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Re:
26.08.2008 16:10 | S. A. Cimbalyuk

ead gdSdos 'Sh 'S'aFa-da YaaYuCvS Se'' ' Sh'gd'.

B ... e
STadS FEaTSEoYaaY gCd' vSH'adCECg'abaU agYaaUSYaS YaS YuCdaHC E. dS STTvCU'SdevS vSgk'zhvaUnUSCdgs 'S' vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv's ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY (ba-SYaFE'Yg'' VLBI - Very Long Base Interferometry). aUnY YuCdaH vSH'aSgdvaYaaYu'' ad'vnE TECgdsl'C bCvgbC'd'Un U 'SheiCYa'' YaCUaaTvSSh'Yua HSEC''z 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU ' U da ShC UvCYus baShUaEsCd vCkSdo i'gda "ShCYuYanC" ShSHSi': 'ShYuCvsdo g aiCYao Unga'aY daiYaagdor TaEok'C vSggdasYa's YaS CYuEC, adgECSh'USdo bCvCYuClCYa'C E'dagzhCvYanz bE'd, 'SheiSdo H'YaSYu''e UvSlCYa's bESYaCdn ' YuYaaF'C HveF'C FCazh'Sh'iCg''C ' FCaHCSh'iCg''C bvaTECYun.
vCHngdav's vSShU'd's E UagzaH'd ' 'gbaEoShaUSYa'r 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' gUCdS HEs SgdvaYaaYu'iCg''z iCECY. e 1920 FaHe UnHSrl'Ygs SYuCv''SYag''Y zh'Sh'' EoTCvd SY'CEogaYa agelCgdU'E gCYagSi'aYaYanY p'gbCv'YuCYad. v' baYual' abd'iCg'aFa dCECg'abS aYa 'ShYuCv'E H'SYuCdv F'FSYadg'aY ShUCShHn CdCEoFCYShC, YaSzaHslCYgs YaS vSggdasYa'' 200 gUCdaUnz ECd ad CYuE'. Cv'SEa dCECg'abS H'SYuCdvaYu 2,5 YuCdvS ShS'vnUSEago 'vnk'aY g ... bSvSEECEoYanYu' ' g'YuYuCdv'iYanYu' adYaag'dCEoYaa iCYadvS lCEsYu', g'aYagdve'vaUSYaYaaY dS', ida vSggdasYa'C YuCShHe lCEsYu' YuaShYaa TnEa 'ShYuCYasdo. CECg'ab YaSUaH'Egs daiYaa YaS iCYadv ShUCShHn. EUCd ad YaCC bvazaH'E iCvCSh lCE', aTvSShes HUS bei'S. v' baYual' E'YaShn aYa' gUaH'E'go UYuCgdC, gaShHSUSs 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaer 'Svd'Yae U U'HC g'gdCYun iCvCHerl'zgs dCYuYanz ' gUCdEnz baEag. aYadvSgdYaagdo 'Svd'Yan ShSU'g'd ad eFEaUaFa H'SYuCdvS ShUCShHn I (da Cgdo ad eFES, baH 'adavnYu U'HYaS ShUCShHS 'Sh iCYadvS aTmC'd'US dCECg'abS) ' ad vSggdasYa's D YuCShHe lCEsYu'. ShYuCYass pda vSggdasYa'C, YuaShYaa HaT'dogs dS'aY CFa UCE'i'Yan Da, bv' 'adavaY 'aYadvSgd gdSYaaU'dgs vSUYanYu YaeEr, da Cgdo baEagn vSShYunUSrdgs ' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaSs 'Svd'YaS 'giCShSCd. aFHS eFEaUaY H'SYuCdv ShUCShHn Uni'gEsCdgs ba zhavYueEC I = L/Da , FHC L - HE'YaS UaEYan gUCdS.

Uad ShHCgo 'YuCCd YuCgda aiCYao USShYaaC aTgdasdCEogdUa: iCYu TaEokC "'gzaHYaaC" vSggdasYa'C YuCShHe lCEsYu' D (TSShS), dCYu YuCYaok'Y eFEaUaY H'SYuCdv I YuaShYaa 'ShYuCv'do: vSShvCkSrlSs gbagaTYaagdo 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS abvCHCEsCdgs adYaakCYa'CYu L/D. daTn eUCE'i'do TSShe, SY'CEogaYa 'gbaEoShaUSE gdSEoYaer TSE'e HE'YaaY 6 YuCdvaU, e'vCb'U CC bCvbCYaH''eEsvYaa dveTC dCECg'abS. S 'aYaiSz TSE'' TnE' gYuaYad'vaUSYan bEag''C bCvCHU'ShYanC ShCv'SES baH eFEaYu 45a. EUCd ad ShUCShHn bSHSE YaS pd' ShCv'SES, advSShSEgs ad Ya'z ' ... HveF'Yu' ShCv'SESYu' YaSbvSUEsEgs U zha'eg dCECg'abS. SdCYu ShCv'SES, baYuClCYaYanC YaS TSE'C, vSShHU'FSE'go Ha dCz bav, ba'S YaC 'giCShSE' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYanC baEagn. S'Ss 'aYagdve'i's baEei'ES YaSShUSYa'C "ShUCShHYanY 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv SY'CEogaYaS".

SEoYaCYkCC eUCE'iCYa'C TSShn gdSE''USCdgs g dveHYaagdsYu', aTegEaUECYaYanYu' bvaF'TaYu TSE'', CC U'TvSi'sYu' ' d. b. S' basU'ESgo 'HCs - g'ESHnUSdo bei'', gaTvSYaYanC adHCEoYanYu' dCECg'abSYu'. a ded UaShYa''SCd gelCgdUCYaYaaC aTgdasdCEogdUa: idaTn YaSTErHSESgo 'YadCvzhCvCYai'aYaYaSs 'Svd'YaS, g'ESHnUSCYunC bei'' HaEShYan Tndo 'aFCvCYadYan, S HEs pdaFa vSShYaagdo 'z zaHS YaC HaEShYaS bvCUnkSdo (U U'H'YuaYu gUCdC) 2-3 Yu''vaYaS. e ShUCShHYaaYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvC SY'CEogaYaS HagdSdaiYaa gav'CYad'vaUSdo TSShe bCvbCYaH''eEsvYaa YaSbvSUECYa'r YaS ShUCShHe (daiYaa YaSUCgd' dCECg'ab YaS CC iCYadv), idaTn evSUYasdo abd'iCg''C bed' bei'aU. 'S' evSUYasdo bei'', bv'zaHsl'C YaS HUS adHCEoYanz vSShYaCgCYaYanz dCECg'abS? FHC YaSTErHSdo 'z 'YadCvzhCvCYai'r? SYuCd'Yu, ida pdS bvaTECYuS TnES vCkCYaS gvSUYa'dCEoYaa YaCHSUYaa (gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 9, 2000 F.). a ShYaSi'dCEoYaa vSYaokC baHaTYaSs ShSHSiS TnES vCkCYaS U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC. gbaEoShaUSYa'C vSShYaCgCYaYaaFa bv'CYuS vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's ad 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU g YaCShSU'g'YuaY vCF'gdvSi'CY g'FYaSEaU ' bv'UCEa ' basUECYa'r vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'' ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY - E.

... 'HCs E TnES bvCHEaShCYaS eiCYanYu' YaSkCY gdvSYan . E. SvHSkCUnYu, . . SdUCCYa'a ' . . aEaYu'i''Yu U 1965 FaHe (gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 10, 1973 F.; n 8, 1978 F.). SbaYuYa'Yu agYaaUYanC bv'Yai'bn vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'' ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY.

e bvagdCYkCYu gEeiSC vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv gagda'd 'Sh ... vSH'adCECg'abaU, vSShYaCgCYaYanz YaS gadYa' 'E' dngsi' ''EaYuCdvaU ' YaSTErHSrl'z aH'Ya ' dad ShC 'USShSv - 'USSh'ShUCShHYanY (ShUCShHabaHaTYanY) UYaCFSES'd'iCg''Y 'gdaiYa'' keYuaUaFa vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's g ivCShUniSYYaa k'va''Yu gbC'dvaYu. USShSvn YaSzaHsdgs YaS vSggdasYa'sz ad CYuE' U HCgsd'' ' gadYa' Yu'EE'aYaaU gUCdaUnz ECd, da Cgdo bvS'd'iCg'' U TCg'aYaCiYaagd'; bapdaYue bv'zaHsl'C ad 'USShSvS vSH'aUaEYan 'YuCrd 'HCSEoYaa bEag''Y zhvaYad, S bagdebSrl'C YaS aTS vSH'adCECg'abS g'FYaSEn bv'zaHsd ba gdvaFa bSvSEECEoYanYu bedsYu. d' keYuaUnC g'FYaSEn gaUCvkCYaYaa 'HCYad'iYan, Yaa bv'zaHsd YaS vSH'adCECg'abn g YaC'adavaY UvCYuCYaYaaY ShSHCvSh'aY U aH'Ya adYaag'dCEoYaa HveFaFa, aTegEaUECYaYaaY vSShYaagdor vSggdasYa'Y ∆S ad vSH'adCECg'abaU Ha 'USShSvS. 'Ya'r, gaCH'Yasrler iCYadvn SYadCYaYa vSH'adCECg'abaU 1 ' 2, YaSShnUSrd UC'davaYu TSShn D. Ya sUEsCdgs aHYa'Yu 'Sh agYaaUYanz abvCHCEsCYunz bSvSYuCdvaU ' YuaShCd Tndo UnvSShCYa iCvCSh dv' vSShYaagd' aHYaa'YuCYaYanz 'aavH'YaSd daiC' 1 ' 2. CdveHYaa ba'SShSdo, ida ShSHCvSh'S U ShSU'g'd ad HE'Yan D UC'davS D ' eFES U YuCShHe TSShaY ' YaSbvSUECYa'CYu YaS 'USShSv. dS ShSHCvSh'S 'ShYuCvsCdgs dS' YaSShnUSCYunYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYanYu YuCdaHaYu: YaS aTa'z vSH'adCECg'abSz keYuaUnC g'FYaSEn ad 'USShSvS ShSb'gnUSrdgs YaS k'va'abaEagYanC YuSFYa'dazhaYan. Sb'g' gUaHsd UYuCgdC U iCYadvC aTvSTad'' YaS 'avvCEsdavC - egdvaYgdUC, agelCgdUEsrlCYu bCvCYuYaaShCYa'C g'FYaSEaU ' agvCHYaCYa'C bva'ShUCHCYa's ShS TaEokaY bvaYuCSheda' UvCYuCYa' ('adavnY YaSYuYaaFa TaEokC bCv'aHS gSYuaY Ya'Sh'aiSgdadYaaY gagdSUEsrlCY gbC'dvS UzaHYanz g'FYaSEaU). da agvCHYaCYaYaaC bva'ShUCHCYa'C Cgdo 'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's UzaHYanz g'FYaSEaU, ' CC ShYaSiCYa'C gYa'YuSCdgs g UnzaHS 'avvCEsdavS. gE' keYuaUaY g'FYaSE, bv'YasdnY bCvUnYu vSH'adCECg'abaYu, aTaShYaSi'do S(t), da g'FYaSE, bv'YasdnY UdavnYu vSH'adCECg'abaYu, TeHCd S(t + U), S 'z 'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's UnvSSh'dgs U U'HC = <S(t)S(t+ + U)>, FHC eFEaUnC g'aT'' aTaShYaSiSrd agvCHYaCYa'C ba UvCYuCYa'. dS 'avvCEsi' aYaYaSs zheYa'i's 'YuCCd aH'Ya vCSh'a UnvSShCYaYanY YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. EECHaUSdCEoYaa, CgE' bv' baHSiC g'FYaSEaU YaS 'avvCEsdav gHU'Yaedo aHYae ShSb'go adYaag'dCEoYaa HveFaY Ha baEeiCYa's YuS'g'YueYuS UnzaHYaaFa g'FYaSES, da UCE'i'YaS UvCYuCYaYaaFa gHU'FS HSgd 'g'aYuer ShSHCvSh'e U. v' pdaYu 'ShYuCvCYa's agelCgdUEsrdgs dCYu daiYaCC, iCYu yShC (agdvCC) YuS'g'YueYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY zheYa'i'', S aYa dCYu agdvCC, iCYu k'vC gbC'dv ShSb'gnUSCYunz g'FYaSEaU, da Cgdo iCYu YuCYaokC 'z UvCYuCYaYaSs 'aFCvCYadYaagdo. YuCYaYaa bapdaYue U E YaSTErHSrd keYuaUnC, YaS'TaECC k'va'abaEagYanC, g'FYaSEn 'USShSvaU.

Sh-ShS UvSlCYa's CYuE' vSShYaagdo zaHS ∆S, S gECHaUSdCEoYaa ' ShSHCvSh'S U, 'ShYuCYasCdgs. eCE'i'Yae, bvabavi'aYaSEoYaer g'avagd' 'ShYuCYaCYa's ShSHCvSh'', YaSShnUSrd iSgdadaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' f. YaS daShC 'ShYuCvsCdgs. a 'ShYuCvCYaYanYu UCE'i'YaSYu U ' f YuaShYaa baEei'do vSShYaagdo zaHS ∆S ' CC 'ShYuCYaCYa'C Ua UvCYuCYa'. eCE'i'YaS ∆S sUEsCdgs zheYa'i'CY vSH'eg-UC'davaU beYa'daU 1 ' 2 ' YaSbvSUECYa's YaS 'USShSv. C vSggYuSdv'USs ShHCgo SYaSE'd'iCg''C gaadYaakCYa's, adYuCd'Yu E'ko, ida YuCdaH E baShUaEsCd abvCHCE'do HE'Yae UC'davS TSShn g ak'T'aY 2-3 gSYad'YuCdvS ' YaSbvSUECYa'C YaS 'USShSv g daiYaagdor Ha 0,001 eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn ba aTC'Yu eFEaUnYu 'aavH'YaSdSYu. enga'Ss daiYaagdo abvCHCECYa's HE'Yan TSShn HSCd UaShYuaShYaagdo 'SheiSdo gaUvCYuCYaYanC HU'ShCYa's ShCYuYaaY 'avn U YuSgkdSTSz bESYaCdn.

Sb'g' g'FYaSEaU YaS vSH'adCECg'abSz HaEShYan Tndo bv'UsShSYan ' CH'YaaY k'SEC UvCYuCYa', HEs iCFa iSgn YaS aTC'z gdSYai'sz YaCaTzaH'Yua 'S' YuaShYaa daiYaCC g'YazvaYa'Sh'vaUSdo. da agelCgdUEsCdgs bv' baYual' YaCShSU'g'Yunz YuCgdYanz gdSYaHSvdaU iSgdadn ' UvCYuCYa', 'adavnC 'aYadvaE'verdgs ba Unga'agdST'EoYaaYue SdaYuYaaYue pdSEaYae - UaHavaHYaaYue YuSShCve g adYaag'dCEoYaaY YaCgdST'EoYaagdor 210-14 ShS ged''. SShCv vSTadSCd U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC YaS iSgdadC bv'YuCvYaa 1,4 i ( L = 21 gYu), S YaCgdST'EoYaagdo 210-14 aShYaSiSCd, ida ezaH dS''z "iSgaU" gagdSUEsCd 0,4 gC'eYaHn ShS Yu'EE'aYa ECd. Cd'' UvCYuCYa' ShSb'gnUSrdgs YaS YuSFYa'dazhaYan aHYaaUvCYuCYaYaa g ShSb'gor vSH'ag'FYaSEaU YaS aTC'z gdSYai'sz E, ' 'YuCYaYaa ba gHU'Fe aHYaa'YuCYaYanz YuCda' abvCHCEsrd ShSHCvSh'e U bv' 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY aTvSTad'C ShSb'gCY.

e vSH'adCECg'abSz aTniYaa bv'YuCYasrdgs baEYaabaUavadYanC bSvSTaE'iCg''C SYadCYaYan H'SYuCdvaYu ad 20 Ha 70 YuCdvaU. CECg'abn vSTadSrd U YaCg'aEo''z adHCEoYanz H'SbSShaYaSz iSgdad, azUSdnUSrl'z 'YadCvUSE HE'Ya UaEYa ad YaCg'aEo''z Yu'EE'YuCdvaU Ha YaCg'aEo''z YuCdvaU. v'CYuYanC g'gdCYun vSH'adCECg'abaU aTESHSrd aiCYao Unga'aY ieUgdU'dCEoYaagdor. daTn gUCgd' ' Yu'Ya'YueYue keYun UYaedv' SbbSvSdevn, eg'E'dCE' bv'Ya'YuSCYunz g'FYaSEaU azESShHSrdgs Ha dCYubCvSdevn 15 (-258aE).

CaTzaH'Yua iCd'a bvCHgdSUEsdo gCTC, ida, U adE'i'C ad vSggYuadvCYaYaaFa U YaSiSEC gdSdo' abd'iCg'aFa gEeiSs, YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' vSH'aUaEYa U E YaC YaSTErHSrd, HS CC bvagda ' YaCd. YaS TnES Tn, CgE' HUS g'FYaSES ad aHYaaFa 'gdaiYa''S, bvaYHs vSShE'iYanC bed', bv'zaH'E' Tn YaS aH'Ya bv'CYuYa'' (dCECg'ab). a pd' g'FYaSEn bagdebSrd YaS HUS adHCEoYanz dCECg'abS, aFvaYuYaaC vSggdasYa'C YuCShHe 'adavnYu' YaC baShUaEsCd YaSEaSh'do g'FYaSEn YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaa aH'Ya YaS HveFaY ('S' pda HCESCdgs U ShUCShHYaaYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvC SY'CEogaYaS bv' baYual' g'gdCYun ShCv'SE). 'S'aY ShC 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' 'HCd vCio?

CEa U daYu, ida U vCSheEodSdC aTvSTad'' Yun baEeiSCYu dS'aY ShC vCSheEodSd, 'S' CgE' Tn YaSTErHSE' 'YadCvzhCvCYai'r YaS aHYaaYu vSH'adCECg'abC g H'SYuCdvaYu SYadCYaYan, vSUYanYu HE'YaC TSShn D - vSggdasYa'r YuCShHe ... vSH'adCECg'abSYu'. apdaYue zhS'd'iCg'' Yun 'YuCCYu ShHCgo gEeiSY g'YadCSh'vaUSYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' , 'YaH''SdavaYu 'adavaY gEeSh'd basUECYa'C g'FYaSES YaS UnzaHC 'avvCEaYuCdvS bv' HagdSdaiYaa TE'Sh'aYu gaUbSHCYa'' ShSb'gCY. dad g'FYaSE bv' gHU'FC ShSb'gCY bvab'gnUSCd 'avvCEsi'aYaYaer zheYa'i'r, 'YuCrler YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. e pdad YuaYuCYad UzaHYanC g'FYaSEn 'aFCvCYadYan ' UnzaHYaaY g'FYaSE SYaSEaF'iCYa baEeiCYaYaaYue bv' YaCbagvCHgdUCYaYaaY 'YadCvzhCvCYai'' k'va'abaEagYanz g'FYaSEaU, bagdebSrl'z YaS HUC SYadCYaYan.

aHiCv'YaCYu aH'Ya daYa''Y YuaYuCYad, 'SgSrl'Ygs 'aFCvCYadYaagd' g'FYaSEaU. enkC adYuCiSEago, ida agdvnY YuS'g'YueYu 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY zheYa'i'' aTCgbCi'USCdgs 'gbaEoShaUSYa'CYu k'va'abaEagYanz, YaC'aFCvCYadYanz g'FYaSEaU, ' U da ShC UvCYus TnEa g'SShSYaa, ida bv' U = 0 g'FYaSEn 'aFCvCYadYan. e pdaYu YaCd bvad'UavCi's, dS' 'S' vCio 'HCd a vSShYanz UClSz. SShHnY 'Sh ... g'FYaSEaU agdSCdgs YaC'aFCvCYadYanYu Ua UvCYuCYa': zhSShn UaEYa vSShYanz iSgdad, aTvSSherl'z k'va'abaEagYanY keYuaUaY g'FYaSE, zSad'iCg'' YuCYasrdgs gEeiSYYanYu aTvSShaYu. a bv' U = 0 pd' gEeiSYYanC 'ShYuCYaCYa's bva'gzaHsd aH'YaS'aUa U aTa'z g'FYaSESz, gaUCvkSsgo U aHYa' ' dC ShC YuaYuCYadn UvCYuCYa', UgECHgdU'C iCFa aTS g'FYaSES, gazvSYass "gaTgdUCYaYaer" YaC'aFCvCYadYaagdo, gdSYaaUsdgs 'aFCvCYadYanYu' YuCShHe gaTaY ('avvCE'vaUSYaYanYu'), ida ' UnShnUSCd basUECYa'C b''S 'avvCEsi'aYaYaaY zheYa'i''.

enga'Ss daiYaagdo YuCdaHS E aTegEaUECYaS dCYu, ida 'gbaEoShaUSYa'C ... vSShYaCgCYaYanz SYadCYaYa HSCd vSShvCkSrler gbagaTYaagdo, p'U'USECYadYaer dS'aUaY HEs aHYaaY SYadCYaYan g aFvaYuYaaY SbCvdevaY (H'SYuCdvaYu), vSUYaaY HE'YaC TSShn.

S CYuEC YuS'g'YuSEoYaSs HE'YaS TSShn, bv' 'adavaY vSgbaEaShCYaYanC YaS CC 'aYaiSz vSH'adCECg'abn 1 ' 2 YuaFed Tndo YaSbvSUECYan YaS aH'Ya ' dad ShC eiSgda' YaCTCgYaaY gzhCvn, gagdSUEsCd bv'YuCvYaa 7 dng. ''EaYuCdvaU. Sh YaSTErHCYa'Y YuaFed Tndo abvCHCECYan: 'aYubaYaCYadn UC'davS TSShn, da Cgdo dv' vSShYaagd' 'aavH'YaSd beYa'daU 1 ' 2 (DX, DY, DZ), ba 'adavnYu Uni'gEsCdgs HE'YaS UC'davS TSShn D = (DX2 + DY2 + DZ2)1/2 c ak'T'aY 2-3 gYu; HUC eFEaUnC 'aavH'YaSdn 'USShSvS g ak'T'aY 0,001 gC'eYaHn; HUC 'aavH'YaSdn dai'' ECUCvYaaFa baErgS CYuE' g ak'T'aY 3-6 gYu. vaYuC daFa, abvCHCEsrdgs bSvSYuCdvn bvCiCgg'' ' YaedSi'' - sUECYa'Y, gUsShSYaYanz g 'ShYuCYaCYa'sYu' YaSbvSUECYa's ag' UvSlCYa's CYuE'. go YaC gazvSYasCd bagdasYaYaaC baEaShCYa'C U bvagdvSYagdUC, S ab'gnUSCd 'aYaeg Ua'veF bCvbCYaH''eEsvS ' bEag'agd' ShCYuYaaY avT'dn, baHaTYaa ag' gECF'S YaS'EaYaCYaYaaFa UaEi'S (bvCiCgg's), ' YaS pda HU'ShCYa'C YaS'ESHnUSrdgs 'aECTSYa's adYaag'dCEoYaa gvCHYaCFa baEaShCYa's ag' (YaedSi's), aTegEaUECYaYanC g'ESYu' bv'dsShCYa's EaEYaiS ' eYan. gb'g'e bCvCi'gECYaYanz UCE'i'Ya HaTSUEsrdgs dS'ShC daiYaaC UvCYus, abvCHCEsCYuaC g ak'T'aY 0,05-0,10 Yu'EE'gC'eYaHn, ' adYaag'dCEoYaSs babvSU'S iSgaU YaS gdSYai'sz.

E k'va'a bv'YuCYasrd YaC daEo'a HEs 'ShYuCvCYa's UCE'i'Ya, gUsShSYaYanz g CYuECY, Yaa ' HEs vCkCYa's SgdvaYuCdv'iCg''z ' Sgdvazh'Sh'iCg''z ShSHSi. v' pdaYu 'gbaEoSheCdgs da aTgdasdCEogdUa, ida E baShUaEsCd baEeiSdo Unga'a'SiCgdUCYaYanC vSH'a'ShaTvSShCYa's vSShE'iYanz 'agYu'iCg''z aTmC'daU (YaC daEo'a 'USShSvaU).

SEoYaCYk'Yu kSFaYu U vSShU'd'' vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'' ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY gdSEa gaShHSYa'C gCdCY E 'Sh YaCg'aEo''z vSH'adCECg'abaU, 'adavnC ... 'Sh CH'YaaFa iCYadvS ' YaSUaHsdgs YaS aH'Ya aTmC'd; aYa' YuaFed vSTadSdo U vSShE'iYanz H'SbSShaYaSz HE'Ya UaEYa. ShYuCv'dCEoYaer 'YazhavYuSi'r baHUCvFSrd gaUYuCgdYaaY aTvSTad'C, baShUaEsrlCY baEeiSdo TaECC baHvaTYanC gUCHCYa's a YaSTErHSCYuaYu aTmC'dC, iCYu HSCd aHYaS bSvS vSH'adCECg'abaU. SShvCkSrlSs gbagaTYaagdo gCd' abvCHCEsCdgs adYaakCYa'CYu HE'Yan UaEYan ' YuS'g'YuSEoYaaYue vSggdasYa'r YuCShHe CC pECYuCYadSYu'. Es bvCHCEoYaa 'avad''z HE'Ya UaEYa (Yu'EE'YuCdvaUaFa H'SbSShaYaS) YuaShYaa Hagd'io vSShvCkCYa's bavsH'S 0,00003 eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn, ida U Yu'EE'aYa vSSh bvCUnkSCd vSShvCkCYa'C iCEaUCiCg'aFa FESShS. Sh gCdCY E YuaShYaa gaShHSdo FEaTSEoYaer FCaHCSh'iCg'er gCdo - g'gdCYue abavYanz beYa'daU g 'ShUCgdYanYu' 'aavH'YaSdSYu'. ag'aEo'e YuCdaH E HSCd YaC gSYu' 'aavH'YaSdn, S 'z vSShYaagd', da HEs bCvCzaHS ' STgaErdYanYu 'aavH'YaSdSYu YaCaTzaH'Yua 'YuCdo 'z zads Tn YaS aHYaaYu beYa'dC gCd'. Es pdaFa aTniYaa 'gbaEoSherd YuCdaH ESShCvYaaY Ea'Si'' 'g'eggdUCYaYanz gbedYa''aU CYuE'.

HYa'Yu 'Sh bv'YuCvaU gCd' E gEeSh'd adCiCgdUCYaYaSs gCdo "USShSv", ShSHeYuSYaYaSs 'S' g'gdCYuS vSH'aaTgCvUSdav'Y YaS dCvv'dav'' agg'' ' E g bCvCHSiCY HSYaYanz ba gbedYa''aUnYu ' abdaUaEa'aYaYanYu 'SYaSESYu gUsSh' U iCYadv ... ' aTvSTad''. CvUSs aiCvCHo pdaY gCd' "USShSv", ba bvaC'de, gagda'd 'Sh dvCz vSH'adCECg'abaU g SYadCYaYanYu' ShCv'SESYu' H'SYuCdvaYu 32 YuCdvS 'SShHnY, vSgbaEaShCYaYanz U bagCE'C EUCdEaC (baH ESYa'd-CdCvTevFaYu), gdSYa'iC CECYaie'g'Ss (EdSUvabaEog''Y 'vSY) ' U evai'lC aHSvn (U evsd'', rShYaCC aShCvS SY'SE).

vaYuC "USShSvS" gelCgdUeCd CUvabCYg'Ss E-gCdo EVN (European VLBI Network), SYuCv''SYag'Ss - VLBA, SUgdvSE'Yg'Ss - LNA, sbaYag''Y bvaC'd - VERA, S dS'ShC bvaC'dn 'dSs ' AShYaaY avC'.

EECHerl'Yu kSFaYu U vSShU'd'' E gdSEa aTmCH'YaCYa'C UgCz vSH'adCECg'abaU ' gCdCY U CH'Yaer Yu'vaUer vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'er gCdo. "e 90-C FaHn, - b'gSE U 1998 FaHe . E. SvHSkCU, - U SgdvaYaaYu'' UaShYa''ES aiCYao 'YadCvCgYaSs ' YaCaTniYaSs g'deSi's - gaShHSYa bv'Yai'b'SEoYaa YaaUnY vSH'adCECg'ab, azUSdnUSrl'Y UCgo ShCYuYaaY kSv. egC 'vebYaCYk'C vSH'adCECg'abn Yu'vS aTmCH'YaCYan U FEaTSEoYaer g'gdCYue; aYa' YuaFed ba 'aYuSYaHC YaSUaH'dogs YaS aHYae ' de ShC iSgdo YaCTS. v'Ya'YuSCYunC 'Yu' g'FYaSEn g'YazvaYa'Sh'verdgs Unga'agdST'EoYanYu' SdaYuYanYu' FCYaCvSdavSYu' ' aTvSTSdnUSrdgs. aEeiSrl'Cgs 'ShaTvSShCYa's SgdvaYaaYu'iCg''z 'gdaiYa''aU aTESHSrd dS''Yu ShC eFEaUnYu vSShvCkCYa'CYu, 'S' CgE' Tn Yun 'YuCE' CH'YanY vSH'adCECg'ab g vSShYuCvSYu' bavsH'S CYuE'. dS FEaTSEoYaSs gCdo vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvaU HSCd bavSSh'dCEoYanC vCSheEodSdn, 'adavnC TnEa dveHYaa bvCHU'HCdo" (eCgdYa'' , n 6, 1998 F.).

egC beYa'dn gCd' "USShSv" U'EriCYan U YuCShHeYaSvaHYaer FEaTSEoYaer vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'er gCdo. vaYuC daFa, U FEaTSEoYaaY gCd' eiSgdUerd ClC YaCg'aEo'a 'YagdveYuCYadaU agg'' ' E. da vSH'adCECg'abn H'SYuCdvaYu 64 YuCdvS baH ag'UaY (CHUCSho' aShCvS ' SEsSh'Ya), 70-YuCdvaUnC vSH'adCECg'abn eCYadvaU HSEoYaCY 'agYu'iCg'aY gUsSh' YaS Uagda'C (a'aEa ggev'Yg'S) ' U vnYue (UbSdav's). S Unga'aFavYaaYu bESda EezhzhS U ShTC''gdSYaC gdva'dgs 70-YuCdvaUnY vSH'adCECg'ab Yu'EE'YuCdvaUnz UaEYa.

EaTSEoYaSs Yu'vaUSs vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'Ss gCdo baShUaEsCd 'SheiSdo zh'Sh'iCg''C bvaiCggn, bva'gzaHsl'C U gUCvz'aYubS'dYanz 'agYu'iCg''z 'gdaiYa''Sz vSH'a'ShEeiCYa's ('USShSvn, sHvS FSES'd'', 'agYu'iCg''C YuSShCvn ' Hv.). E CC baYualor eHSEago UbCvUnC YaSTErHSdo aiCYao vCH'aC sUECYa'C - UShvnU gUCvzYaaUaY ShUCShHn U CFa YaSiSEoYaaY gdSH''. S TSShC YuCShHe vSH'adCECg'abaYu baH SEsSh'YaaYu ' 34-YuCdvaUaY SYadCYaYaaY U Sk'YuC (BbaYa's) bvaUCHCYaS gCv's p'gbCv'YuCYadaU ba 'ShYuCvCYa'r 'aavH'YaSd beEogSvaU - UvSlSrl'zgs YaCYdvaYaYanz ShUCShH (bvaC'd "gdva'aYubEC'g"). SheiCYa'C vSH'a'ShaTvSShCYa'Y ga gUCvzUnga''Yu vSShvCkCYa'CYu HSEa UaShYuaShYaagdo aTYaSveSh'do ivCShUniSYYaa YuSgg'UYanC iCvYanC Hnvn, vSTadSrl'C 'S' gUCvzYualYanY bv'vaHYanY eg'av'dCEo iSgd'i. aHaTYanC 'ggECHaUSYa's bvCHgdSUEsrd 'g'Eri'dCEoYanY 'YadCvCg HEs SgdvaYaaYu'', 'agYuaEaF'' ' zh'Sh''' pECYuCYadSvYanz iSgd'i.

ESYunY bagECHYa'Y pdSb U vSShU'd'' E - UnYaag vSH'adCECg'abS U 'agYuag. agYu'iCg''Y vSH'adCECg'ab, vSTadSrl'Y gaUYuCgdYaa g YaSShCYuYaaY gCdor, aTvSSheCd vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv; HE'YaS CFa TSShn abvCHCEsCdgs UngadaY avT'dn, YaS 'adaver aYa ShSbelCYa. ... dS'aY bvaC'd baH YaSShUSYa'CYu VSOP (VLBI Space Observation Programme - bvaFvSYuYuS YaSTErHCYa'Y bv' baYual' 'agYu'iCg'aY E) agelCgdU'E' sbaYag''C 'ggECHaUSdCE', ShSbegd'Uk'C U 1997 FaHe 8-YuCdvaUer bSvSTaE'iCg'er SYadCYaYae YaS avT'de, YuS'g'YuSEoYaaC eHSECYa'C 'adavaY ad CYuE' gagdSUEsCd a'aEa 20 dngsi ''EaYuCdvaU (gYu. "Se'S ' Sh'ShYao" n 5, 1998 F.). EaTSEoYaSs gCdo YaSShCYuYanz vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvaU g HaTSUECYa'CYu 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS VSOP 'gbaEoSheCdgs HEs 'SheiCYa's bvaiCggaU Ua'veF iCvYanz Hnv, U iCYadvSz S'd'UYanz FSES'd'' ' d. b. dYuCd'Yu, ida gCdo g 'agYu'iCg''Yu dCECg'abaYu YaC bvCHYaSShYaSiCYaS HEs FCaHCSh'iCg''z 'ShYuCvCYa'Y, bag'aEo'e HU'ShCYa'C 'agYu'iCg'aFa dCECg'abS ba avT'dC YaCbvCvnUYaa YuCYasCd HE'Yae TSShn 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS, bagdasYagdUa 'adavaY YaCaTzaH'Yua HEs vCkCYa's FCaHCSh'iCg''z ShSHSi.

e agg'' bvCHEaShCYa ' YaSzaH'dgs U gdSH'' vSShvSTad'' 'vebYaCYk'Y U Yu'vC bvaC'd YaSShCYuYaa-'agYu'iCg'aY E - "SH'aSgdvaYa". Fa YaSeiYanY ve'aUaH'dCEo - aH'Ya 'Sh "adiaU" E, H'vC'dav gdva'agYu'iCg'aFa iCYadvS S'SHCYu'' . E. SvHSkCU. e bvaC'dC bvCHegYuSdv'USCdgs ShSbeg' 10-YuCdvaUaFa 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS "SH'aSgdvaYa" YaS avT'de g YuS'g'YuSEoYanYu eHSECYa'CYu ad CYuE' Ha 300 dng. 'Yu. SH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv g dS'aY TSShaY TeHCd 'YuCdo vSShvCkSrler gbagaTYaagdo Ha aHYaaY gdadngsiYaaY eFEaUaY gC'eYaHn! v' dS'aYu vSShvCkCYa'' YaSTErHSdCEo g CYuE' YuaF Tn vSShFEsHCdo YaS eYaC 'SYuCkC' vSShYuCvaYu 2 gSYad'YuCdvS. e pdaYu FEaTSEoYaaYu bvaC'dC eiSgdUerd vSH'aSgdvaYaaYu'iCg''C aTgCvUSdav'' E, SYaSHn, CUvabCYg''z FageHSvgdU, 'dSs, YaH'' ' UgdvSE''. gelCgdUECYa'C bvaC'dS "SH'aSgdvaYa" YaSYuCiCYaa YaS gECHerl'Y FaH.

a YungEo eiCYanz 'HCd ClC HSEokC. S' adYuCiSCd ''aESY ECYuCYaaU'i SvHSkCU, vSShYuCvn avT'dn 'agYu'iCg'aFa vSH'adCECg'abS YuaShYaa eUCE'i'do YaS YuYaaFa bavsH'aU ' bagdva'do 'agYu'iCg'er gCdo vSH'adCECg'abaU, vSTadSrler gaUYuCgdYaa g YaSShCYuYaaY. Es baEeiCYa's YaS'Eeik'z vCSheEodSdaU, YaS'UngkCFa vSShvCkCYa's, YaCaTzaH'Yua bvSU'EoYaa UnTvSdo H'SbSShaYa HE'Ya UaEYa. v' pdaYu gECHeCd ei'dnUSdo HUS aFvSYa'i'USrl'z zhS'davS: badCv' 'ShEeiCYa's bv' vSgbvagdvSYaCYa'' U 'agYu'iCg'aYu bvagdvSYagdUC ' ieUgdU'dCEoYaagdo dCECg'abS. adCv' 'ShEeiCYa's U abd'iCg'aYu H'SbSShaYaC UaShYa''Srd 'Sh-ShS baFEalCYa's YuCShShUCShHYaaY bnEor, S U vSH'aH'SbSShaYaC - UgECHgdU'C vSggCsYa's vSH'aUaEYa YaS g'abECYa'sz YuCShShUCShHYaaY bESShYun ' baFEalCYa's U adHCEoYanz vSYaYaSz YuCShShUCShHYaaY gvCHn. d' sUECYa's YuCYaokC UgCFa bvasUEsrdgs U aTESgd' pEC'dvaYuSFYa'dYaaFa gbC'dvS YuCShHe vSH'a- ' abd'iCg''Yu H'SbSShaYaaYu, YaS HE'YaSz UaEYa ad YaCg'aEo''z Yu'EE'YuCdvaU Ha YaCg'aEo''z Yu''vaYuCdvaU, U aTESgd', abd'YuSEoYaaY ' g dai'' ShvCYa's ieUgdU'dCEoYaagd' dCECg'abaU. apdaYue HSEoYaCYkCC vSShU'd'C vSH'adCECg'ab'' U 'agYuagC U'H'dgs U bCvCzaHC YaS Yu'EE'YuCdvaUnY ' geTYu'EE'YuCdvaUnY H'SbSShaYan, S U HSEoYaCYkCYu - ' YaS 'YazhvS'vSgYanY. e gdva'agYu'iCg'aYu iCYadvC vSShvSTadSYan bCvgbC'd'UYanC bvaC'dn "'EE'YuCdvaYa" ' "EeTYu'EE'YuCdvaYa", bvCHegYuSdv'USrl'C gaShHSYa'C YuCShHeYaSvaHYaaY 'agYu'iCg'aY aTgCvUSdav''-'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS "CYuEs - agYuag - agYuag", U'EriSrlCY U gCTs 'agYu'iCg'er gCdo vSH'adCECg'abaU pd'z H'SbSShaYaaU. S'TaECC baHzaHslCC YuCgda HEs vSShYuClCYa's dS'aY gCd' - aTESgdo YaS vSggdasYa'' 1,5 Yu'EE'aYaS ''EaYuCdvaU ad CYuE' U bvad'UagaEYaCiYaaYu YaSbvSUECYa''. e baHaTYaaY g'gdCYuC 'agYu'iCg''Y dCECg'ab g 12-YuCdvaUnYu ShCv'SEaYu TeHCd p'U'USECYadCYa ba ieUgdU'dCEoYaagd' YaSShCYuYaaYue vSH'adCECg'abe g ShCv'SEaYu H'SYuCdvaYu 3 ''EaYuCdvS YaS UaEYaC L = 2 gYu, S U 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'iCg'aYu vCSh'YuC baShUaE'd vCSE'ShaUSdo vSShvCkCYa'C U dngsi' vSSh UnkC, iCYu 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvn g bvCHCEoYaaY YaSShCYuYaaY TSShaY.

a'dav dCzYa'iCg''z YaSe' . e.




EzCYuS ShUCShHYaaFa 'YadCvzhCvaYuCdvS SY'CEogaYaS, bvCHYaSShYaSiCYaYaaFa HEs 'ShYuCvCYa's eFEaUnz H'SYuCdvaU ShUCShH.



HCr vSH'a'YadCvzhCvaYuCdv'' ga gUCvzHE'YaYaaY TSShaY bvCHEaSh'E' U 1965 FaHe ''aESY ECYuCYaaU'i SvHSkCU (YanYaC S'SHCYu'', H'vC'dav gdva'agYu'iCg'aFa iCYadvS ), CaYa'H USYaaU'i SdUCCYa'a ' CYaYaSH'Y av'gaU'i aEaYu'i''Y. S zhada gECUS YaSbvSUa: . . aEaYu'i''Y, . E. 'EaUg''Y ('ShUCgdYanY Sgdvazh'Sh'') ' . E. SvHSkCU. bvCEo 1965 FaHS. ada 'Sh Svz'US ageHSvgdUCYaYaaFa SgdvaYaaYu'iCg'aFa 'Yagd'dedS 'Yu. . . dCvYaTCvFS.



ShEeiCYa'C ad 'USShSvS (k'va'abaEagYanY keYuaUaY g'FYaSE) bv'zaH'd YaS vSH'adCECg'abn 1 ' 2 g ShSHCvSh'aY U, aTegEaUECYaYaaY vSShYaagdor zaHS ∆S. eC'dav TSShn D 'YuCCd HE'Yae D = ∆S/cosV, S dS' 'S' ∆S = VU, FHC V - g'avagdo vSH'aUaEYa, da U = (D/V)cosV, d.C. ShSHCvSh'S U gaHCvSh'd 'YazhavYuSi'r a HE'YaC D. dS ShSHCvSh'S 'ShYuCvsCdgs 'avvCEsi'aYa YanYu YuCdaHaYu. Sb'g' g'FYaSEaU S(t) ' S(t + U) YaS dCECg'abSz 1 ' 2 gUaHsdgs U 'avvCEsdavC, YaS UnzaHC 'adavaFa Uagbva'ShUaH'dgs 'avvCEsi'aYaYaSs zheYa'i's 12(U) = =<S(t)S(t + U)>, 'YuCrlSs YuS'g'YueYu bv' U = 0. EHU'FSs ShSb'g' Ha basUECYa's YuS'g'YueYuS UnzaHYaaFa g'FYaSES, abvCHCEsrd ShSHCvSh'e U, vSUYaer UCE'i'YaC gHU'FS.



EzCYuS YuCdaHS E. E'FYaSE ad 'USShSvS g SYadCYaYan bagdebSCd U bv'CYuYaer g'gdCYue ' bCvCHSCdgs U 'USYadaUSdCEo - bvCaTvSShaUSdCEo SYaSEaFaUaFa g'FYaSES U i'zhvaUaY. TvSTadSYaYanY g'FYaSE UYuCgdC g YuCd'SYu' UvCYuCYa', 'adavnC UnvSTSdnUSrd SdaYuYanC iSgn, ShSb'gnUSCdgs YaS YuSFYa'dYaer ECYade. e iCYadvSEoYaaYu beYa'dC ... ShSb'g' g'FYaSEaU ad ... vSH'adCECg'abaU 'avvCEE'verdgs HEs abvCHCECYa's UvCYuCYaYaaY ShSHCvSh'' U.


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