The R.A.P. Project (Reviews of Astro-Ph)
Galaktiki, AYaG, kvazary
Authors: Jun Kataoka et al.
Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
"... a takzhe hlebnee kvazara."
Kvazar, kak mnogo v etom zvuke.... (c)
Po-prezhnemu kvazary i drugie aktivnye yadra galaktik privlekayut bol'shoi interes nablyudatelei i teoretikov.
Gruppa yaponskih astronomov predstavlyaet rezul'taty dlitel'nogo monitoringa samogo blizkogo i izvestnogo kvazara 3C273. Polnoe vremya ekspozicii na sputnike RXTE sostavilo 845 kilosekund.
Avtory obsuzhdayut peremennost' kvazara, a takzhe ego spektral'nye
harakteristiki.
Authors: F. Governato et al.
Comments: submitted to ApJL. Images and movies at http://hpcc.astro.washington.edu/faculty/fabio/galform.html
Vpervye provedeno modelirovanie obrazovaniya realistichnoi galaktiki, ch'ya struktura opredelyaetsya diskom. Izucheny svoistva obrazovavshegosya ob'ekta vplot' do nashego vremeni.
Model' vklyuchaet v sebya ohlazhdenie, zvezdoobrazovanie, vspyshki sverhnovyh i
UF fon.
Disk pri obrazovanii okazyvaetsya holodnym (v dinamicheskom smysle), no zatem
"nagrevaetsya" za schet neustoichivostei (bar instabilities).
Author: Laura Ferrarese
Daetsya obzor sovremennogo sostoyaniya del v issledovanii sverhmassivnyh chernyh
dyr. Osoboe vnimanie udelyaetsya dannym, poluchennym na Kosmichekom teleskope.
Authors: Ilaria Cagnoni et al.
Comments: 23 pages, 8 figures, accepted by ApJ main journal
Sputnik ROSAT zakonchil svoyu rabotu, odnako v ego arhivah hranit'sya mnogo informacii.
Avtory stat'i obsuzhdayut vydelennye imi neotozhdestvlennye istochniki.
Eti ob'ekty harakterizuyutsya ochen' vysokim otnosheniem rentgenovskoi
svetimosti k opticheskoi. Takimi harakteristikami mogut obladat'
ili aktivnye yadra galaktik (v pervuyu ochered' lacertidy), ili
odinochnye neitronnye zvezdy (i, vozmozhno, chernye dyry).
V stat'e podrobno obsuzhdayutsya eti vozmozhnosti.
Author: J. Patrick Henry
Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures, invited review at the conference Matter and Energy in Clusters of Galaxies
Seichas blagodarya sputnikovym nablyudeniyam v rentgenovskom diapazone my imeem bol'shoe kolichestvo informacii o skopleniyah galaktik. V obzore rassmatrivaetsya evolyuciya svetimosti skoplenii galaktik v rentgenovskom diapazone, a takzhe evolyuciya temperatury gaza v skoplenii (sm. takzhe segodnyashnyuyu stat'yu W. Forman et al. "Galaxy Clusters with Chandra" astro-ph/0207165).
Author: F. Krennrich et al.
Comments: 24 pages, 3 figures, submitted May 20 2002, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters
Otkryta spektral'naya peremennost' gamma-blazara Mrk 421 v TeVnom diapazone. Nablyudeniya provodilis' na 10-metrovom teleskope observatorii Whipple.
Etot istochnik sil'no peremenen (faktor 30).
Spektr izuchalsya v diapazone ot 380 GeV do 8.2 TeV.
Spektry horosho opisyvayutsya stepennym zakonom s eksponencial'nym zavalom.
Polozhenie zavala ne menyalos', zato izmenyalsya spektral'nyi indeks
ot 1.89 do 2.72. Est' korrelyaciya mezhdu izmeneniyami spektra
i svetimosti.
Authors: L.J. Tacconi et al.
Comments: accepted to be published in ApJ, 7 figures
ULIRGs - ultra-luminous infrared galaxies. Kak pravilo eto slivayushiesya galaktiki. S nimi svyazano mnogo vsyakih interesnyh yavlenii (k primeru, byli raboty, gde klastery kosmicheskih luchei sverhvysokih energii otozhdestvlyali s takimi galaktikami (Giller et al. 2002)).
V stat'e avtory predstavlyayut rezul'taty novyh nablyudenii. Teper' est' horoshie dannye po 18 ULIRGs. Prichem vosem' iz nih soderzhat aktivnye yadra, kotorye avtory nazyvayut "kvazaropodobnymi" (poluchaetsya smeshnaya tavtologiya: kvazar eto ved' zvezdopodobnyi ob'ekt). V svyazi s etim Tacconi i dr. obsuzhdayut vopros: ne yavlyayutsya li ULIRGs predshestvennikami kvazarov? Otvet daetsya otricatel'nyi. ULIRGs ne mogut prevratit'sya v opticheski yarkie kvazary. Skoree vsego oni predshestvenniki bolee menee obychnyh ellipticheskih galaktik, kotorye, odnako, mogut proyavlyat' aktivnost' v rentgenovskom diapazone.
Authors: S.T. Gottesman, J.H. Hunter Jr., and V. Boonyasait
Comments: To appear in MNRAS, 10 pages with 6 figures
Kto sil'nee slon ili kit? Chto massivnee nasha Galaktika ili Tumannost' Andromedy?
Dolgoe vremya schitalos', chto M31 massivnee. Odnako, v poslednie neskol'ko let nachali poyavlyat'sya raboty, gde eto osparivaetsya. Vot i avtory govoryat ob otsutstvii u nashei sosedki massivnogo galo, chto oznachaet, chto Mlechnyi Put' vse-taki tyazhelee.
Authors: Roelof Bottema et al.
Comments: Accepted for publication in astronomy and astrophysics 9 pages, 9 figures
Issleduyutsya krivye vrasheniya chetyreh galaktik, rasstoyaniya do kotoryh izvestny po nablyudeniyam cefeid. Dlya dvuh galaktik krivye, rasschitannye po modificirovannoi dinamike, sovpadayut s nablyudaemymi, esli brat' cefeidnoe rasstoyanie. Dlya tret'ei trebuetsya uvelichenie rasstoyaniya, dlya chetvertoi - umen'shenie. Odnako, rashozhdeniya ne veliki (poryadka tochnosti opredeleniya rasstoyaniya), poetomu nikakogo okonchatel'nogo vyvoda sdelat' ne udaetsya.
Authors: Mitchell C. Begelman
Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures. Appeared in Gas & Galaxy Evolution, ASP Conference Series Vol. 240, 2001, p. 363. Referred to in astro-ph/0207471 Journal-ref: Begelman, M. C., in Gas & Galaxy Evolution, ASP Conference Series Vol. 240, J.E. Hibbard, M.P. Rupen and J.H. van Gorkom, eds. (San Francisco: Astron. Soc. Pacific, 2001), p. 363
Obsuzhdaetsya vopros v kakoi stepeni aktivnye yadra galaktik vliyayut na sredu v skoplenii. Avotr demonstriruet, chto effekt ot dzhetov mozhet byt' ochen' sushestvennym.
Takzhe v tot zhe den' poyavilas' stat'ya Basson i Alexander (astro-ph/0207668), posvyashennaya trehmernomu modelirovaniyu vliyaniya radiogalaktik na sredu skoplenii galaktik.
Authors: R.E. Smith et al. (The Virgo Consortium)
Comments: 24 Latex Pages. Submitted for publication in MNRAS
Lyubitelyam komp'yuternogo modelirovaniya. Proekt Virgo (Velikobritaniya) predstavlyaet svoi novye rezul'taty po N-body vychisleniyam. Na ih saite http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/Virgo mozhno naiti bol'sheo kolichestvo sootvetstvuyushih materialov (sm. takzhe http://as1.chem.nottingham.ac.uk/~res/software.html).
Authors: Paul Martini et al.
Comments: ApJL Accepted, 12 pages including 3 embedded ps figures. Version with higher resolution figure 1 available at http://www.ociw.edu/~martini/pubs/
I snova o mezhgalakticheskoi igre v pryatki....Ili "a slona-to vy ne zametili".
Na etot raz "spryatalis'" aktivnye yadra galaktik. Nablyudeniya v rentgenovskom
diapazone na sputnike Chandra pokazali nalichie bol'shogo chisla AYaG, kotorye
nikogda ne byli by otkryty po opticheskim nablyudeniyam iz-za bol'shogo
poglosheniya pyl'yu.
Authors: David Merritt, R.D. Ekers
Comments: 11 pages, 2 postscript figures. High-quality images of NGC 326 showing the radio lobes, jets and galaxy are available at http://www.ira.bo.cnr.it/~murgia/Radioastronomy/NGC326/IMAGES/index.html
Report-no: Rutgers Astrophysics Preprint Series No. 344
V centrah mnogih galaktik nahodyatsya sverhmassivnye chernye dyry. Mnogie galaktiki prohodyat cherez stadiyu sliyaniya s drugimi galaktikami. Znachit, budet proishodit' i vzaimodeistvie central'nyh massivnyh ob'ektov. V svoei stat'e avtory issleduyut posledstviya takih sliyanii, ih vliyanie na morfologiyu strui, vybrasyvaemyh iz centrov aktivnyh galaktik. Vyvod takov: nekotorye iz nablyudayushihsya morfoloshichekih osobennostei (naprimer, H-obraznye dzhety) horosho ob'yasnyayutsya takimi sliyaniyami, a kolichestvo "strannyh strui" nahoditsya v sootvetstvii s ozhidaemym tempom sliyanii.
Authors: G. Brunetti
Comments: 15 pages, 5 figures, Invited Review Talk, to appear in the Proc. of "Matter and Energy in Clusters of Galaxies", April 23-27 2002, Taiwan S.Bowyer and C.-Y. Hwang, Eds
Obsuzhdaetsya otkuda berut'sya relyativistskie elektrony v mezhgalakticheskoi srede, i chto s etimi elektronami proishodit. Obsuzhdayutsya parametry magnitnyh polei v skopleniyah galaktik.
Authors: S.C. Beck et al.
Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal (~November 2002), 26 pages and 4 JPEG figures
II Zw 40 eto karlikovaya galaktika na rasstoyanii primerno 10 Mpk ot nas. V etoi galaktike proishodit burnoe zvezdoobrazovanie, kotoroe obychno soprovozhdaetsya mnozhestvom interesnyh processov i poyavleniem razlichnyh lyubopytnyh struktur.
Na osnove dannyh, poluchennyh na VLA i teleskope im. Keka v radio i IK diapazonah, avtory stat'i rasskazyvayut o svoih issledovaniyah t.n. sverhtumannosti. Eto struktura, sstoyashaya iz mnozhestva oblastei ionizovannogo vodoroda. Svoim obrazovaniem ona obyazana zvezdnomu sverhskopleniyu, v kotoroe vhodit po krainei mere 14 tysyach zvezd klassa O. Sverhtumannost' obespechivaet b\'ol'shuyu chast' IK potoka ot galaktiki.
Authors: D. Clowe, P. Schneider
Comments: accepted to A&A, 14 pages, 13 figures, version with higher quality images can be found at http://www.uni-bonn.de/~clowe
Na primere A1835 i A2204 mozhno posmotret', kak opredelyayut raspredelenie massy v skopleniyah galaktik po linzirovaniyu. Opredelennye massy nahodyatsya v sootvetstvii s ocenkami, sdelannymi po rentgenovskim nablyudeniyam, a takzhe po issledovaniyu dinamiki skoplenii.
Authors: Jason X. Prochaska
Comments: pages, 4 figures. To appear in "Hubble's Science Legacy: Future Optical-Ultraviolet Astronomy from Space", APS Conf. Series
V samom nedalekom budushem my budem ochen' mnogo znat' o zvezdnoi sostavlyayushei galaktik na z<2 (sm. takzhe sleduyushuyu stat'yu). Odnako, po mneniyu avtora, informacii o gazovoi sostavlyayushei galaktik budet nedostatochno, i pomoch' zdes' mozhet tol'ko ul'trafioletovyi Kosmicheskii teleskop novogo pokoleniya (Next Generation Space Telescope). Na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah diagnostika gaza provoditsya po nablyudeniyam t.n. "laiman-al'fa lesa". Dlya z<2 etot metod ploho rabotaet.
Authors: Sidney van den Bergh
Comments: 8 pages. No figures
Korotkii ponyatnyi obzor po evolyucii galaktik razlichnyh tipov (k sozhaleniyu, bez kartinok). Progress v dannoi oblasti svyazan v pervuyu ochered' s glubokimi habblovskimi nablyudeniyami, pozvolyayushimi poluchat' kachestvennye izobrazheniya dalekih galaktik.
Na z<1 osnovnoe zvezdoobrazovanie idet v diskah, a na z>2 - v haoticheskih strukturah, "blobah" i t.p., chto otchasti svyazano so stolknoveniyami (sliyaniyami) galaktik na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah. Galaktiki rannih (ellipticheskie i Sa-Sab) i pozdnih (Sbc-Sc) tipov evolyucioniruyut po-raznomu. Na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah bol'she ob'ektov, kotorye ne popadayut na Habblovskuyu diagrammu. Krome togo, tam men'she galaktik s barami (a vokrug nas ih kolichestvo nezavisit ot galakticheskogo okruzheniya).
Authors: Bianca M. Poggianti
Comments: 10 pages, Latex, newpasp macro included, 5 postscript figures. Invited talk at the meeting "Matter and energy in clusters of galaxies", Taiwan 23-27 Apr 2002, proceedings in press
Predstavleny rezul'taty issledovanii vliyaniya okruzheniya galatiki v skoplenii na zvezdoobrazovanie v samoi galaktike.
Authors: Ranty R. Islam, James E. Taylor, Joseph Silk
Comments: 10 pages, 11 figures
Est' li v galo galaktik massivnye chernye dyry? Eti ob'ekty obrazovyvalis' v rezul'tate evolyucii pervyh zvezd. Avtory stat'i issleduyut takuyu vozmozhnost'.
astro-ph/0208215
Multiple black holes in galactic bulges
Authors: Martin G. Haehnelt, Guinevere Kauffmann
Comments: 4 pages, LaTeX, 4 postscript figures, submitted to MNRAS
Kak izvestno, galaktiki v poru svoei molodosti aktivno slivayutsya drug s drugom. Takzhe izvestno, chto v centrah bol'shogo chisla galaktik est' sverhmassivnye chernye dyry. Znachit, mozhno ozhidat' vzaimodeistviya (naprimer sliyaniya) etih kompaktnyh monstrov pri sliyanii galaktik.
Avtory issleduyut razlichnye interesnye scenarii vzaimodeistviya chernyh dyr v central'nyh chastyah galaktik. Chernye dyry mogut slivat'sya, para chernyh dyr mozhet byt' vybroshena iz centra galaktiki (ili dazhe voobshe za predely galaktiki). Krome etogo, razumeetsya budut vybrasyvat'sya i zvezdy, raspolozhennye v centre galaktiki s neskol'kimi chernymi dyrami. Pokazano, naprimer, chto v slabyh ellipticheskih galaktikah k nastoyashemu momentu fakticheski ne ostalos' dvoinyh chernyh dyr. A v yarkih ellipticheskih galaktikah takie pary mogut vstrechat'sya primerno v 1/3 sluchaev. Kratnye chernye dyry mogut ob'yasnyat' nekotorye osobennosti v raspredelenii plotnosti zvezd v central'nyh oblastyah ellipticheskih galaktik.
Authors: C. Wolf et al.
Comments: 35 pages, 32 figures, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics
Na osnove odnorodnoi vyborki avtory issleduyut evolyuciyu funkcii svetimosti galaktik. V obzore predstavleny dannye po 25 000 galaktikam s krasnymi smesheniyami mezhdu 0.2 i 1.2. Pokazano, chto golubye galaktiki s burnym zvezdoobrazovaniem stanovyatsya v chetyre raza menee mnogochislennymi na nebol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah, a galaktiki rannih tipov (krasnee, chem sovremennye Sa-galaktiki) naoborot stanovyatsya na poryadok bolee chasto vstrechayushimisya.
Authors: Ian Smail et al.
Comments: 19 pages, 7 figures, ApJ in press
V dannoi stat'e pod ekstremal'no krasnymi ob'ektami (EKO) podrazumevayutsya dalekie galaktiki, kotorye mogut byt' stol' krasnymi kak iz-za pogloshayushei pyli, tak i iz-za obiliya staryh krasnyh zvezd. Avtory stat'i pytayutsya razdelit' eti dve populyacii po nablyudeniyam v raznyh diapazonah (v osobennosti po radionablyudeniyam). Bolee 30 procentov iz vsei vyborki (68 ob'ektov) okazalis' zapylennymi galaktikami s moshnym zvezdoobrazovaniem, vozmozhno, eto chislo dohodit do 75 procentov.
Authors: Stefanie Komossa
Comments: Ludwig-Biermann Award Lecture, to appear in: Reviews in Modern Astronomy 15, R. Schielicke (ed.), Springer-Verlag, p. 27-56 (2002); preprint incl. full-size figures is available at http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/~skomossa/
Daetsya korotkii obzor rentgenovskih nablyudenii galaktik s aktivnymi yadrami, a takzhe opticheski-neaktivnyh galaktik, na sputnikah Chandra i XMM-Newton.
Authors: Piero Rosati, Stefano Borgani, Colin Norman
Comments: 40 pages, 15 figures. Full resolution figures can be downloaded from http://www.eso.org/~prosati/ARAA/ Journal-ref: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, vol. 40, p. 539-577
V obzore privodyatsya rezul'taty issledovanii v rentgenovskom diapazone, provedennye na sputnikah ROSAT, ASCA, Beppo-SAX, Chandra i Newton-XMM. Obsuzhdaetsya evolyuciya skoplenii galaktik.
Authors: . Berczik, G. Hensler, Ch. Theis & R. Spurzem
Comments: 9 pages, LaTeX2e, 8 ps figures, using the ise2.cls, natbib.sty and graphicx.sty. Presented as oral contribution at the "Interaction of Stars with their Environment II". 15-19 May, 2002, Budapest, Hungary
Predstavleny rezul'taty chislennogo modelirovaniya zhizni galaktiki. V raschety vklyuchena trehmernaya dinamika i himicheskaya evolyuciya. Stat'ya interesna prezhde vsego kak primer togo, kak provodyatsya takie raboty, gde avtory pytayutsya vklyuchit' vse vazhnye komponenty (zvezdy, mezhzvezdnuyu sredu, temnuyu materiyu i t.d.).
Authors: D. Vanbeveren and E. De Donder
Comments: 12 pages, 3 figures, Pacific Rim Conference, Xi'an, China, 11-17 July 2002
Obzor po himicheskoi evolyucii galaktik. osoboe vnimanie udelyaetsya massivnym zvezdam (v pervuyu ochered' vetram), a takzhe dvoinym sistemam. Obsuzhdaetsya rol' vrasheniya zvezd v raschetah him. evolyucii.
Authors: V .I. Dokuchaev, Yu.N. Eroshenko
Comments: 6 pages, 1 figure, submitted to Astron. and Astrophys. Transactions
Vyshe my pisali o korrelyacii mezhdu massoi chernoi dyry i dispersiei skorostei v baldzhe. V svoei stat'e avtory predlagayut ob'yasnenie sushestvovaniya takoi korrelyacii.
Authors: T.Tamura et al.
Comments: Contribution to "New Visions of the X-ray Universe in the XMM-Newton and Chandra Era" 26-30 November 2001, ESTEC, The Netherlands
Na osnove dannyh rentgenovskogo sputnika HMM polucheno soderzhanie elementov v mezhgalakticheskom prostranstve. Sostav okazalsya pohozh na t.n. standartnyi solnechnyi. Takoe sootnoshenie elementov sozdaetsya v osnovnom blagodyarya vspyshkam sverhnovyh kak pervogo tak i vtorogo tipov. Znachit veshestvo horosho peremeshano. Odnako, vblizi massivnoi cD galaktiki zheleza okazalos' bol'she, chto mozhet svidetel'stvovat' o bol'shem vklade SNe Ia.
Authors: M. Fellhauer, P.Kroupa
Comments: 4 pages, no figures
Omega Centavra - strannoe skoplenie. Avtory vyskazyvayut ideyu, chto eto sverhkompaktnaya karlikovaya galaktika. Podobnye ob'ekty obrazuyutsya pri sliyaniyah galaktik. Mozhno vosproizvesti Omega Centavra v rezul'tate chislennyh eksperimentov. Osnovnoi upor v stat'e sdelan kak raz na parametrah chislennyh modelei, privodyashih poyavleniyu ob'ektov tipa Omega Centavra.
Authors: E. Athanassoula
Comments: 12 pages, 8 figures, includes gh2001-asp.sty, invited review paper for the 4th Guillermo Haro conference on "Disks of Galaxies: Kinematics, Dynamics and Perturbations" at Puebla, Mexico, ASP Conf. Series 275, eds. E. Athanassoula, A. Bosma & R. Mujica
Authors: Nozomu Kawakatu, Masayuki Umemura, Masao Mori
Comments: 7pages,7figures,accepted for publication in ApJ
Avtory stroyat model' evolyucii kvazara i ego galaktiki. Proslezhivaetsya kak izmenyaetsya otnositel'nye vklad chernoi dyry (kvazara) i galaktiki v obshuyu svetimost'. Stadyaei protokvazara avtory nazyvayut period intensivnogo rosta massy chernoi dyry. Dlitsya etot process neskol'ko soten millionov let. Po mneniyu avtorov radiogalaktiki yavlyayutsya vozmozhnymi kandidatami v takie protokvazary. Takzhe obsuzhdaetsya mesto drugih nablyudaemyh ob'ektov v dannoi kartine evolyucii sverhmassivnyh dyr i galaktik.
Authors: M.Tosi
Comments: Summary of a general discussion held at the EuroConference "The evolution of galaxies. III: From simple approaches to self-consistent models", A&SS (Kluwer) in press. 10 pages, 4 eps figs
Sobstvenno, vse o soderzhanii stat'i skazano v zagolovke i kommentarii. Avtor vynuzhden kratko kosnut'sya shirokogo spektra voprosov, svyazannyh s karlikovymi galaktikami. Po obzoru mozhno sostavit' horoshee vpechatlenie o sovremennom sostoyanii del v etoi oblasti astrofiziki.
Authors: F. Combes
Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures, in "Active Galactic Nuclei: from Central Engine to Host Galaxy" ASP Conf. Ser., 2003, ed. S. Collin, F. Combes and I. Shlosman
Daetsya obzor mnogovolnovyh nablyudenii aktivnyh galaktik s cel'yu issledovaniya ih "dvigatelei": kak okoloyadernyh vspyshek zvezdoobrazovaniya tak i sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr.
Authors: Bianca M. Poggianti
Comments: Invited review at the JENAM 2002 Workshop on "Galaxy Evolution in Groups and Clusters", Porto, Sep 5-7 2002, eds. Lobo, Serote-Roos and Biviano, Kluwer in press
O tom kak "sreda zaedaet" galaktiki.
Galaktiki v skopleniyah ispytyvayut vliyanie sosedei.
Avtor daet obzor "prevrashenii" galakti v skopleniyah,
udelyaya osoboe vnimanie ne tol'ko morfologii, no i spektral'nym
harateristikam.
Authors: Qingjuan Yu
Comments: 27 pages, including 10 figures, MNRAS in press
Chem pitayutsya kvazary? Esli v ih nedrah nahodyatsya sverhmassivnye chernye dyry (a my bol'she chem na 99 procentov uvereny, chto eto tak), to nuzhen gaz, chtoby bylo chto akkrecirovat'. Est' raznye vozmozhnye istochniki takogo gaza. Odin iz nih - stolknoveniya zvezd i prilivnye razryvy zvezd.
Dolgoe vremya schitalos', chto eti mehanizmy odni iz luchshih. Osobenno izyashnaya ideya byla svyazana s tem, chto ochen' massivnye chernye dyry uzhe ne mogut razorvat' zvezdu, a potomu na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah kvazarov mnogo, a okolo nas ih malo. Odnako, Magorrian & Tremaine (1999) pokazali, chto dlya yarkih galaktik razryvy zvezd ne mogut davat' opredelyayushego vklada. V etoi zhe stat'e avtory pokazyvayut, chto i stolknoveniya zvezd ne mogut byt' osnovnym istochnikom gaza. Znachit, neobhodimy drugie rezervuary. Gaz mozhet postupat' ili v rezul'tate sliyaniya galaktik, ili zhe ego mogut vybrasyvat' zvezdy v processe ih evolyucii v techenie prevogo milliarda let zhizni galaktiki.
Authors: C. Vignali et al.
Comments: 1 page, 2 figures, anabs.cls style file. Proceedings for the "X-ray Surveys: in the light of new observatories" Workshop (submitted to Astron. Nachrichten)
Poyavilos' srazu tri stat'i podryad, posvyashennye nablyudeniyam istochnikov na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah s pomosh'yu sputnika Chandra: astro-ph/0210308, astro-ph/0210309, astro-ph/0210310. Krome etogo eshe odna stat'ya posvyashena opticheskim nablyudeniyam istochnikov na z=3: astro-ph/0210314.
Dlya izucheniya vnegalakticheskih ob'ektov na Chandre otvedeno dovol'no mnogo vremeni. Sdelano neskol'ko glubokih "prokolov" s ekspoziciyami po 2 mln. sekund. V spektrah nekotoryh istochnikov udaetsya naiti detali, naprimer emissionnye linii zheleza. Kolichestvo dannyh budet rasti, krome togo, s uzhe sdelannyh nablyudenii tol'ko-tol'ko snimayut slivki....
Authors: Joseph Silk
Comments: To appear in the procedings of: The Evolution of Galaxies. III: From simple approaches to self-consistent models (Kiel, Gemany, July 2002)
Obzor po obrazovaniyu diskovyh galaktik. Kazalos' by, chto mozhet byt' proshe chem diskovaya galaktika. An net. Tut eshe mnogo belyh pyaten (pol'zuyas' sluchaem, rekomenduyu stat'yu I.I. Pashi v Istoriko-Astronomicheskih issledovaniyah za 2002 g. o stanovlenii teorii obrazovaniya spiral'noi struktury, nadeyus', chto ona poyavitsya v HTML vide na Astronete).
Authors: Eline Tolstoy
Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, Invited talk in "Galaxy Evolution III: From Simple Approaches to Self-Consistent Models" (Kiel, Germany, July 16-20, 2002) eds. G. Hensler et al., in press
Malen'kie galaktiki ne menee vazhny chem bol'shie, a po mneniyu nekotoryh specialistov oni dazhe bolee vazhny dlya ponimaniya evolyucii vnegalakticheskih ob'ektov. Obzor posvyashen imenno etomu: roli karlikovyh galaktik v nashem ponimanii evolyucii galaktik vcelom.
Authors: Michael Hilker (Sternwarte Univ. Bonn, Germany)
Commets: 6 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Proceedings of the ESO Workshop on "Extragalactic Globular Cluster Systems", ed. M. Kissler-Patig, Springer Verlag (2002)
V dvuh blizhaishih k nam skopleniyah galaktik - Gidra I i Centavr - byla obnaruzhena bol'shaya populyaciya sharovyh skoplenii ne svyazannyh s otdel'nymi galaktikami, a raspolozhennyh mezhdu nimi. Eti rezul'taty polucheny po rezul'tatam glubokoi fotometrii, provedennoi na teleskopah VLT. Mezhgalakticheskie skopleniya gorazdo bolee golubye, chem obychnye. Eto mozhet oznachat', chto oni starye i bednye metallami (elementami tyazhelee geliya) ili, naoborot, molodymi i bogatymi tyazhelymi elementami.
Authors: C. Vignali (1), W.N. Brandt (1), D.P. Schneider (1), G.P. Garmire (1), S. Kaspi (2) ((1) Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; (2) School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel)
Commets: 16 pages, 7 figures included, LaTeX emulateapj5.sty, accepted for publication by the Astronomical Journal (Feb. 2003)
Rentgenovskaya observatoriya Chandra pronablyudala 9 yarkih v optike kvazarov s (z=4.1-4.5). Kvazary byli vzyaty iz cifrovogo opticheskogo palomarskogo obzora neba (DPOSS), eto vse izvestnye kvazary s z>4 i MB ot -28.4 do -30.2. Kazhdyi iz nih nablyudalsya Chandroi 5-6 Ks. Podtverzhdena sil'naya korrelyaciya mezhdu potokom ul'trafioletovogo izlucheniya i svetimost'yu kvazara v myagkom rentgene. Net kakih-libo ukazanii na dopolnitel'noe pogloshenie (NH<8.8x1021 sm-2). at 90% confidence). In general, our results show
v obzore takzhe privedeny ROSATovskie verhnie predely (3\sigma) rentgenovskogo izlucheniya ot 45 kvazarov s z>4.
Authors: Francesca Matteucci (Department of Astronomy, University of Trieste)
Commets: 10 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the "Proceedings of The evolution of galaxies III. From simple approaches to self-consistent models", Kiel (Germany), 2002
V stat'e dano kratko opisany osnovnye dvizhushie sily evolyucii galaktik: zvezdoobrazovanie, nukleosintez, gazovye potoki. Rassmatrivayutsya dva podhoda k opisaniyu galakticheskoi evolyucii - cherez zvezdnye populyacii (model' himicheskoi evolyucii) i scenarii ierarhicheskogo skuchivaniya (obrazovanie krupnyh galaktik v rezul'tate "slipaniya" bolee melkih). Otmechaetsya (v diskussii), chto u etih dvuh podhodov est' protivorechashie drug drugu vyvody.
Stat'ya budet interesna "nespecialistam" po galaktikam.
Authors: Oleg Y. Gnedin
Comments: 6 pages, proceedings of the ESO workshop "Extragalactic Globular Cluster Systems", ed. M. Kissler-Patig
Kak i kogda obrazovalis' sharovye skopleniya? V nastoyashee vremya schitaetsya, chto oni poyavlyayutsya mezhdu z 7 i 3. V sovremennoi kartine ierarhicheskogo obrazovaniya struktury vnachale obrazuyutsya otnositel'no nebol'shie ob'ekty - karlikovye galaktiki. V nih-to i poyavlyayutsya pervye sharovye skopleniya (massivnyh galaktik prosto eshe net).
Posle obshego vvedeniya avtor predstavlyaet rezul'taty chislennyh raschetov (Gnedin, Kravcov) obrazovaniya sharovyh skoplenii v galaktike tipa nashei.
(sm. takzhe drugie nedavnie stat'i, posvyashennye obrazovaniyu sharovyh skoplenii: "The Formation of Globular Cluster Systems"; " Globular Cluster Formation"; "Building up the globular cluster system of the Milky Way. The contribution of the Sagittarius galaxy"; "Globular Cluster Systems of Spirals").
Authors: Martin Goetz, Jesper Sommer-Larsen
Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, submitted to the proceedings of the Euroconference "Galaxy Evolution - III. From simple approaches to self-consistent models", Kiel, 2002. A high-quality version of Fig. 1 can be downloaded from http://www.tac.dk/~gotz/goetz.fig1.eps
V svoei korotkoi zametke avtory predlagayut reshenie dvuh problem, sushestvuyushih v teorii obrazovaniya galaktik. Eti problemy otnosyatsya k otnositel'no nebol'shim prostranstvennym masshtabam - poryadka razmera galaktik. Model' holodnoi temnoi materii predskazyvaet slishkom mnogo karlikovyh galaktik-sputnikov. Krome togo, v etoi modeli obrazuyushiesya galaktiki imeyut uglovoi moment men'she nablyudayushegosya. Vvedenie nekotorogo kolichestva teploi temnoi materii snimaet, po mneniyu avtorov, vysheopisannye problemy, chto oni i demonstriruyut s pomosh'yu chislennyh raschetov. Odnako, v zaklyuchenie avtory ukazyvayut, chto eti problemy mozhno reshit' i v ramkah bolee detalizirovannogo scenariya s holodnoi temnoi materiei.
Authors: Jens Bicker, U. Fritze-v. Alvensleben, K. J. Fricke
Commets: 4 Pages, Eurokiel2002 Poster Proceeding
Okazyvaetsya, statistika galaktik v skopleniyah na krasnyh smesheniyah poryadka 0.5 i vblizi nas sushestvenno razlichno. Esli vokrug nas "kokteil'" sostoit iz odnoi chasti ellipticheskih, dvuh chastei S0 galaktik, i odnoi chasti spiral'nyh, to na z=0.5 gorazdo bol'she spiral'nyh galaktik (eto izbytok obespechivaetsya men'shim chislom S0 galaktik).
Prichin dlya takogo razlichiya mozhet byt' neskol'ko: sliyaniya, vspyshki zvezdoobrazovaniya, vliyanie mezhgalakticheskoi sredy ... Avtory ispol'zuyut svoi modeli evolyucionnogo sinteza dlya izucheniya vlichniya zvezdoobrazovaniya na izmeneniya sostava "galakticheskogo kokteilya". V etoi korotkoi zametke predstavleny lish' pervye rezul'taty, odnako problema dovol'no interesna, potomu my i obrashaem na nee vashe vnimanie.
Authors: Roberto Soria (MSSL/UCL)
Commets: to appear in the Proceedings of "High Energy Processes and Phenome in Astrophysics", IAU Symposium No.214, Suzhou (China), 5-10 August 2002; eds.: Xiang-dong Li, Zhen-ru Wang, Virginia Trimble. Higher resolution figures available at http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/~rs1/iau214
Rentgenovskie issledovaniya blizkih galaktik s moshnym zvezdoobrazovaniem pozvolyayut issledovat' temperaturu i prostranstvennoe raspredelenie goryachego gaza, opredelit' chislo diskretnyh istochnikov raznyh tipov (massivnye i malo-massivnye dvoinye, ostatki sverhnovyh, sverhmyagkie i sverhyarkie istochniki). Vse eti vozmozhnosti pokazany na primere galaktiki M83. Vtoraya polovina stat'i posvyashena ul'trayarkim istochnikam. V nashei Galaktike takih istochnikov net, no v sosednih oni obnaruzheny. Priroda etih ob'ektov do konca ne izvestna, skoree vsego eto mozhet byt' chernaya dyra promezhutochnoi massy (~100Mo) v tesnoi dvoinoi sisteme,
Authors: Elena Pian
Commets: 10 pages, 8 Postscript figures, Invited Talk at the International Workshop "High Energy Blazar Astronomy"
Blazary - eto vid aktivnyh galakticheskih yader. Oni ochen' aktivny v zhestkih diapazonah (rentgen, gamma). Vremennaya i spektral'naya chuvstvitel'nost' sputnikov novogo pokoleniya ochen' vysoka, chto pozvolilo poluchit' mnogo interesnyh rezul'tatov po blazaram, o chem i idet rech' v dannom obzore.
Authors: Jong-Hak Woo, C. Megan Urry
Comments: 5 pages with 1 figure, accepted for publication in ApJL
Ne chernoi dyroi edinoi!
Zachastuyu dumayut, chto raznye galaktiki s aktivnymi yadrami otlichayutsya
tol'ko central'nymi chernymi dyrami, a poskol'ku "chernye dyry ne imeyut
volos", to edinstvennyi vazhnyi parametr - massa chernoi dyry (nu i orientaciya
vesi sistemy otnositel'no lucha zreniya). Odnako, avtory pokazyvayut, ispol'zuya
ogromnuyu nablyudatel'nuyu vyborku, chto radiosvetimost' (luchshe skazat'
"radioaktivnost'", no eto mozhet sbit' s tolku) ne zavisit ot massy chernoi
dyry.
Authors: Yoshiaki Taniguchi
Commets: 10 pages, 1 figure, Invited Review Paper, To appear in The Proceedings of the IAU 8th Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting
Daetsya podrobnyi obzor vozmozhnoi svyazi mezhdu vspyshkami obrazovaniya i AYaG. Posle istoricheskogo vvedeniya avtor podrobno razbiraet korrelyaciyu mezhdu massoi chernoi dyry i massoi baldzha, obnaruzhennuyu na ochen' bol'shom nablyudatel'nom materiale. Avtor polagaet, chto svermassivnye chernye dyry mogli obrazovat'sya v rezul'tate sliyaniya kompaktnyh ob'ektov (neitronnyh zvezd i chernyh dyr), obrazovavshihsya vskore posle moshnoi vspyshki zvezdoobrazovaniya. Zatem obsuzhdaetsya vozmozhnost' obrazovaniya aktivnyh yader (kvazarov) na ochen' bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah.
Authors: Tesla E.Jeltema et al
Commets: 28 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Potok otkrytii, kotorye vydaet rentgenovskaya observatoriya Chandra s pomosh'yu svoego teleskopa s vysokim uglovym razresheniem, stal uzhe obydennym. No vse ravno ot izobrazhenii kosmicheskih ob'ektov v rentgenovskih luchah nevozmozhno otorvat' glaz. Na etot raz nablyudalas' ellipticheskaya galaktika NGC 720. V nei obnaruzheno 42 ranee neizvestnyh tochechnyh rentgenovskih istochnika, vklyuchaya istochnik vblizi ee centra. Bol'shaya chast' etih istochnikov - malomassivnye rentgenovskie dvoinye. 12 iz 42 raspolozheny na rasstoyanii 2" ot kandidatov v sharovye skopleniya v NGC 720. Galaktika ellipticheskaya, a rentgenovskie istochniki v nei pohozhe obrazuyut dugi. Esli vam interesno - dal'she chitaite stat'yu.
Authors: Sylvain Veilleu
Commets: 12 pages and 1 jpg-style figure; Invited introductory review, Meudon conference on Active Galactic Nuclei: from Central Engine to Host Galaxy
Szhatyi obzor bez formul, no s bol'shim kolichestvom ssylok (za poslednie 5 let po AYaG opublikovano bolee 5000 statei!!!). Rassmatrivayutsya novye nablyudatel'nye dannye (v osnovnom sputnikovye, i poluchennye v bol'shih obzorah). Obsuzhdayutsya korrelyacii vsego so vsem.
Authors: E. De Donder, Vanbeveren
Comments: 18 pages, 6 figures, accepted for New Astronomy
Okazyvaetsya, mnogie sovremennye modeli nedouchityvayut vklad samyh massivnyh zvezd v himicheskuyu evolyuciyu Galaktiki. Osobenno ploho vklyuchen v modeli sil'nyi veter, prisushii takim zvezdam. Avtory pytayutsya zapolnit' etot probel, hotya yasno, chto zdes' nuzhny EShE bolee detal'nye issledovaniya (osobenno v tom, chto kasaetsya vzryvov zvezd).
Authors: N.W. Evans
Commets: 15 pages, Invited Review for "IDM 2002: The 4th International Workshop on the Identification of Dark Matter ", eds N. Spooner, V. Kudryavtsev (World Scientific)
Obsuzhdayutsya: temnoe veshestvo v galo Galaktiki (v pervuyu ochered' barionnoe), mikrolinzirovanie, nu i v svyazi so vsem etim - belye karliki v galo. Lishnii raz mozhno ubedit'sya, chto barionnoe veshestvo ne mozhet ob'yasnit' ves' "temnyi" vklad v galo.
Authors: Martin Elvis and Margarita Karovska
Commets: 13 pages, with 3 figures. ApJ Letters, in press (Dec 20, 2002)
Avtory predlagayut novyi metod izmereniya rasstoyanii do kvazarov, pohozhii po sheme na "perevernutyi" metod geometricheskih parallaksov (sm. risunok). Peremennoe izluchenie, ishodyashee iz yadra kvazara, otrazhaetsya ot ego bolee vneshnih chastei (tak nazyvaemoi zony shirokih emissionnyh linii (BELR)). Svetimost' etoi zony takzhe menyaetsya, no s nekotoroi zaderzhkoi po sravneniyu s izlucheniem yadra. Eta zaderzhka ravna t=dBELR/c. Esli my izmerim, ugol, pod kotorym zona shirokih emissionnyh linii kvazara vidna s Zemli, to smozhem opredelit' i rasstoyanie do nego. No dlya etogo nuzhno ochen' vysokoe uglovoe razreshenie - 10-5 uglovoi sekundy dlya kvazara s z=2.
Authors: Abraham Loeb, P.J.E. Peebles
Commets: 5 pages, Sumitted to ApJ
Ochen' krasivaya vesh' - naiti prostoe ob'yasneniyu nekotoromu horosho izvestnomu (no ne do konca ponyatomu) yavleniyu. Imenno eto avtory i pytayutsya sdelat'.
Dispersiya skorostei bol'shih ellipticheskih galaktik 200 km/s (rech' idet o zvezdah v galaktikah). Bolee 400 km/s prakticheski nikogda ne byvaet. Okolo 200 - dovol'no rezkii maksimum. Eto daet sil'noe ogranichenie na massu, zaklyuchennuyu v "svetyasheisya" chasti galaktiki. Avtory ob'yasnyayut eto processom formirovaniya galaktik v standartnoi na segodnyashnii den' modeli s holodnoi temnoi materiei i kosmologicheskim chlenom.
Dlya ob'yasneniya vvodyatsya dve razumnye gipotezy. Pervaya: zvezdy obrazuyutsya na z=6 eshe do okonchatel'nogo formirovaniya galaktiki. Vtoraya: raspredelenie temnogo veshestva v novoobrazovavshemsya galo "ne pomnit" takih detalei processa, kak malaya dolya besstolknovitel'nogo "zvezdnogo" veshestva v plotnyh oblastyah bolee rannih galo.
Rezul'taty raschetov v sootvetstvii s etimi gipotezami podtverzhdayutsya dannymi Sloanovskogo obzora neba.
Authors: C.L. Carilli
Commets: 9 pages, Elsevier Science format: 'Radio galaxies past, present future', ed. Jarvis
Posle korotkogo vvedeniya, posvyashennogo rentgenovskim nablyudeniyam blizkih radiogalaktik (Lebed' A i dr.) avtor perehodit k rezul'tatam issledovanii chetyreh dalekih ob'ektov, nablyudavshihsya na sputnike Chandra. Istochniki na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah okazyvayutsya nemnogo nepohozhimi na blizkie, chto svyazyvayut s bol'shim vozrastom poslednih. Obsuzhdayutsya razlichnye svoistva rentgenovskogo izlucheniya v dalekih radiogalaktikah, a takzhe ih korrelyacii s radiosvoistvami i prichiny vozniknoveniya takih svyazei.
Authors: Almudena Alonso-Herrero
Commets: 4 pages, in `AGN: from Central Engine to Host Galaxy'', ASP Conference Series, in press (Edited by S. Collin, F. Combes and I. Shlosman)
Daetsya korotkii obzor poslednih dannyh po IK nablyudeniyam blizkih
seifertovskih galaktik. Bol'shaya chast' iz nih pokazyvaet tochechnyi istochnik
v yadre. Izluchenie ot etogo istochnika peremenno v 9 sluchayah
iz 14, dlya kotoryh est' povtornye nablyudeniya. Eto govorit o nezvezdnoi
prirode izlucheniya (yasno, chto skoplenie zvezd ne mozhet dat' zametnoi
peremennosti). Avtory takzhe provodyat sravnenie IK svoistv seifertovskih
galaktik s parametrami ih zhestkogo rentgenovskogo izlucheniya i nahodyat vazhnye
korrelyacii, pozvolyayushie ispol'zovat' IK dannye dlya opredeleniya polnoi
svetimosti yadra. Veroyatno, IK svetimost' neposredstvenno svyazana s massoi
central'noi chernoi dyry.
Authors: O.Czoske, J.-P. Kneib, S.Bardeau
Commets: 10 pages, 7 figures; to be published in the Proceedings of the Conference on "Matter and Energy in Clusters of Galaxies" held on April 23th-27th 2002 in Chung-Li, Taiwan; ASP Conf. Series, eds. S. Bowyer & C.-Y. Hwang
Zamechatel'nyi, prostoi i ponyatnyi malen'kii obzor, posvyashennyi tomu kak mozhno (i kak nuzhno) izuchat' skopleniya galaktik - vsemi dostupnymi na segodnya metodami. Tam zhe rassmatrivaetsya kakuyu informaciyu o skopleniyah mozhno izvlech' iz uzhe sdelannyh rentgenovskih obzorov vsego neba: XBACs, BCS i MACS. Kraine rekomenduyu.
Authors: C. Itoh et al.
Commets: 4 pages, double colomn, 3 figures, A&A 396(2002)L1-4
NGC 253 odna iz blizhaishih k nam galaktik s ochen' burnym zvezdoobrazovaniem (tak nazyvaemoi "vspyshkoi zvezdoobrazovaniya"). Rasstoyanie do etoi spiral'noi galaktiki - primerno 2.5 Mpk. Blizost' i moshnoe zvezdoobrazovanie delali ee odnim iz kandidatov na poisk izlucheniya sverhvysokih energii. Takie nablyudeniya byli provedeny v 2000 i 2001 gg. na 10-m atmosfernom cherenkovskom teleskope CANGAROO-II. Ot galaktiki byl zaregistrirovan potok izlucheniya na energiyah >0.6 TeV ravnyi (7.8+/-2.5)x10-12 sm-2 c-1.
Authors: A. Marin-Franch & A. Aparicio
Commets: 23 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
V poslednee vremya v skopleniyah galaktik byli obnaruzhen sharovye skopleniya ne vhodyashie v sostav galaktik. Naprimer, v rabote astro-ph/0210466 (annotaciya) obsuzhdalsya vopros vybrosheny li eti skopleniya iz galaktik dinamicheskimi vzaimodeistviyami, ili okruzhavshie ih galaktiki byli razrusheny.
V dannoi rabote rassmatrivaetsya eshe odin vozmozhnyi otvet - v raspredelenii galaktik v skoplenii Koma est' dostatochno dlinnyi "hvost" ochen' malen'kih galaktik. On dostatochno horosho stykuetsya s raspredelenie sharovyh skoplenii. I, takim obrazom, sharovye skopleniya mogut okazat'sya samymi malen'kimi galaktikami v skoplenii Koma.
Authors: Q. Daniel Wang
Commets: Based on an overview talk presented at the IAU Symposium No.214: High Energy Processes and Phenomena in Astrophysics (in press).
Samye interesnye rezul'taty, poluchennye s observatorii Chandra, pri nablyudenii blizhaishih galaktik, vklyuchaya Mlechnyi Put'. Eti nablyudeniya otvergli mnogo sushestvovavshih gipotez i otkryli celyi ryad novyh faktov. Polnuyu versiyu stat'i (postscript) s vysokokachestvennymi fotografiyami mozhno vzyat' s http://www.astro.umass.edu/~wqd/papers/talk_IAU214.ps.
Authors: M. S. Oey
Commets: 10 pp., uses kluwer.cls. Invited Review to appear in "From Observations to Self-Consistent Modelling of the ISM in Galaxies, eds. M. A. de Avillez & D. Breitschwerdt, JENAM 2002 WS-ISM, (Kluwer) Ap&SS, in press
Veter ot molodyh zvezd i chastye vspyshki sverhnovyh, soprovozhdayushie burnoe zvezdoobrazovanie, okazyvayut sil'noe vliyanie na dinamiku i strukturu mezhzvezdnoi sredy. Avtor rassmatrivaet model', opisyvayushuyu eto vliyanie, a takzhe daet kratkii obzor po dannoi teme.
Sm. takzhe astro-ph/0212052
Authors: Stefanie Komossa et al.
Commets: ApJ Letters in press, 7 colour figures included; preprint and related papers on NGC 6240 also available at http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/~skomossa/
Po rentgenovskim nablyudeniyam na
Chandre
u odnoi iz blizhaishih
sverhmoshnyh infrakrasnyh galaktik (ULIRG - UltraLuminous InfraRed Galaxy)
obnaruzheno dvoinoe aktivnoe yadro.
V optike u galaktiki uzhe nablyudalos' dvoinoe yadro, a takzhe vsyakie
"koloski, voloski..." Eto svidetel'stvuet o tom, chto galaktika
nahoditsya v rannei stadii sliyaniya.
No po opticheskim (i IK) dannym bylo neyasno kakoe
iz yader yavlyaetsya aktivnym. Rentgenovskie nablyudeniya pokazali, chto aktivny
oba!
V konce koncov dva yadra sol'yutsya. I to chto my vidim nachalo etogo processa daet dopolnitel'nuyu uverennost', chto kosmicheskomu detektoru gravitacionnyh voln - LISA - budet chto nablyudat'. |
Authors: Francois Schweizer (Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena)
Commets: 11 pages, LaTeX, 6 figures (= 10 EPS files); uses newpasp.sty. To appear in "New Horizons in Globular Cluster Astronomy," eds. G. Piotto, G. Meylan, G. Djorgovski, & M. Riello (ASP, San Francisco), 2003
Sliyanie bogatyh gazom galaktik privodit k nachalu massovogo obrazovaniya zvezd i skoplenii. Za vremya sliyaniya rozhdayutsya tysyachi skoplenii, no tol'ko samye massivnye i kompaktnye iz nih perezhivayut pervyi milliard let i prevrashayutsya v obychnye sharovye skopleniya. A v techenie pervogo milliarda let s nachala sliyaniya eti sharovye skopleniya "vtorogo pokoleniya" vyglyadyat kak molodye skopleniya galo s posti solnechnym himicheskim sostavom. Podobnye sharovye skopleniya s promezhutochnymi vozrastami (2-5 mlrd. let) nedavno byli naideny v primerno 10 ellipticheskih galaktikah.
Authors: G. Gavazzi et al.
Commets: 5 pages, 2 figures, accepted for pubblication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Novyi sait "GOLDMine" (Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network) http://goldmine.mib.infn.it soderzhit dannye o nablyudeniyah 3267 galaktik skoplenii Virgo i Coma na raznyh dlinah voln v opticheskom diapazone. Tam zhe soderzhatsya izobrazheniya galaktik.
Authors: Richard de Grijs, Nate Bastian, Henny J.G.L.M. Lamers
Commets: accepted for publication in the ApJ Letters; 10 pages in AASTEX preprint format; including 2 postscript figures
Samaya populyarnaya segodnya model' dinamicheskoi evolyucii zvezdnyh skoplenii predskazyvaet, chto stepennaya funkciya svetimosti molodyh skoplenii dolzhna bystro prevrashat'sya v gaussovu funkciyu svetimostei "staryh" sharovyh skoplenii, podobnyh tem, chto nablyudayutsya v nashei Galaktike. Pohozhe, chto nablyudayushayasya centre v galaktiki M82 sistema sharovyh skoplenii s vozrastami okolo 1 Glet nahoditsya kak raz na stadii perehoda mezhdu etimi dvumya sostoyaniyami.
Author: Rainer Beck
Commets: 10 pages with 3 figures.
Mezhzvezdnye magnitnye polya dostatochno sil'ny: do 25.10-6 G v spiral'nyh vetvyah i do 40.10-6 G vblizi yader galaktik. V spiral'noi galaktike NGC 6946 srednyaya plotnost' energii magnitnyh polei vyshe, chem teplovoi energii gaza. Magnitnye polya kontroliruyut evolyuciyu plotnyh oblakov i, vozmozhno, global'nuyu effektivnost' zvezdoobrazovaniya. Potoki gaza i udarnye volny v spiral'nyh vetvyah i barah modificiruyutsya magnitnymi polyami. I tak dalee ...
Authors: Pau Amaro-Seoane
Commets: 9 pages, no figures, to appear in 2003, Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 1: Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies, ed. L. C. Ho (Pasadena: Carnegie Observatories, http://www.ociw.edu/ociw/symposia/series/symposium1/proceedings.html). Needs caps.cls and cupbook.cls (included)
Vozmozhnost' sushestvovaniya v centre kvazara sverhmassivnoi zvezdy s massoi 107-109 Mo i svetimost'yu 1012 Lo ("magnetoid") rassmatrivalas' i byla ochen' populyarnoi v 60-e - 70-e gody. Svetimost' kvazarov v etoi modeli ob'yasnyalas' akkreciei na takoi sverhmassivnyi ob'ekt (Lynden-Bell 1969, u nas etoi tematikoi zanimalsya L.Ozernoi).
Eta, dostatochno ekzotichnaya ideya, segodnya ispytyvaet vtoroe rozhdenie v svyazi s otkrytiem sverh massivnyh chernyh dyr v centrah mnogih galaktik. Koncepciya sverhmassivnoi (>5.104 Mo) zvezdy, pogruzhennoi v plotnoe zvezdnoe skoplenie mozhet ob'yasnit' ryad nablyudaemyh v kvazarah yavlenii. V dannoi stat'e chislenno izuchena dinamika vzaimodeistviya sverhmassivnoi zvezdy m okruzhayushim ee plotnym zvezdnym polem.
Authors: Peter Erwin et al.
Commets: LaTeX, 5 pages, 3 EPS figures.
Uzhe nekotoroe vremya schitaetsya ustanovlennym, chto massy central'nyh chernyh dyr galaktik proporcional'ny massam ih baldzhei, a dlya ellipticheskih galaktik - ih polnym massam. No, okazyvaetsya, est' i bolee tonkie korrelyacii. Bolee massivnye chernye dyry soderzhatsya v bolee koncentrirovannyh k centru galaktikah i baldzhah. Otmechaetsya, takzhe, korrelyaciya massy chernoi dyry so svetimostyami galaktiki ili baldzha.
Authors: Volker Bromm, Abraham Loeb
Commets: Submitted to ApJ, 10 pages, 9 figures, version with full resolution Figs at http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~vbromm/HIGH/apj.ps
S pomosh'yu SPH modelirovaniya avtory rassmatrivayut process obrazovaniya pervyh (v nekotorom smysle "zachatochnyh") sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr v central'nyh oblastyah galaktik. Metallichnost' polagaetsya nulevoi (tochnee, himsostav opredelyaetsya pervichnym nukleosintezom). Po vsei vidimosti eto vunuzhdennoe predpolozhenie. Avtory rassmatrivayut krasnye smesheniya poryadka 10, a pervye zvezdy obrazovalis' na z=20-30 i uzhe uspeli vzorvat'sya. Odnako, v stat'e privodyatsya argumenty v pol'zu primenimosti dannogo predpolozheniya.
V raschetah (v zavisimosti ot parametrov galaktiki) poluchayutsya kak odinochnye, tak i dvoinye chernye dyry. Pervye privodyat k poyavleniyu kvazarnoi aktivnosti eshe do epohi vtorichnoi ionizacii.
Authors:Christopher J. Conselice
Commets: Invited Review, 10 pages, to appear in "Galactic Dynamics", JENAM 2002
Bylo i est' mnogo teorii obrazovaniya galaktik. Odnako, yasno, chto poslednee slovo za nablyudatelyami. V obzore summiruetsya nashe znanie ob obrazovanii massivnyh galaktik s tochki zreniya sovremennyh nablyudenii. Seichas est' dannye ob obrazovanii galaktik na z > 2. Na osnovanii etih rezul'tatov avtor delaet vyvod o tom, chto tol'ko ierarhicheskaya model' mozhet v nastoyashii moment ob'yasnit' vsyu sovokupnost' dannyh.
Authors: F.K.Liu and Y.H.Zhang
Commets: 43 pages, 1 figure
Kratkaya stat'ya, ogromnyi spisok literatury i, v prilozhenii, katalog 661 radioistochnika s dzhetami, kotorye byli otkryty do dekabrya 2000 g.
Authors: W.Pietsch
Commets: 8 pages, 10 figures, uses VisionStyle.cls, Proc. Symnposium `New Visions of the X-ray Universe in the XMM-Newton and Chandra Era", 26-30 November 2001, ESTEC, The Netherlands, a version with full resolution images is available at http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/~wnp/
Sputnik XMM-Newton ni chem ne huzhe Chandry. Tochnee govorya koe chem huzhe, koe chem luchshe. Oni dopolnyayut drug druga! U Chandry luchshe razreshenie (poetomu on daet bolee krasivye kartinki, chto delaet ego bolee izvestnym sredi shirokoi publiki). Zato u XMM-Newton bol'she sobirayushaya ploshad', a potomu (i ne tol'ko potomu) on stroit luchshie spektry.
V etoi rabote rasskazyvaetsya o nablyudeniyah blizhaishih galaktik na XMM-Newton. Hotya razreshenie u XMM neskol'ko huzhe, chem u Chandry, no v blizhaishih galaktikah on vidit mnozhestvo otdel'nyh istochnikov. Mezhzvezdnuyu sredu takzhe mozhno izuchat' vo mnozhestve podrobnostei. Obo vsem etom i idet rech' v stat'e.
Authors: Simon P. Driver, Roberto De Propris
Commets: 10 pages, Invited Review for the JENAM2002 Galaxy Evolution Workshop (Publ: Kluwer)
Daetsya nebol'shoi obzor nablyudenii funkcii svetimosti galaktik: ot Mestnoi gruppy do bol'shih odnorodnyh vyborok. Pokazano, chto vcelom v skopleniyah funkciya svetimosti ne otlichaetsya ot srednei. Lish' v samyh central'nyh oblastyah est' otkloneniya.
Authors: Guenther Hasinger
Commets: 13 pages, 6 figures, review to appear in "High Energy Processes and Phenomena in Astrophysics, IAU Symposium 214, X. Li, Z. Wang, V. Trimble (eds)
Rech' idet o nablyudeniyah dalekih vnegalakticheskih ob'ektov (vnosyashih osnovnoi vklad v rentgenovskii fon) i mezhgalakticheskoi plazmy na novyh rentgenovskih observatoriyah. Teplyi i goryachii mezhgalakticheskii gaz v skopleniyah galaktik, parametry veshestva v centrah galaktik i ih skoplenii, linzirovannye rentgenovskie izobrazheniya, spektry i himicheskih sostav kvazarov, zhestkii fon, kotoryi bolee vsego pohozh na izluchenie nerazreshennyh akkreciruyushih chernyh dyr i koe-chto eshe, i vse eto na vsego lish' na 13 stranicah. Krome opisaniya novyh rezul'tatov (i togo, pochemu oni vazhny i interesny) avtor daet kratkie opisaniya kazhdogo sputnika.
Authors: S. Pustilnik, A.Kniazev, A. Pramskij, A. Ugryumov
Commets: 4 pages, 3 figures. To appear in the proceedings of Euroconference "The evolution of galaxies. III. From simple approaches to self-consistent models" Kiel, Germany, July 2002
Rossiiskie nablyudateli dayut korotkii obzor issledovanii (v osnovnom sobstvennyh) galaktik s ekstremal'no nizkim soderzhaniem metallov.
Authors: Andrew S. Wilson
Commets: 6 pages, To be published in the proceedings of the Bologna conference `The Physics of Relativistic Jets in the Chandra and XMM Era'', New Astronomy Review
Obzor fizicheskih processov, otvetstvennyh za rentgenovskoe izluchenie radiodzhetov i soputstvuyushih yavlenii.
Authors: Xiaohui Fan et al.
Commets: AJ in press (Apr 2003), 26 pages, 9 figures
V obshem-to vse yasno iz nazvaniya. Pri obrabotke Sloanovskogo cifrovogo obzora neba naideny eshe tri kvazara s predel'nymi krasnymi smesheniyami: J114816.64+525150.3 (z=6.43), J104845.05+463718.3 (z=6.23) i J163033.90+401209.6 (z=6.05). Za podrobnostyami - v stat'yu.
Authors: R. Di Stefano and A.K.H. Kong (CfA)
Commets: 14 pages, 6 figures, ApJ submitted
Kolichestvo sverhmyagkih rentgenovskih istochnikov so svetimost'yu L > 1037 erg/s v sosednih galaktikah sostavlyaet po krainei mere neskol'ko soten, no mozhet byt' i sushestvenno bol'she. Krome togo:
- sredi istochnikov est' gruppa so svetimostyami L > 1037 erg/s;
- v spiral'nyh galaktikah M101, M83 i M51 sverhmyagkie istochniki associiruyutsya u spiral'nyh vetvei, chto ukazyvaet na ih nebol'shoi (<108 let) vozrast.
Authors: A.J.Barger et al.
Commets: 5 pages, accepted by The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Pohozhe, chto Chandra pozvolyaet obnaruzhivat' aktivnye yadra galaktik na vysokih krasnyh smesheniyah po ih rentgenovskomu izlucheniyu, dazhe esli opticheskaya svetimost' nizka. Iz 423 dostatochno yarkih rentgenovskih istochnikov bol'shinstvo okazalis' lezhashimi v intervale z=5-6, a nekotorye na z>6 (z opredelyalos' po sravneniyu potokov v sosednih rentgenovskih intervalah). Iz etih istochnikov tol'ko primerno polovina vidna v optike.
Authors: Roberto Abraham et al.
Commets: ApJ in press
Seichas v astronomii nachinayut dominirovat' proekty, v kotoryh poluchaetsya ogromnoe kolichestvo dostatochno odnorodnoi informacii (avtomatizirovanye obzory neba i dr.). Potomu voznikaet neobhodimost' v novyh metodah obrabotki dannyh (vspomnim, naprimer, pro primenenie neironnyh setei (Belokurov i dr. 2002)). V etoi stat'e avtory opisyvayut novyi podhod k opredeleniyu morfologii galaktik. Krome astronomov sootvetstvuyushih special'nostei stat'ya mozhet byt' interesna specialistam po obrabotke dannyh.
Authors: J.A. de Freitas Pacheco et al.
Commets: 59 pages, 9 figures, Recent Research Developments in Astronomy and Astrophysics, in press, ps and pdf versions with higher resolution figures are also available at: http://www.obs-nice.fr/peirani/elliptical.html
Bol'shoi obzor po ellipticheskim galaktikam. Dannaya tema imeet otnoshenie kak (estestvenno) k fizike galaktik, tak i k zvezdnoi kinematike, kosmologii (obrazovanie struktur vo Vselennoi), astrofizike sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr i t.d. Avtory privodyat mnogo fakticheskih dannyh.
Authors: David Merritt
Commets: 10 pages, 4 figures
Na strukturu raspredeleniya zvezd vblizi centra galaktiki ochen' sil'no vliyaet Raspolozhennaya v centre chernaya dyra. Avtor delaet vyvod, chto v yadrah galaktik S absolyutnoi vidimoi velichinoi Mv>-20 ob'yasnyayutsya odinochnymi chernymi dyrami, a v bolee yarkih - chernye dyre dvoinye.
Authors: M. Lopez-Corredoira
Commets: 25 pages, 6 figures, submitted to RevMexAA
Medlennoe ubyvanie skorosti vrasheniya vneshnih chastei galaktik (tak nazyvaemye "ploskie krivye vrasheniya") do sih por ob'yasnyalis' libo nalichiem nevidimogo galo, libo modificirovannym zakonom gravitacii. V dannoi stat'e predlozheno eshe odno ob'yasnenie - akkreciya mezhgalakticheskogo veshestva. Eta zhe gipoteza ob'yasnyaet U-obraznoe iskrivlenie ploskosti diska nekotoryh galaktik.
Authors: M.Gilfanov et al.
Commets: 4 pages, submitted to MNRAS Letters
Rassmatrivaetsya korrelyaciya rentgenovskoi svetimosti i tempa zvezdoobrazovaniya v galaktikah s burnym formirovaniem zvezd. Iz teoreticheskih raschetov bylo yasno, chto kolichestvo (ili svetimost') massivnyh rentgenovskih dvoinyh yavlyaetsya horoshim indikatorom tempa zvezdoobrazovaniya (a otnoshenie sistem s chernymi dyrami i neitronnymi zvezdami yavlyaetsya horoshim indikatorom vozrasta). V serii rabot Gil'fanov, Grimm i Syunyaev (a takzhe Ranalli i dr.) privodyat obshirnyi nablyudatel'nyi material po korrelyacii svetimosti i tempa zvezdoobrazovaniya (otmetim takzhe stat'yu Postnova, posvyashennuyu interpretacii poluchennoi zavisimosti).
Authors: F. Bournaud, F. Combes
Commets: Accepted for publication in A&A. 20 pages, 14 figures. The resolution of several figures has been reduced in this version
Na fotografii pokazana galaktika NGC4650 (snimok vzyat iz
APOD)
|
Authors: Jean A. Eilek
Commets: 12 pages, 6 figures, 3 in color. Invited review, to appear in Physics of Plasmas, May 2003. After publication it can be found at http://ojps.aip.org/pop
V svyazi s rostom kolichestva nablyudatel'nyh dannyh po mezhgalakticheskoi srede v skopleniyah galaktik voznikaet nuzhda v poluteoreticheskih/polunablyudatel'nyh obzorah po fizike plazmy s uchetom astrofizicheskih osobennostei galakticheskih skoplenii. Obzor prostoi i ponyatnyi, v osnovnom privoditsya fenomenologiya (s nebol'shimi vkrapleniyami prostyh formul). Rassmatrivayutsya nereshennye problemy. Tak chto obzor budet interesnym dlya fizikov-plazmenshikov, kotorye do etogo "redko smotreli na nebo".
Authors: R.J.Massey, A.R.Refregier, C.J.Conselice & D.J.Bacon
Commets: 13 pages, including 12 figures. Submitted to MNRAS. Version with higher resolution figures available from the shapelets web site at http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~rjm/shapelets/
Snachala byla sdelana parametricheskaya model' galaktiki, vosproizvodyashaya razlichnye vneshnie formy. Zatem bylo vyyasneno kak raspredeleny parametry etoi modeli. Teper' okazalos' vozmozhnym postroit' vyborku galaktik i vosproizvesti "deistvie" na nee teleskopa. V rabote vse eto bylo prodelano dlya togo, chtoby smodelirovat' glubokie obzory HST. No mne kazhetsya, chto etot algoritm mozhet naiti i drugie - chisto illyustrativnye - primeneniya.
Authors: W. Forman et al.
Commets: Contribution to IAU Symposium 214 "High Energy Processes and Phenomena in Astrophysics" (6-10 August, 2002; Suzhou, China)
Opisyvayutsya rezul'taty nedavnih nablyudenii goryachego vnegalakticheskogo gaza na rentgenovskih sputnikah Chandra i HMM. Novye tehnologii pozvolili uvidet' yavleniya, kotorye do etogo ne nablyudalis'. Dayutsya popytki ih teoreticheskogo opisaniya.
Authors: Shiyin Shen et al.
Commets: 42 pages, 18 figures, 2 tables; submitted to MNRAS
Ispol'zuya dannye po 140000 galaktikam iz Sloanovskogo obzora, avtory poluchayut massu vsyacheskih raspredelenii. V tom chisle i raspredelenie po razmeram, a takzhe ego zavisimost' ot svetimosti, massy zvezdnoi sostavlyayushei i morfologicheskogo tipa.
Authors: Luigina Feretti
Commets: 14 pags,8 figs,Invited review at "Matter and Energy in Clusters of Galaxies", Taiwan, 2002 April 23-27; to appear in ASP Conf. Series, eds. S. Bowyer & C.-Y. Hwang
Nebol'shoi obzor po radionablyudeniyam skoplenii galaktik. Osoboe vnimanie udelyaetsya izlucheniyu mezhgalakticheskoi sredy i galo. Svetimost' radiogalo horosho korreliruet s rentgenovskoi svetimost'yu i massoi.
Authors: Arieh Koenigl
Commets: 8 pages, invited review, to appear in Active Galactic Nuclei: From Central Engine to Host Galaxy (Meudon, July 2002), ASP Conference Series, Vol. 290
Korotkii obzor po istecheniyam ot diskov v aktivnyh yadrah galaktik.
Authors: Jayanne English (U. of Manitoba) & Ken C. Freeman (RSAA, ANU)
Commets: 19 pages, 3 figures, and 3 tables. To be published in Astronomical Journal.
V pare slivayushihsya galaktik NGC3256 obnaruzheny gigantskie oblasti HII so svetimost'yu v linii H_alpha bolee 1.5.1040 erg/s. Eto mesta massovogo rozhdeniya zvezd, vozmozhno v nih sformiruyutsya sharovye skopleniya. Za vremya sliyaniya galaktik NGC3256 obrazuetsya primerno 900 sverhmoshnyh Oblastei zvezdoobrazovaniya, podobnyh 30 Doradus, ostatkom sliyaniya budet Ellipticheskaya galaktika.
Etoi zhe sisteme galaktik posvyashena i stat'ya astro-ph/0302192 togo zhe avtora.
Authors: A. Gil de Paz, B.F.Madore, O.Pevunova
Commets: 25 pages, 3 GIF figures, 2 JPEG figures. Accepted for publication in ApJS. Figure 3 and FITS images available at
Stat'ya opisyvaet atlas izobrazhenii 114 samyh blizkih k nam golubyh kompaktnyh karlikovyh galaktik. A sam atlas nahoditsya po adresu http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept02/Palco_BCD/frames.html .
Authors: P.D. Barthel, I.M. van Bemmel
Commets: 9 pages, no figures, in Proceedings Radio Galaxy Workshop, Leiden, 11-15 November 2002
Obsuzhdaetsya status edinyh modelei vnegalakticheskih radioistochnikov. Osoboe vnimanie udelyaetsya svoistvam pyli.
V edinyh modelyah razlichnye tipy AYaG ob'yasnyayutsya v ramkah akkrecii na sverhmassivnuyu chernuyu dyry. Razlichie proyavlenii opredelyaetsya raznoi massoi dyry, raznym tempom akkrecii, raznoi orientaciei dzheta po otnosheniyu k nablyudatelyu i raznymi svoistvami sredy vblizi dyry i dzheta (otsyuda vazhnost' ucheta pyli).
Obzor korotkii, no privodyatsya ssylki na bol'shie obzornye stat'i po raznym aspektam edinoi modeli.
Authors: David Merritt (Rutgers) and M. Y. Poon (Harvard)
Commets: 26 pages, 5 figures, uses aastex.sty
Esli v centre galaktiki sidit chernaya dyra, to te zvezdy, kotorye mogli byt' ei bystro zahvacheny, uzhe ei poglosheny. Teper' (v kvazistacionarnoi situacii) zahvatyvayutsya zvezdy, ch'i orbity prolegayut ryadom s granicei zahvata (konusa poter') i peresekayut ego iz-za vneshnih vozmushenii. Temp akkrecii (zahvata zvezd v takoi situacii mal, kak i svetimost' chernoi dyry. Situaciya izmenyaetsya, esli gravitacionnyi potencial vblizi centra galaktiki ne obladaet osevoi simmetriei (naprimer, yavlyaetsya trehosnym) ili/i zvezdy dvizhutsya haoticheskim obrazom (sm. nizhe stat'yu o haoticheskih yavleniyah).
Authors: G.S. Busswell, T. Shanks, P.J. Outram, W.J. Frith, N. Metcalfe, R. Fong
Commets: 15 pages, 17 figures
V raspredelenii galaktik po dannym poslednih CCD-obzorov naidena "dyra"
(v severnom polusharii primerno na z=0.1). Mnogo kartinok. Etomu zhe posvyashena
sleduyushaya stat'ya:
astro-ph/0302331
W.J. Frith et al.
Lokal'naya dyra v raspredelenii galaktik: po obzoru 2MASS
(The Local Hole in the Galaxy Distribution: Evidence from 2MASS)
Authors: Andreas Rieschick, Gerhard Hensler
Commets: 4 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Proceedings of "The Evolution of Galaxies - III. From simple approaches to self-consistent models", eds. G. Hensler et al., Kluwer Publ., Dordrecht
Po rezul'tatam chislennogo modelirovaniya avtory prihodyat k sleduyushim vyvodam:
- Vo "vnutrennem kol'ce" galaktiki proishodit lokal'noe peremeshivanie metallov vybrasyvaemyh zvezdami.
- Vo vneshnem "kol'ce" goryachee veshestvo, vybrasyvaemoe vzryvami Sverhnovyh tipa II, ochen' bystro smeshivaetsya s okruzhayushim holodnym gazom.
- Ochen' malaya frakciya tyazhelyh elementov vybrasyvaetsya za predely gravitacionnogo polya galaktiki.
Authors: Andrew J. Bunker et al.
Commets: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to MNRAS (Letters)
Otkryta galaktika s burnym zvezdoobrazovaniem
na ochen' bol'shom krasnom smeshenii.
Iznachal'no galaktika byla vybrana po opticheskim nablyudeniyam yuzhnogo polya
Chandry na Kosmicheskom
teleskope. Zatem na teleskope im. Keka byl poluchen ee spektr, i opredeleno
krasnoe smeshenie.
Otkrytie dalekih galaktik osobenno interesno v svyazi s nedavnimi
rezul'tatami sputnika WMAP, govoryashimi o rannei reionizacii Vselennoi.
Authors: R.J. McLure
Commets: 8 pages, 4 figures, To appear in "Radio galaxies: past, present & future". eds. M. Jarvis et al., Leiden, Nov 2002
Rassmatrivayutsya korrelyacii mezhdu parametrami chernoi dyry i hozyaiskoi galaktiki. Opisyvayutsya novye dostizheniya v izmerenii mass chernyh dyr.
Sm. takzhe "The Black Hole Masses of High-Redshift Quasars" astro-ph/0302457.
Authors: M. Dietrich, et al.
Commets: 18 pages, 8 figures. accepted for publication in Astrophys.Journal, V589, June 1
Po ul'trafioletovym spektram 70 kvazarov s z>3.5 issledovalas' evolyuciya ih himicheskogo sostava s cel'yu vyyasnit' kogda obrazovalis' pervye zvezdy. Dlya togo, chtoby dostich' nablyudaemogo kolichestva metallov pervye zvezdy dolzhny byli obrazovat'sya pri z=6-8, t.e. kogda Vselennoi bylo neskol'ko sot millionov let (pri H0 = 65 km/s/Mpk, OmegaM = 0.3, Omega Lambda = 0.7). Eto primerno sovpadaet s nachalom epohi reionizacii. U etoi vyborki kvazarov obnaruzhena nekotoraya korrelyaciya svetimosti i metallichnosti.
Authors: Oleg Y. Gnedin
Commets: ApJ 582, 141 (2003)
astro-ph/0302498 Dinamicheskaya evolyuciya galaktik skopleniyah (Dynamical Evolution of Galaxies in Clusters)
Authors: Oleg Y. Gnedin
Commets: accepted to ApJ
Opisyvayutsya rezul'taty modelirovaniya evolyucii galaktik v skopleniyah. Osoboe vnimanie udeleno prilivnym effektam, kotorye otvetstvenny za dinamicheskuyu evolyuciyu galaktik. Primerom takoi evolyucii yavlyaetsya b'ol'shaya dolya spiral'nyh galaktik po sravneniyu s galaktikami S0 na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah. Pokazano, chto proishodit prevrashenie spiralei v S0-galaktiki za schet prilivnyh effektov, a vot prevratit' spiral' v elliptichekuyu galaktiku tak prosto ne udaetsya. Galaktiki maloi plotnosti (naprimer, karlikovye sfericheskie - dwarf spheroidals) polnost'yu razrushayutsya prilivami.
Authors: Monica Colpi et al.
Commets: To appear in "Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 1: Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies," ed. L. C. Ho (Pasadena: Carnegie Observatories, http://www.ociw.edu/ociw/symposia/series/symposium1/proceedings.html)
Izmerenie radial'nogo uskoreniya 5 millisekundnyh pul'sarov v NGC 6752 pozvolyaet opredelit' raspolozhenie chernoi dyry v etom sharovom skoplenii. Bolee vnimatel'noe izuchenie etih dannyh mozhet pozvolit' nam otlichit' odinochnaya ili dvoinaya chernaya dyry prisutstvuet v dannom skoplenii.
Authors: C. Vignali et al.
Commets: 15 pages (8 figures), LaTeX emulateapj5.sty, accepted for publication by The Astronomical Journal (June 2003)
Posle rekombinacii (v nasledstvo ot kotoroi nam dostalos' reliktovoe izluchenie) nastupayut t.n. "temnye gody", dlyashiesya do poyavleniya pervyh kvazarov i pervyh zvezd. Eto "prosvetlenie" nastupaet na krasnyh smesheniyah 20-5 (starye ocenki 5-10, novye - po dannym WMAP - 10-20). V stat'e rasskazyvaetsya o rentgenovskih nablyudeniyah 13 kvazarov na z=4.7-5.4. T.e. eto deistvitel'no odni iz samyh pervyh kvazarov. Hotya eto i ne pervye nablyudeniya kvazarov na z>4, odnako eto ochen' vazhno.
Authors: H L. Morgan, M G. Edmunds
Commets: Submitted MNRAS, 17 pages with 19 figs
Pyl' v dalekih galaktikah stala ochen' vazhnym yavleniem v svyazi s
ispol'zovaniem sverhnovyh dlya opredeleniya kosmologicheskih parametrov.
Vyskazyvayutsya somneniyu, chto pravil'no uchten vklad pyli v oslablenie sveta
sverhnovyh.
V dannoi stat'e avtory issleduyut process obrazovaniya pyli v pervyh galaktikah
("pervye" - nemnogo uslovno, rech' idet o krasnyh smesheniyah >1).
Rezul'tat sostoit v tom, chto dazhe na z>5 pyli mozhet byt' mnogo.
Authors: G. Trinchieri et al.
Commets: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Eshe odno ochen' krasivoe i interesnoe nablyudenie s Chandra.
Sleva - opticheskoe izobrazhenie, sprava - rentgen. |
Authors: Alistair R. Walker
Commets: 15 pages, no figures, to appear in "Stellar Candles for the Extragalactic Distance Scale", Lecture Notes in Physics (Springer), ed. D. Alloin and W. Gieren
Po obychnym ponyatiyam rasstoyaniya v astronomii izvestny ploho. Esli vy chitaete, chto "...rasstoyanie do etoi galaktiki sostavlyaet 150 Mpk", to neopredelennost' tut mozhet byt' poryadka dvoiki, dazhe esli krasnoe smeshenie pomereno s vysokoi tochnost'yu. Pohozhaya situaciya i so zvezdami (dazhe Gipparkos na 1 kpk uzhe ochen' sil'no "vret"). Poetomu vse prodvizheniya v opredelenii rasstoyanii predstavlyayut bol'shoi interes.
V dannom obzore avtor rasskazyvaet o "poslednem slove" v izmerenii rasstoyanii do galaktik Mestnoi gruppy. Tuda vhodyat Magellanovy oblaka, Tumannost' Andromedy, izvestnaya galaktika v Treugol'nike (M33) i mnogo vsyakoi melochi.
Authors: David J. E. Floyd
Commets: 6 pages, 3 EPS figures. To appear in "Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 1: Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies," ed. L. C. Ho (Pasadena: Carnegie Observatories, http://www.ociw.edu/ociw/symposia/series/symposium1/proceedings.html)
V stat'e rasskazyvaetsya o habblovskih nablyudeniyah neskol'kih yarkih kvazarov. Po dannym o hozyaiskoi galaktike mozhno popytat'sya ocenit' massu chernoi dyry (est' dovol'no horoshaya korrelyaciya mezhdu massoi chernoi dyry i massoi baldzha). Znaya svetimost' kvazara, mozhno opredelit' kak daleko on nahoditsya ot t.n. Eddingtonovskogo predela svetimosti (predel svyazan s tem, chto izluchenie vybrasyvaet "lishnee" veshestvo. t.o. nastupaet nekotoraya samoregulyaciya). Issledovaniya pokazali, chto po poryadku velichiny vse samye yarkie kvazary svetyat na predele.
Authors: Luis C. Ho (Carnegie Observatories)
Commets: To appear in Active Galactic Nuclei: from Central Engine to Host Galaxy, ed. S. Collin, F. Combes, & I. Shlosman (San Francisco: ASP)
Opisyvayutsya harakteristiki blizhaishih AYaG i daetsya "opisanie" ih central'noi mashiny.
Authors: Luis C. Ho et al.
Commets: To appear in ApJ. 7 pages
M32 - galaktika sputnik Tumannosti Andromedy (M31). Sootvetstvenno, eto ochen' blizkii (po vnegalakticheskim merkam) ob'ekt. Dovol'no davno bylo izvestno, chto v centre M32 est' chernaya dyra. Massa ee ocenivaetsya v 2.5 106 mass Solnca (eto malo, no i sama galaktika malen'kaya). Odnako, kak i u mnogih drugih galaktik (vklyuchaya nashu) yadro M32 neaktivno. I vot s pomosh'yu Chandry udalos' zaregistrirovat' slabyi rentgenovskii potok ot yadra M32. Svetimost' yadra vsego v 500 raz bol'she svetimosti Solnca (tipichnaya "zvezdnaya" chernaya dyra v tesnoi dvoinoi sisteme mozhet davat' 1 000 000 svetimostei Solnca). Eto vsego tri milliardnyh ot Eddingtonovskoi svetimosti (sm. vyshe o kvazarah "na predele").
Authors: Chris J. Willott, Ross J. McLure, Matt J. Jarvis
Commets: 4 pages, 1 figure, ApJ Letters, in press
Ocenka massy (3x109Mo) poluchena po shirine linii izlucheniya MgII 2799, kotoraya ravna 6000 km/s. Svetimost' kvazara blizka k Eddingtonovskoi dlya takoi massy. Obratite vnimanie na vazhnyi fakt: uzhe na takih dalekih krasnyh smesheniyah v kvazarah uspevayut obrazovat'sya sverhmassivnye chernye dyry!!!
Authors: Henry E. Kandrup et al. Bohn
Commets: 16 pages plus 15 figures
Dvoinaya sverhmassivnaya chernaya dyra mozhet zdorovo "peremeshat'" zvezdy v galaktike. Kakie stadii est' u etogo processa? Kakova zona vliyaniya dvoinoi chernoi dyry? Kakie nablyudayushiesya fenomeny mozhno ob'yasnit' v ramkah etoi modeli? Vot osnovnye temy dannogo obzora.
Authors: Roelof Bottema
Commets: Accepted for publication in: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astron. Soc. The astro-ph copy has a few figures with degraded resolution. A copy with high quality graphics (4281 kb) can be downloaded from the kapteyn institute weg page at http://www.astro.rug.nl (Goto preprints and preprints 2003)
Modelirovanie galaktik - neprostoe zanyatie. Dlya togo, chtoby poluchit' strukturu nedostatochno pol'zovat'sya tol'ko metodom mnogih tel, ili naoborot tol'ko gidrodinamikoi. V dannoi stat'e opisyvayutsya vychisleniya, vklyuchayushie v sebya zvezdy, gaz (s uchetom ohlazhdeniya i nagreva), zvezdoobrazovanie i sverhnovye (kotorye v svoyu ochered' vliyayut na gaz). V obshem: slozhno i interesno. Stat'ya bol'shaya (30 zhurnal'nyh stranic), zato s kartinkami....
Authors: A. Gayler Harford and Nickolay Y. Gnedin
Commets: submitted to ApJ
Stat'ya posvyashena ostro aktual'noi i sovershenno svezhei probleme: WMAP izmeril opticheskuyu tolshu okruzhayushei nas povtorno ionizovannoi chasti Vselennoi. Eta velichina odnoznachno perevoditsya v moshnost' neobhodimogo dlya reionizacii zhestkogo izlucheniya. No okazalos', chto izvestnyh istochnikov ul'trafioletovogo izlucheniya (pervichnyh zvezd v molodyh galaktikah) dlya etogo ne hvataet.
Authors: Eric F. Bell et al.
Commets: Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal. 15 pages, 6 embedded figures.
Obzor COMBO-17 dolzhen izmerit' cveta i svetimosti (v sobstvennoi
sisteme otscheta) okolo 25000 galaktik slabee mR<24
v intervale 0.2
Authors: Didier Fraix-Burnet, Philippe Choler, Emmanuel J.P. Douzery
Commets: Kiel Euroconference (2002) "The Evolution of Galaxies III. From Simple Approaches to Self-Consistent Models", Kluwer Academic Publishers (in press)
Biologiya zanimaetsya klassifikaciei razlichnyh sushestv i sushnostei na neskol'ko sot let bol'she, chem astrofizika. I podhod k klassifikacii u nih neskol'ko inoi. Tak popytka rasklassificirovat' galaktiki vydelila tri klastera ob'ektov:
Klaster #1 | Klaster #2 | Klaster #3 |
Authors: Alexei V. Filippenko (U. C. Berkeley) and Luis C. Ho (Carnegie Observatories)
Commets: To appear in ApJ (Letters). 5 pages
Do sih por schitalos', chto sverhmassivnye central'nye chernye dyry
sushestvuyut tol'ko v galaktikah s baldzhem (i ih massy proporcional'ny
masse baldzha). A vsya nemnogochislennaya gruppa galaktik pro kotorye
tochno izvestno, chto v nih net central'nyh chernyh dyr - bezbaldzhevye.
Pohozhe NGC 4395 - pervyi kontrprimer.
Authors: Tim de Zeeuw
Commets: 12 pages, LaTeX, no figures. To appear in: Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 1: Coevolution of Black Holes and Galaxies, ed. L. C. Ho (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)
V poslednee desyatiletie obshepriznannoi stala korrelyaciya mezhdu massoi baldzha galaktiki i massoi ee central'noi chernoi dyry. Byl zamechen i ryad drugih effektov. V dannoi stat'e podvedeny "itogi" serii simpoziumov i rassmotreny voprosy koevolyucii galaktik i ih chernyh dyr nachinaya s z>6.
Authors: B.A. Benson et al.
Commets: Submitted to Astrophysical Journal. 32 pages, 13 tables, 9 figures
Dlya 6 skoplenii galaktik s z>0.2 effekt Syunyaeva-Zel'dovicha izmeren na 3 chastotah mezhdu 150 i 350 GGc. Eto pozvolilo dat' ogranicheniya na pekulyarnye skorosti dvizheniya skoplenii otnositel'no reliktovogo izlucheniya (v ih sobstvennoi sisteme otscheta) - v<1410 km/s (na 95% urovne znachimosti).
Authors: J. S. Bloom et al.
Commets: 11 pages, 1 figure. Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal (Letters) on 22 March 2003
Krome izvestnyh gamma-vspleskov (o nih sm. svezhii podrobnyi obzor "Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Underlying Model" astro-ph/0303517) i ih poslesvechenii nablyudaetsya takoi interesnyi fenomen kak rentgenovskie vspyshki (X-ray Flashes: XRF). Maksimum energii prihoditsya na desyatki keV (u gamma-vspleskov - sotni). Eti sobytiya nalyudayutsya s tempom v 2-3 raza nizhe, chem temp gamma-vspleskov. Poka statistika nevelika, no vrode by vspyshki izotropno raspredelny po nebu, t.o. vozmozhno priroda ih kosmologicheskaya. Vse eto rodnit ih s gamma-vspleskami, odnako, vse-taik priroda XRF bolee tumanna ...
V stat'e avtory rassmatrivayut kandidatov v t.n. hozyaiskie galaktiki XRF. Eto slabye golubye galaktiki, t.e. oni ochen' pohozhi na "hozyaev" gamma-vspleskov.
Authors: C. Firmani and V. Avila-Reese
Commets: 14 pages, 3 figures. Review paper to appear in "Galaxy Evolution: Theory and Observations",eds. V. Avila-Reese, C. Firmani, C. Frenk, & C. Allen, RevMexA&A (SC), 16
Habblovskaya posledovatel'nost' - kamerton Habbla - osnova klassifikacii galaktik. Vse eti "spirali", "linzy" i t.d. - vse ottuda. Pochemu galaktiki raznye? Prevrashayutsya li galaktiki odnih tipov v drugie? Seichas est' osnovaniya polagat', chto my znaem (hotya by kachestvenno) otvety na eti voprosy. V ramkah t.n. ierarhicheskoi modeli holodnogo temnogo veshestva, na kotoroi i koncentriruyut svoe vnimanie avtory etogo miniobzoa, bol'shie galaktiki "sobrayutsya" iz malen'kih (sm. takzhe ob etom v obzore Mario Livio o Kosmicheskom teleskope, razdel 6). T.e. velika rol' sliyanii, vzaimodeistvii. Eto osobenno vazhno na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah, kogda Vselennaya eshe molodaya. Seichas galaktiki razvivayutsya v osnovnom v odinochestve (dazhe v skopleniyah vzaimodeistvie idet v osnovnom v central'nyh oblastyah). Etim voprosam takzhe udeleno nemnogo mesta v obzore.
Authors: W. Bian, Y. Zhao
Commets: 22 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ(for v591, July)
Astronomiya- nauka nablyudatel'naya, a ne eksperimental'naya v pryamom smysle etogo slova. My ne mozhem "poshupat'". Vremya - edinstvennoe, chto my mozhem tochno izmeryat', nablyudaya kosmicheskie ob'ekty. Tochnee skazat', ostal'nye fizicheskie harakteristiki samih ob'ektov (svetimost', temperatura, himicheskii sostav, razlichnye polya ...) kak pravilo opredelyayutsya v ramkah kakih-to predpolozhenii (model' poglosheniya v istochnike i na luche zreniya, kvazistacionarnost' chego-nibud' i t.d.). Poetomu issledovaniyam razlichnyh peremennostei vsegda udelyaetsya bol'shoe vnimanie.
V rabote predstavleny dannye po peremennosti rentgenovskogo izlucheniya 65
aktivnyh galaktik (rech' idet o masshtabah poryadka dnei - AYaG vse-taki
nemalen'kie).
Eti rezul'taty pozvolyayut uznat' koe-chto novoe o
"central'nyh mashinah" AYaG, naprimer, temp akkrecii na sverhmassivnuyu
chernuyu dyru (no eto uzhe, konechno, model'no zavisimyi rezul'tat).
Authors: Piero Madau, Michael Kuhlen
Commets: 14 pages, 4 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the XXI Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics held on December 9--13 2002, in Florence, Italy
Kogda-to galaktik ne bylo... No vot v vydelivshihsya (blagodarya pervichnym vozmusheniyam) galo temnoi materii iz gaza (vodoroda i geliya) nachali poyavlyat'sya pervye zvezdy (i pervye sverhmassivnye chernye dyry). Tak rodilis' galaktiki.
Seichas my vse bol'she uznaem ob etih pervyh ob'ektah, oznamenovavshih
okonchanie "mrachnogo vremeni" (dark ages).
Vot ob etih novyh rezul'tatah i rasskazyvayut avtory obzora.
Authors: J.-G. Cubyet al.
Commets: 4 pages, 3 figures, letter
Vozmozhno otkryta galaktika na krasnom smeshenii 6.17.
Somneniya svyazany s tem,
chto krasnoe smeshenie opredeleno po interpretacii odnoi
spektral'noi detali. Galaktika vyglyadit "vpolne sformirovavsheisya", chto
tipichno dlya takih ob'ektov na z=5-6.
Dlya teh, kto interesuetsya poiskom ob'ektov na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah, v
stat'e est' vse neobhodimye svezhie ssylki.
Publikacii s klyuchevymi slovami:
astrofizika - obzory - ekzoplaneta - Planety u drugih zvezd
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