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Re: Temnaya energiya vblizi nas
31.08.2015 20:21 | A.P. Vasi
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F
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Temnaya materiya
Istoriya
V istorii nauki vstrechalis' situacii, kogda dvizhenie nebesnyh tel ne podchinyalos'
zakonam nebesnoi mehaniki; kak pravilo, eto yavlenie nahodilo ob'yasnenie v sushestvovanii
neizvestnogo material'nogo tela (ili neskol'kih tel). Imenno tak byli otkryty
planeta
Neptun i zvezda Sirius B. V 1922 godu astronomy Dzheims Dzhins i
Yakobus
Kaptein issledovali dvizhenie zvezd v nashei
Galaktike
i prishli k vyvodu,
chto ból'shaya chast' veshestva v galaktike nevidima; v etih rabotah, veroyatno, vpervye
poyavilsya termin temnaya materiya (angl.dark matter)[3]. Yan Oort ispol'zoval tot zhe
termin v stat'e 1932 goda[4].
Shirokoe rasprostranenie termin poluchil posle rabot Frica Cvikki, kotoryi
upotrebil ego v 1933 godu v svoei rabote[5][6]. Cvikki izmeril radial'nye skorosti
vos'mi galaktik v skoplenii
Koma (sozvezdie Volosy
Veroniki)
i obnaruzhil, chto
dlya ustoichivosti skopleniya prihoditsya predpolozhit',
chto ego polnaya massa v desyatki
raz bol'she, chem massa vhodyashih v nego zvezd. Vskore drugie astronomy prishli k takim
zhe vyvodam dlya mnogih drugih galaktik. Osobennyi interes vyzvala tumannost' Andromedy
(Hores Bebkok, 1939) skorost' vrasheniya zvezd vokrug ee centra ne umen'shalas', kak
predskazyvala nebesnaya mehanika, obratno proporcional'no (gde
rasstoyanie
do centra), a ostavalas' pochti postoyannoi (sm. risunok). Eto moglo oznachat', chto galaktika
na vsem svoem protyazhenii soderzhit znachitel'nuyu massu nevidimogo veshestva (galakticheskoe galo).
Nachinaya s 1960-h godov, kogda nachalsya burnyi progress nablyudatel'nyh sredstv astronomii,
chislo argumentov v pol'zu sushestvovaniya temnoi
materii bystro roslo. Pri etom
ocenki ee parametrov, poluchennye iz raznyh istochnikov i raznymi metodami, v celom
soglasuyutsya mezhdu soboi[3].
- Opisannoe vyshe neubyvanie skorosti vrasheniya zvezd okazalos' ne anomaliei,
- a tipichnoi situaciei v mire galaktik.
- Pri issledovanii dvizheniya sputnikov
galaktik i blizko raspolozhennyh
- sharovyh skoplenii bylo podtverzhdeno, chto obshaya massa kazhdoi galaktiki
- v neskol'ko raz prevyshaet massu ee zvezd.
- Bylo provedeno izuchenie dvizheniya v sistemah dvoinyh galaktik i v galakticheskih skopleniyah. Okazalos', chto v etih masshtabah dolya temnoi materii namnogo vyshe, chem vnutri galaktik.
- Zvezdnaya massa ellipticheskih galaktik, soglasno raschetam, nedostatochna dlya uderzhaniya vhodyashego v galaktiku goryachego gaza, esli ne uchest' temnuyu materiyu.
- Ocenka massy skoplenii galaktik, osushestvlyayushih gravitacionnoe linzirovanie, daet rezul'taty, vklyuchayushie vklad temnoi materii i blizkie k poluchennym drugimi metodami.
Bol'shoi vklad vnesla v konce 1960-h i nachale 1970-h godov astronom Vera Rubin iz
Instituta
Karnegi
ona byla pervoi, kto provel tochnye i nadezhnye vychisleniya,
ukazyvayushie
na nalichie temnoi materii. Ona rabotala s novym, bolee chuvstvitel'nym
spektrografom, kotoryi mog gorazdo tochnee izmeryat' skorost' vrasheniya diska spiral'nyh
galaktik dazhe pri vide s rebra[7]. Vmeste s soavtorom (Kent Ford), Rubin zayavila na
konferencii Amerikanskogo Astronomicheskogo Obshestva v 1975 godu ob otkrytii:
bol'shinstvo zvezd v spiral'nyh galaktikah dvigayutsya po orbitam primerno s
odinakovoi uglovoi skorost'yu, chto privodit k mysli, chto plotnost' massy
v
galaktikah odinakova i dlya teh regionov, gde bol'shinstvo zvezd
(baldzh), i dlya
teh regionov na krayu diska, gde zvezd malo. Pohozhii vyvod
byl sdelan nezavisimo
v 1978 godu[8].
V 1980 godu rabota Rubin byla okonchatel'no priznana astronomicheskim
soobshestvom[9].\\\
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