vSH'a- ' abd'iCg''Yu H'SbSShaYaaYu,
YaS HE'YaSz UaEYa ad YaCg'aEo''z Yu'EE'YuCdvaU Ha YaCg'aEo''z Yu''vaYuCdvaU, U aTESgd', abd'YuSEoYaaY '
g dai'' ShvCYa's ieUgdU'dCEoYaagd' dCECg'abaU. apdaYue HSEoYaCYkCC vSShU'd'C vSH'adCECg'ab'' U 'agYuagC
U'H'dgs U bCvCzaHC YaS Yu'EE'YuCdvaUnY ' geTYu'EE'YuCdvaUnY H'SbSShaYan, S U HSEoYaCYkCYu - ' YaS 'YazhvS'vSgYanY.
e gdva'agYu'iCg'aYu iCYadvC vSShvSTadSYan bCvgbC'd'UYanC bvaC'dn "'EE'YuCdvaYa" ' "EeTYu'EE'YuCdvaYa",
bvCHegYuSdv'USrl'C gaShHSYa'C YuCShHeYaSvaHYaaY 'agYu'iCg'aY aTgCvUSdav''-'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS "CYuEs
- agYuag - agYuag", U'EriSrlCY U gCTs 'agYu'iCg'er gCdo vSH'adCECg'abaU pd'z H'SbSShaYaaU. S'TaECC
baHzaHslCC YuCgda HEs vSShYuClCYa's dS'aY gCd' - aTESgdo YaS vSggdasYa'' 1,5 Yu'EE'aYaS ''EaYuCdvaU ad CYuE'
U bvad'UagaEYaCiYaaYu YaSbvSUECYa''. e baHaTYaaY g'gdCYuC 'agYu'iCg''Y dCECg'ab g 12-YuCdvaUnYu ShCv'SEaYu
TeHCd p'U'USECYadCYa ba ieUgdU'dCEoYaagd' YaSShCYuYaaYue vSH'adCECg'abe g ShCv'SEaYu H'SYuCdvaYu 3 ''EaYuCdvS
YaS UaEYaC L = 2 gYu, S U 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'aYu vCSh'YuC baShUaE'd vCSE'ShaUSdo vSShvCkCYa'C U dngsi' vSSh
UnkC, iCYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvn g bvCHCEoYaaY YaSShCYuYaaY TSShaY.
a'dav dCzYa'iCg''z YaSe' . e.
EzCYuS ShUCShHYaaFa 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS SY'CEogaYaS, bvCHYaSShYaSiCYaYaaFa HEs 'ShYuCvCYa's
eFEaUnz H'SYuCdvaU ShUCShH.
HCr vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'' ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY bvCHEaSh'E'
U 1965 FaHe ''aESY ECYuCYaaU'i SvHSkCU (YanYaC S'SHCYu'', H'vC'dav gdva'agYu'iCg'aFa iCYadvS ),
CaYa'H USYaaU'i SdUCCYa'a ' CYaYaSH'Y av'gaU'i aEaYu'i''Y. S zhada gECUS YaSbvSUa: . . aEaYu'i''Y,
. E. 'EaUg''Y ('ShUCgdYanY Sgdvazh'Sh'') ' . E. SvHSkCU. bvCEo 1965 FaHS. ada 'Sh Svz'US ageHSvgdUCYaYaaFa
SgdvaYaaYu'iCg'aFa 'Yagd'dedS 'Yu. . . dCvYaTCvFS.
ShEeiCYa'C ad 'USShSvS (k'va'abaEagYanY
keYuaUaY g'FYaSE) bv'zaH'd YaS vSH'adCECg'abn 1 ' 2 g ShSHCvSh'aY U, aTegEaUECYaYaaY vSShYaagdor zaHS ∆S.
eC'dav TSShn D 'YuCCd HE'Yae D = ∆S/cosV, S dS' 'S' ∆S = VU, FHC V - g'avagdo vSH'aUaEYa, da U = (D/V)cosV, d.C.
ShSHCvSh'S U gaHCvSh'd 'YazhavYuSi'r a HE'YaC D. dS ShSHCvSh'S 'ShYuCvsCdgs 'avvCEsi'aYa YanYu YuCdaHaYu. Sb'g'
g'FYaSEaU S(t) ' S(t + U) YaS dCECg'abSz 1 ' 2 gUaHsdgs U 'avvCEsdavC, YaS UnzaHC 'adavaFa Uagbva'ShUaH'dgs
'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's 12(U) = =<S(t)S(t + U)>, 'YuCrlSs YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. EHU'FSs ShSb'g' Ha basUECYa's
YuS'g'YueYuS UnzaHYaaFa g'FYaSES, abvCHCEsrd ShSHCvSh'e U, vSUYaer UCE'i'YaC gHU'FS.
EzCYuS
YuCdaHS E. E'FYaSE ad 'USShSvS g SYadCYaYan bagdebSCd U bv'CYuYaer g'gdCYue ' bCvCHSCdgs U 'USYadaUSdCEo
- bvCaTvSShaUSdCEo SYaSEaFaUaFa g'FYaSES U i'zhvaUaY. TvSTadSYaYanY g'FYaSE UYuCgdC g YuCd'SYu' UvCYuCYa',
'adavnC UnvSTSdnUSrd SdaYuYanC iSgn, ShSb'gnUSCdgs YaS YuSFYa'dYaer ECYade. e iCYadvSEoYaaYu beYa'dC ...
ShSb'g' g'FYaSEaU ad ... vSH'adCECg'abaU 'avvCEE'verdgs HEs abvCHCECYa's UvCYuCYaYaaY ShSHCvSh'' U.
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