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Re: Chernaya dyra
13.10.2013 21:11 | A.P. Vasi
Eto dolzhen prochitat' kazhdyi,
chto-by on znal i pomnil vechno -
chto vse idei relyativizma vzyaty iz ranee opisannyh
idei storonnikov efira.
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http://ether-wind.narod.ru/Martins_2011_Courvoisier
Roberto de Andrade Martins. Poiski efira: popytki Leopol'da Kurvuaz'e izmerit' absolyutnuyu skorost' Solnechnoi sistemy
Roberto De Andrade Martins. Searching for the Ether: Leopold Courvoisers Attempts to Measure the Absolute Velocity of the Solar System
Roberto de Andrade Martins. Poiski efira: popytki Leopol'da Kurvuaz'e izmerit' absolyutnuyu skorost' Solnechnoi sistemy
Introduction
Vvedenie
Leopold Courvoisier
Leopol'd Kurvuaz'e
Courvoisier and relativity
Kurvuaz'e i otnositel'nost'
The method of the moving mirror
Metod dvizhushegosya zerkala
| 1 | {1}DIO, The International Journal of Scientific History www.dioi.org | DIO, Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal nauchnoi istorii www.dioi.org |
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| 3 | Physics Department, State University of Paraiba (UEPB), Brazil roberto.andrade.martins@gmail.com | Fizicheskii fakul'tet Gosudarstvennogo universiteta Paraiba (UEPB), Braziliya roberto.andrade.martins@gmail.com |
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| 6 | Leopold Courvoisier (1873-1955) was an observer at the Berlin / Babelsberg astronomical observatory from 1905 up to his retirement in 1938. | Leopol'd Kurvuaz'e (1873-1955) byl nablyudatelem v Berlinskoi / Babel'sbergskoi astronomicheskoi observatorii s 1905 goda do svoei otstavki v 1938 godu. |
| 7 | Most of his work was traditional astrometrical observation resulting in the publication of several star catalogues. | Bol'shinstvo ego rabot byli tradicionnymi astrometricheskimi nablyudeniyami, kotorye v rezul'tate priveli k publikacii ryada zvezdnyh katalogov. |
| 8 | A relevant part of his publications was devoted, however, to another subject: the attempt to detect the motion of the solar system through the ether. | Znachimaya chast' ego publikacii byla posvyashena, odnako, drugoi teme: popytke obnaruzheniya dvizheniya Solnechnoi sistemy cherez efir. |
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| 10 | Most of Courvoiser's search for measurable effects of the ether was based upon two principles. | Bol'shinstvo iz popytok Kurvuaz'e obnaruzhit' izmerimye effekty efira byla osnovana na dvuh principah. |
| 11 | According to him, (1) the angles of incidence and reflection of light could be different, relative to the proper reference system of the mirror, if it moved through the ether; and (2) the Lorentz contraction of the Earth due to its motion through the ether produced observable effects relative to the Earths reference system. | Po ego slovam, (1) ugly padeniya i otrazheniya sveta mozhet byt' drugim, po otnosheniyu k sobstvennoi sisteme otscheta zerkala, esli ono dvizhetsya cherez efir, i (2) sokrashenie Lorenca dlya Zemli iz-za ee dvizheniya cherez efir proizvodit nablyudaemye effekty po otnosheniyu k sisteme otscheta Zemli. |
| 12 | Both principles, of course, violate the principle of relativity. | Oba principa, konechno, narushayut princip otnositel'nosti. |
| 13 | Courvoisier presented theoretical arguments attempting to show that there should exist second order measurable effects. | Kurvuaz'e predstavil teoreticheskie argumenty, pytayas' pokazat', chto dolzhny sushestvovat' izmerimye effekty vtorogo poryadka. |
| 14 | He searched for those effects using both astronomical observations and laboratory experiments and claimed that he had measured a velocity of the solar system of about 600 km/s. | On iskal eti effekty s pomosh'yu kak astronomicheskih nablyudenii, tak i laboratornyh eksperimentov i utverzhdal, chto on izmeril velichinu skorosti Solnechnoi sistemy primerno 600 km/s. |
| 15 | This paper presents a description and analysis of Courvoisers ether researches. | Eta stat'ya predstavlyaet soboi opisanie i analiz efirnyh issledovanii Kurvuaz'e. |
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| 18 | Leopold Courvoisier was born on 24 January 1873 in Rihen near Basel (Switzerland).1 His father Ludwig Georg Courvoisier was a physician and was in charge of the surgery chair of the University of Basel. | Leopol'd Kurvuaz'e rodilsya 24 yanvarya 1873 goda v Rigene bliz Bazelya (Shveicariya). 1 Ego otec Lyudvig Georg Kurvuaz'e byl vrachom i vozglavlyal kafedru hirurgii v universitete Bazelya. |
| 19 | Leopold (or Leo, as he was usually called) passed away in the same city where he was born, on 31 December 1955. | Leopol'd (ili Leo, kak ego obychno nazyvali) skonchalsya v tom zhe gorode, gde on rodilsya, 31 dekabrya 1955 goda. |
| 20 | However, most of his professional life was spent in Germany. | Tem ne menee, bol'shuyu chast' svoei professional'noi zhizni on provel v Germanii. |
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| 22 | Courvoisier exhibited an interest for astronomy since he was 15 years old. | Kurvuaz'e proyavil interes k astronomii, kogda emu bylo 15 let. |
| 23 | In 1891 he began his university studies, first in Basel and later in {4} Strasbourg - at a time when this city belonged to Germany. | V 1891 godu on nachal uchebu v universitete, snachala v Bazele, a zatem vStrasburge - v to vremya, kogda etot gorod prinadlezhal Germanii. |
| 24 | In 1897 he completed his dissertation, on the absolute height of the pole as observed from Strasbourg (Die absolute Polhöhe von Straßburg). | V 1897 godu on zakonchil svoyu dissertaciyu po nablyudaemoi iz Strasburga absolyutnoi vysote polyusa ("Die absolute Polhöhe von Straßburg). |
| 25 | The next year he became an assistant observer at the Königstuhl astronomical observatory near Heidelberg, under Karl Wilhelm Valentiner. | V sleduyushem godu on stal pomoshnikom nablyudatelya v astronomicheskoi observatorii Kenigshtul' nedaleko ot Haidel'berga, pod rukovodstvom Karla Vil'gel'ma Valentinera. |
| 26 | In 1900 he obtained his Doctor degree in Straßburg. | V 1900 godu on poluchil doktorskuyu stepen' v Strasburge. |
| 27 | From 1905 onward he worked at the Berlin / Babelsberg observatory as an astronomical observer, under the direction of Karl Hermann Struve. | S 1905 i dalee on rabotal v Berlinskoi / Babel'sbergskoi observatorii kak astronomicheskii nablyudatel' pod rukovodstvom Karla Germana Struve. |
| 28 | In 1913 the Berlin observatory moved to its new site, in Babelsberg,2 and one year later Courvoiser became its chief observer and professor. | V 1913 godu Berlinskaya observatoriya pereehala na novoe mesto, v Babel'sberg, 2, a god spustya Kurvuaz'e stal tam glavnym nablyudatelem i professorom. |
| 29 | He worked at Babelsberg up to his retirement in 1938, when he was 65 years old. | On rabotal v Babel'sberge do svoei otstavki v 1938 godu, v vozraste 65 let. |
| 30 | In 1943 he moved to his birthplace, where he kept making observations and publishing papers up to his death. | V 1943 godu on pereehal na rodinu, gde on prodolzhal proizvodit' nablyudeniya i publikovat' stat'i do ego smerti. |
| 31 | Back to Switzerland, he was the editor of several of Leonhard Euler's astronomical works. | V Shveicarii on byl redaktorom neskol'kih astronomicheskih rabot Leonarda Eilera. |
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| 33 | Courvoisiers main astronomical contribution was a large series of routine astrometrical observations and the production of star catalogues. | Glavnyi astronomicheskii vklad Kurvuaz'e sostoit v bol'shoi serii rutinnyh astrometricheskih nablyudenii i publikacii zvezdnyh katalogov. |
| 34 | Volumes 5, 6 and 7 of Poggendorff's Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch provide references of about 10 large works (astronomical catalogues) besides nearly 100 minor contributions by him.3 However, Courvoisiers work was not restricted to common astrometrical observations. | Toma 5, 6 i 7 izdaniya Biographisch literarisches Handwörterbuch Poggendorfa dayut ssylki na primerno 10 krupnyh rabot (astronomicheskih katalogov) Kurvuaz'e, pomimo okolo sta menee znachitel'nyh ego publikacii. 3 Tem ne menee, rabota Kurvuaz'e ne ogranichivaetsya obshimi astrometricheskimi nablyudeniyami. |
| 35 | From his tedious measurements there soon came out evidences that he regarded as disproof of the theory of relativity. | Iz ego utomitel'nyh izmerenii vskore poyavilis' dokazatel'stva togo, chto on rassmatrivaet kak oproverzhenie teorii otnositel'nosti. |
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| 37 | Courvoisier did not accept the theory of relativity. | Kurvuaz'e ne prinyal teoriyu otnositel'nosti. |
| 38 | He believed there was an ether, and attempted to measure the absolute velocity of the solar system relative to this medium. | On schital, chto sushestvuet efir, i popytalsya izmerit' absolyutnuyu skorost' Solnechnoi sistemy otnositel'no etoi sredy. |
| 39 | From 1921 to his death, Courvoisier published a series of over 30 papers where he described the theoretical basis of his search and the several experimental techniques he used in attempting to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the ether. | S 1921 goda do svoei smerti, Kurvuaz'e opublikoval seriyu iz bolee chem 30 rabot, v kotoryh on opisal teoreticheskuyu osnovu ego issledovanii i neskol'ko eksperimental'nyh metodov, kotorye on ispol'zoval v popytke obnaruzhit' dvizhenie Zemli otnositel'no efira. |
| 40 | Some of his measurements used astronomical observations; other measurements depended on other physical effects (gravitational, etc.). | Nekotorye iz ego izmerenii ispol'zovali astronomicheskie nablyudeniya; drugie izmereniya zavisyat ot drugih fizicheskih effektov (gravitacionnye i t.d.). |
| 41 | As a result of his observations he claimed that he had measured a velocity of the solar system of about 600 km/s in a direction close to 75 right ascension and +40 declination. | V rezul'tate svoih nablyudenii on utverzhdal, chto on izmeril skorost' Solnechnoi sistemy, primerno sostavlyayushuyu 600 km / s v napravlenii, blizkom k 75 pryamogo voshozhdeniya i +40 skloneniya. |
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| 44 | {5} .... 1. Leopold Courvoisier (about 30 years old).4 | Ris. 1. Leopol'd Kurvuaz'e (v vozraste okolo 30 let). 4 |
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| 46 | The papers describing those researches were published in several scientific journals - especially Astronomische Nachrichten, Physikalische Zeitschrift and Zeitschrift für Physik. | Stat'i, opisyvayushie eti issledovaniya, byli opublikovany v neskol'kih nauchnyh zhurnalah osobenno v Astronomische Nachrichten, Physikalische Zeitschrift für i Zeitschrift Physik. |
| 47 | His work was largely ignored and had a small impact. | Ego raboty v znachitel'noi stepeni ignorirovalis' i imeli neznachitel'noe vliyanie. |
| 48 | A few authors (e.g. Ernest Esclangon and Dayton Miller) who also claimed they had observed effects due to the ether have cited his works. | Neskol'ko avtorov (naprimer, Ernest Esklangon i Deiton Miller), kotorye takzhe utverzhdali, chto oni nablyudali effekty, svyazannye s efirom, ssylalis' na ego proizvedeniya. |
| 49 | {6} Historians of science have also neglected those researches,5 although they present the largest set of empirical results that was ever published against the theory of relativity by a professional scientist. | Istoriki nauki takzhe prenebregali etimi issledovaniyami, 5, hotya oni predstavlyayut soboi krupneishii nabor empiricheskih rezul'tatov, kotorye byli kogda-libo opublikovany protiv teorii otnositel'nosti professional'nym uchenym. |
| 50 | Courvoisier exhibited an outstanding theoretical and experimental skill, and his results can be regarded as one of the strangest puzzles in the history of relativity. | Kurvuaz'e pokazyval vydayusheesya teoreticheskoe i eksperimental'noe masterstvo, i ego rezul'taty mozhno rassmatrivat' kak odnu iz samyh strannyh zagadok v istorii teorii otnositel'nosti. |
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| 53 | Courvoisier's earliest involvement with relativity was an outcome of his routine measurements of star positions. | Samoe pervoe stolknovenie Kurvuaz'e s teoriei otnositel'nosti stalo rezul'tatom ego rutinnyh izmerenii polozhenii zvezd. |
| 54 | In the beginning of the twentieth century, Courvoisier had noticed that the right ascension and declination of fixed stars suffered a small influence when they are observed close to the Sun. | V nachale HH veka Kurvuaz'e zametil, chto pryamoe voshozhdenie i sklonenie nepodvizhnyh zvezd podverzheno nebol'shomu vliyaniyu, kogda oni nablyudayutsya blizko k Solncu. |
| 55 | As this influence had a period of one year, he called it annual refraction. | Poskol'ku eto vliyanie imelo period odin god, on nazval ego godovoi refrakciei. |
| 56 | His first work on the subject was published in 1905,6 that is, much earlier than the development of the general theory of relativity. | Ego pervaya rabota na etu temu byla opublikovana v 1905 godu, 6 to est' namnogo ran'she, chem byla razrabotana obshaya teoriya otnositel'nosti. |
| 57 | In 1911, after the publication of Einsteins early thoughts on the gravitational deflection of light rays, Erwin Freundlich recalled that Courvoisier's work had exhibited an effect that was qualitatively similar to the one predicted by Einstein.7 | V 1911 godu, posle publikacii rannih myslei Einshteina po gravitacionnomu otkloneniyu luchei sveta, Ervin Freindlih napomnil, chto rabota Kurvuaz'e pokazala effekt, kotoryi kachestvenno pohozh na predskazannyi Einshteinom. 7 |
| 58 | Courvoisier interpreted the effect he had measured as due to refraction of light by a denser medium around the Sun, not as a consequence of relativity. | Kurvuaz'e interpretiroval effekt, kotorye on izmeril, kak sledstvie prelomlenie sveta bolee plotnoi sredoi vokrug Solnca, a ne kak sledstvie teorii otnositel'nosti. |
| 59 | It seems that Courvoisiers opposition to Einstein's work grew steadily from this time onward and he became one of the most intransigent supporters of ether theory after the theory of general relativity received strong confirmation (the eclipse measurements), in 1919. | Pohozhe, chto oppoziciya Kurvuaz'e k rabotam Einshteina neuklonno rosla s etogo vremeni, i on stal odnim iz samyh nesgibaemyh storonnikov teorii efira posle togo, kak obshaya teoriya otnositel'nosti poluchila sil'noe podtverzhdenie (izmereniya vo vremya zatmeniya) v 1919 godu. |
| 60 | Courvoisier's main anti-relativistic work, however, is not directly linked to annual refraction.8 | Osnovnye anti-relyativistskih raboty Kurvuaz'e, odnako, neposredstvenno ne svyazany s godovym prelomleniem. 8 |
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