Universe
19.06.2002 22:07 | N. A. Lipunova/GAISh, Moskva

Universe

Lesson 1

The word astronomy comes from two Greek words: astron which means a star and nomos which means a law. Hence, astronomy studies the stars in the Universe and the laws acting upon them.

With the use of the most powerful telescopes we can see objects which are at the distances of some billion light years. The light from these objects, so-called quasars, comes to the Sun within billions of years after it was radiated. That means, we can observe them such as they were some billion years ago.

In the Universe that we can observe there are some billion galaxies. The greatest of them are similar to the Milky Way, where we live, and to the Andromeda galaxy. Every galaxy consists of some billion of stars. Some of these stars are much greater than the Sun, the others are much smaller. The total number of stars in the visible part of the Universe is about (ten to the twenty second power). Besides the stars, every galaxy contains a great amount of gas and dust. The amount of gas in a galaxy is estimated as 1 atom per a cubic centemeter. The amount of dust is about 100 (one hundred) times as small as that of gas.

1. Find the following equivalents in the text:

• proishodit' ot
• s pomosh'yu
• samyi moshnyi
• neskol'ko milliardov svetovyh let
• tak nazyvaemyi
• cherez ... posle togo kak (dlya perioda vremeni)
• eto oznachaet
• neskol'ko ... let nazad
• sushestvuyut, imeyutsya
• byt' pohozhim
• sostoyat' iz
• byt' gorazdo bol'she/men'she (chem)
• 10²²
• ocenivat'sya
• byt' v 100 raz men'she

2. Memorize the following words:

Sushestvitel'nye

word - slovo; star - zvezda; law - zakon; universe - vselennaya; use - pomosh'; object - ob'ekt; distance - rasstoyanie; light - svet; year - god; billion - milliard; quasar - kvazar; Sun - Solnce; galaxy - galaktika; way - put'; sposob; number - chislo, kolichestvo; part - chast'; power - stepen'; moshnost'; amount - kolichestvo; dust - pyl'; time - vremya; raz.

3. Find all the verbs in the text, put down their basic forms and translate them

For example. comes: to come - prihodit', pribyvat'.

4. Stepeni sravneniya prilagatel'nyh

1. Stepeni sravneniya korotkih prilagatel'nyh obrazuyutsya putem pribavleniya okonchanii -er, est. Naprimer:

   small - malen'kii; smaller - men'she; the smallest - samyi malen'kii; great - bol'shoi; greater - bol'she; the greatest - samyi bol'shoi.

   Opredelennyi artikl' pered prevoshodnoi stepen'yu sravneniya ukazyvaet, chto ob'ekt - edinstvennyi v svoem rode.

2. Stepeni sravneniya dlinnyh prilagatel'nyh obrazuyutsya s pomosh'yu slov more, the most. Naprimer:

   powerful - moshnyi; more powerful - bolee moshnyi; the most powerful - samyi moshnyi;

   difficult - trudnyi; more difficult - bolee trudnyi; the most difficult - samyi trudnyi.

   Dlya usileniya sravneniya mogut ispol'zovat'sya slova much, far, kotorye perevodyatsya kak gorazdo. Naprimer:

   greater - bol'she; much greater - gorazdo bol'she.

Primechanie. Esli slovo konchaetsya na -y, to pri pribavlenii okonchaniya -er ili est konechnaya bukva -y menyaetsya na -i. V odnoslozhnyh slovah konechnaya soglasnaya, pered kotoroi stoit glasnaya (odna), udvaivaetsya (big - bigger - the biggest).

5. Translate the following adjectives and give their degrees of comparison:

korotkii; dlinnyi; legkii; interesnyi; rannii; goryachii; holodnyi; sovremennyi; staryi; poleznyi.

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