The R.A.P. Project (Reviews of Astro-Ph)
Chernye dyry
(Arhiv Chernye dyry: v.2, 2003,
v.1, 2002-2003)
Authors: Luciano Rezzolla
Comments: 17 pages, CQG, special issue LISA-7
Sliyaniya chernyh dyr - ves'ma aktual'naya tema. Vo-pervyh, v svyazi s tem, chto v kartine ierarhicheskogo formirovaniya galaktik oni proishodyat dostatochno chasto i vazhny dlya ponimaniya galakticheskoi evolyucii. Vo-vtoryh, potomu chto est' nadezhda registrirovat' gravitacionnye volny ot sliyanii. Raschety sliyanii ochen' slozhny i trebuyut mnogo processornogo vremeni. Poetomu est' bol'shaya nuzhda v analiticheskih priblizheniyah. Im-to v osnovnom i posvyashen obzor. Stat'ya na udivlenie dostupno napisana, poetomu sovetuyu ee prosmotret'.
Authors: H.E.S.S. collaboration: F. Aharonian et al.
Comments: 5 pages, A&A 492, L25 (2008)
Udalos' poluchit' odnovremennye nablyudeniya chernoi dyry v centre nashei Galaktiki vo vremya sil'noi rentgenovskoi vspyshki. V rentgene potok vyros v 9 raz, a vot v TeVnom diapazone rosta potoka ne bylo (mozhno isklyuchit' vspyshku s udvoeniem i bolee sil'nym rostom svetimosti). Eto oznachaet, chto modeli, v kotoryh za keVnyi i Tevnyi diapazon otvechaet odna i ta zhe populyaciya uskorennyh chastic, mozhno otbrosit'.
Authors: S. Gillessen et al.
Comments: accepted for publicatin in ApJ, 35 pages, 21 figures
Ocherednaya stat'ya, posvyashennaya dannym po dvizheniyu zvezd vokrug sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyry v centre nashei Galaktiki. Ispol'zuyutsya dannye za (uzhe) 16 let! Povyshaetsya tochnost' ocenki massy dyry. Teper' eto 4.31 milliona mass Solnca. Krome vsyakih prochih netochnostei v otvet vhodit i neopredelennost' v rasstoyanii do centra Galaktiki. Privedennoe znachenie dano dlya 8.33 kpk.
Authors: M. Zamaninasab et al.
Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures, contribution for the conference "The Universe under the Microscope" (AHAR 2008), to be published in Journal of Physics: Conference Series by Institute of Physics Publishing
Po nablyudeniyam v mae 2007 goda odnoi iz vspyshek SGR A* v blizhnem IK-diapazone avtory stroyat model', v kotoroi izmenenie parametrov vspyshki ob'yasnyaetsya goryachim pyatnom v diske. Pyatno vrashaetsya differencial'no, v rezul'tate ono evolyucioniruet, chto i nablyudaetsya.
Sm. takzhe drugie svezhie raboty etoi gruppy, svyazannye s issledovaniem nashei central'noi chernoi dyry i oblasti vokrug nee: arxiv:0810.0168 (o skoordinirovannyh nablyudeniyah SGR A* v raznyh diapazonah spektra), arxiv:0810.0138 (o nablyudeniyah SGR A* v millimetrovom diapazone), arxiv:0810.0138 (ob okoloyadernom zvezdnom skoplenii v centre Galaktiki).
Authors: Devecchi Berbadetta, Volonteri Marta
Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures, Submitted to ApJ on 09/08/2008
Sushestvuet takaya problema: Uzhe na krasnom smeshenii poryadka 5 my vidim kvazary. T.e., chernye dyry v nih uzhe dostatochno massivny. Poyavit'sya chernye dyry mogli iz pervyh zvezd na z~10-20. No prosto pervye zvezdy dayut dyry s massami 100-200 mass Solnca, i oni ne uspeyut dorasti do desyatkov millionov solnechnyh k z~5. V dannoi rabote avtory s pomosh'yu islennogo modelirovaniya rassmatrivayut model', kotoraya mozhet reshit' problemu.
Ideya sostoit v tom, chto neskol'ko procentov pervyh protogalatik na z~10-20 imeyut usloviya, dostatochnye dlya rozhdeniya plotnogo skopleniya massivnyh zvezd v centrah ih galo. Takoe skoplenie ochen' bystro dinamicheski evolyucioniruet. Zvezdy nachinayut slivat'sya drug s drugom bystree, chem zakonchat svoyu evolyuciyu. V itoge obrazuetsya ochen' massivnaya zvezda, kotoraya ostavlyaet posle sebya dyru s massoi 1000-2000 solnechnyh. I takaya dyra uzhe uspeet vyrasti, chtoby na z~5 my uvideli kvazar.
Authors: Sheperd Doeleman et al.
Comments: 12 pages including 2 figures, Nature, vol 455, p 78, 2008
Po dannym nablyudenii v millimetrovom diapazone avtory obnaruzhili strukturu s uglovym razmerom 30-50 mikrosekund, chto men'she ozhidaemogo razmera gorizonta.Eto mozhet govorit' o tom, chto znachitel'naya chast' izlucheniya ot Sgr A* mozhet idti ot akkrecionnogo potoka, a ne voznikat' v neposredstvennoi blizosti ot gorizonta. T.e., vidimo, polozhenie chernoi dyry ne sovpadaet s izmeryaemym polozheniem Sga A* na urovne desyatkov mikrosekund dugi. Odnako avtory pishut, chto dlya okonchatel'noi yasnosti nuzhny nablyudeniya na volne 1.3 millimetra s chut' bol'shei tochnost'yu.
Authors: M. J. Valtonen et al.
Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, published in Nature
Lyubopytnyi rezul'tat. V kvazare OJ287 nablyudayutsya periodicheskie vspyshki s periodom 12 let (dve vspyshki za period). Schitaetsya, chto eto svyazano s sushestvovaniem tam dvoinoi chernoi dyry. Yasno, chto, vrashayas' drug vokrug druga, chernye dyry, soglasno OTO, dolzhny izluchat' gravvolny i sblizhat'sya. Poslednyuyu vspyshku (sentyabr' 2007) udalos' predskazat' s tochnost'yu do dnya. Esli by ne bylo gravvoln, to vspyshka proizoshla by na 20 dnei pozzhe.
Model' dlya takogo povedeniya kvazara dvoe iz avtorov obsuzhdaemoi stat'i predlozhili eshe v 1996 godu. Odna iz chernyh dyr dva raza za period peresekaet akkrecionnyi disk vokrug vtoroi, chto i privodit k vspyshkam. Otmechu, chto vse-taki eto lish' odno iz vozmozhnyh ob'yasnenii.
Sam istochnik byl izvesten kak peremennaya zvezda eshe v 19 veke, v 1968 g. on byl identificirovan kak kvazar, tak chto statistika po nablyudeniyam ego vspyshek nabralas' uzhe poryadochnaya. No lish' v proshlom godu dannyh okazalos' dostatochno, chtoby popytat'sya s tochnost'yu do neskol'kih dnei predskazat' sleduyushuyu vspyshku (skazhem, v 1996 godu avtory eshe ne mogli eto sdelat').
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Authors: Mark J. Reid
Comments: Invited review submitted to International Journal of Modern Physics D; 23 pages; 10 figures
Horoshii obzor po issledovaniyam sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyry v centre nashei Galaktiki. Opisana istoriya voprosa i akkuratno rassmotreno, pochemu my tak uvereny, chto dyra tam est'.
Authors: A. M. Ghez, et al.
Comments: ApJ, accepted (26 pages, 16 figures, 7 tables)
Prodolzhayutsya nablyudeniya zvezd, obrashayushihsya vokrug central'noi sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyry v centre nashei Galaktiki. Sootvetstvenno, vozrastaet tochnot' opredeleniya massy dyry, rasstoyaniya do nee i t.d. Rasstoyanie ravno 8.4+/-0.4 kpk, a massa 4.5+/-0.4 millionov mass Solnca.
Authors: F. Eisenhauer et al.
Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures, to appear in the conference proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Instrumentation, 23-28 June 2008, Marseille, France
Dlya VLT razrabatyvaetsya special'nyi pribor, kotoryi pomozhet nablyudat' dvizhenie zvezd i gaza v neposredstvennoi blizosti ot gorizonta sobytii v istochnike Sgr A* - sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyre v centre nashei Galaktiki. Dlya realizacii potrebuetsya ne tol'ko sozdat' novye instrumenty, no i zadeistvovat' vsyu mosh' interferometricheskoi sistemy VLT.
Razumeetsya, nikto ne delaet pribor "pod odin ob'ekt", i v stat'e avtory rassmatrivayut i drugie vozmozhnye oblasti prilozhenii. Pribor nachnet rabotat' v 2013 godu (seichas ego sozdanie polnost'yu odobreno).
Authors: Janusz Ziolkowski
Comments: 13 pages, Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. Vol. 8 (2008), Suppl., 273-280
Obsuzhdayutsya razlichnye metody ocenki mass dlya astrofizicheskih chernyh dyr (zvezdnyh, promezhutochnyh mass i sverhmassivnyh). Kak obychno v obzorah Ciolkovskogo, est' neskol'ko poleznyh tablic.
Authors: Vincent L. Fish et al.
Comments: 4 pages PDF including 1 color figure, accepted for presentation at the XXIX URSI General Assembly
Izvestno, chto central'naya chernaya dyra nashei Galaktiki - Sgr A* - demonstriruet vspyshechnuyu aktivnost' v raznyh diapazonah. V stat'e avtory govoryat o vozmozhnosti obnaruzhenii struktur, nahodyashihsya sovsem blizko k gorizontu sobytii, po nablyudeniyam na submillimetrovyh volnah s pomosh'yu interferometrov s bol'shoi bazoi. Poka takie interferencionnye sistemy eshe ne zarabotali, no eto delo sovsem nedalekogo budushego.
Authors: D. Porquet et al.
Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A, 9 pages, 6 figures (online material: 2 pages and 3 figures)
Pro chernuyu dyru v centre nashei Galaktiki - Sgr A* - chasto vspominayut, vot ei i ikaetsya.
Napomnyu, chto ot Sgr A* dovol'no chasto nablyudayut rentgenovskie i IK vspyshki. V etot raz ih prosto uvideli "mnogo i srazu", prichem odna edva ne postavila rekord po moshnosti.
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Authors: Dimitrios Psaltis
Comments: 58 pages, review article for Living Reviews in Relativity
Avtor podrobno obsuzhdaet razlichnye vozmozhnosti dlya izucheniya gravitacionnyh effektov v sil'nom pole po nablyudeniyam neitronnyh zvezd i chernyh dyr. Obzor ochen' dostupen, no pri etom avtor kasaetsya vseh osnov.
Authors: Stanislav Babak, Mark Hannam, Sascha Husa, Bernard Schutz
Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure
Kosmicheskii lazernyi interferometr LISA budet registrirovat' sliyaniya sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr. Sprashivaetsya, mozhem li my dostatochno tochno opredelit', v kakoi galaktike proizoshlo sliyanie? Avtory pokazyvayut, chto s uchetom togo, chto my mozhem rasschitat', kak dolzhen vyglyadet' signal (i ot samogo sliyaniya i t.n. "zvon" posle nego), polozhenie mozhno budet opredelyat' dostatochno tochno. Dlya poloviny sistem na z=1 polozhenie budet opredelyat'sya s tochnost'yu 3 uglovye minuty, a dlya 20 procentov - odna uglovaya minuta.
Authors: Elena Gallo, Don Marolf
Comments: 15 pages, For the American Journal of Physics (15 pages). A Resource Letter is in large part an annotated bibliography. Comments and suggestions are welcome, though the goal is to keep the letter as brief as possible
Poleznaya svodka literaturnyh istochnikov (ot populyarnyh knig do professional'nyh obzorov i original'nyh statei) po chernym dyram. V kakih-to aspektah, po vsei vidimosti, avtory idut na povodu lichnyh pristrastii (poskol'ku istochnikov velikoe mnozhestvo), gde-to mozhno bylo vklyuchit' bolee svezhie ssylki, tem ne menee ochen' poleznaya shtuka. Hotelos' by imet' takie po vsem vozmozhnym oblastyam :)
Authors: Steven B. Giddings, Michelangelo M. Mangano
Comments: 97 pages
Avtory rassmatrivayut samye raznoobraznye varianty, svyazannye s sushestvovaniem TeVnyh chernyh dyr (takie, naprimer, mogut proizvodit'sya na uskoritele LHC), esli oni ustoichivy.
V chastnosti, avtory rassmatrivayut v ramkah razlichnyh scenariev, kak tikaie chernye dyry budut akkrecirovat', nahodyas' v Zemle. rezyume dovol'no optimistichnoe. Takzhe rassmatrivayutsya takie chernye dyry, rozhdennye v kosmicheskih luchah, i mnogoe-mnogoe drugoe. V stat'e vse-taki 97 stranic!!!
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Authors: I. F. Mirabel
Comments: Review based on courses given at international schools for graduate students and post-docs; 13 pages, 7 color figures
Nebol'shoi obzor po gruppe tesnyh dvoinyh sistem, v kotoryh pri akkreciyu na chernye dyry (hotya, pohozhe, est' sistemy i s neitronnymi zvezdami) voznikayut relyativistskie vybrosy (strui), za chto sistemy i prozvali mikrokvazarami.
Authors: C. Espaillat, J. Bregman, P. Hughes, E. Lloyd-Davies
Comments: 34 pages, 15 figures, ApJ, 679:182-193, 2008 May 20
QPO- eto kvaziperiodicheskie oscillyacii. T.e., v izmenenii potoka izlucheniya ot istochnika est' kakoi-to ne slishkom chetkii, no dostatochno stabil'nyi periodicheskii process. Est' raznye tipy QPO i raznye modeli. Prakticheski vsegda rech' idet o diskovoi akkrecii na neitronnye zvezdy i chernye dyry. Esli akkreciya idet na chernuyu dyru, to u diska est' vnutrennyaya granica, t.k. nachinaya s nekotorogo rasstoyaniya net ustoichivyh orbit, t.e. disk ne mozhet podoiti pryamo k gorizontu. Rasstoyanie zavisit ot massy chernoi dyry i ee vrasheniya. V prosteishem sluchae medlenno vrashayusheisya dyry mozhno poluchat' ocenku massy. No mogut byt' i drugie modeli. Naprimer, eto mogut byt' kakie-to gidrodinamicheskie neustoichivosti v diske.
Poka QPO nablyudalis' tol'ko v tesnyh dvoinyh sistemah, t.e. ni odnogo sluchaya dostovernogo QPO u aktivnyh yader galaktik ne bylo naideno (pravda, est' kvaziperiod u chernoi dyry v centre nashei Galaktiki, no eto uzhe drugaya istoriya). Avtory predstavlyayut analiz, soglasno kotoromu u pervogo identificirovannogo kvazara 3C273 (umestno upomyanut', chto Martin Shmidt 28 maya etogo goda poluchil premiyu Kavli za otkrytie kvazarov) est' kvazaperiod. Esli schitat', chto eto period obrasheniya po poslednei ustoichivoi orbite, to ocenka massy poluchaetsya ot 7.3 milliona mass solnca do 81 milliona (pri maksimal'nom vrashenii). Odnako rannie ocenki massy chernoi dyry po metodu reverberacionnogo kartirovaniya davali sushestvenno bolee vysokuyu ocenku - 235 millionov mass solnca. Znachit, pishut avtory, vozmozhno, chto nablyudaemye QPO - eto kakie-to kolebatel'nye mody v diske, a ne period na vnutrennei ustoichivoi orbite (nu, ili ocenka po reverberacionnomu kartirovaniyu ne verna).
Authors: G. Chartas, C. S. Kochanek, X. Dai, S. Poindexter, G. Garmire
Comments: 20 pages, includes 8 figures, submitted to ApJ
Ne ustayu udivlyat'sya, kakie vozmozhnosti daet gravitacionnoe mikrolinzirovanie dlya izucheniya nerazlichimyh s pomosh'yu sovremennyh priborov ob'ektov. Ideya prosta, prodstav'te sebe linzirovanie dalekogo kvazara: est' kvazar, est' my, a mezhdu nami galaktika, vystupayushaya v roli linzy. No v etoi galaktike est' zvezdy. I oni mogut davat' effekt mikrolinzirovaniya. Istochnikom v dannom sluchae yavlyaetsya akkrecionnyi disk vokrug sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyry v kvazare. V rezul'tate, my mozhem poluchat' ocenki razmera izluchayushei chasti diska. Eto ispol'zovalos' dlya proverki modelei diska (model' Shakury-Syunyaeva horosho podhodit), dlya izucheniya korrelyacii razmera diska s massoi cherynoi dyry i t.d. V ocherednoi stat'ei avtory izuchayut linzirovanie v rentgenovskom diapazone, chto dovol'no netrivial'no. Mozhno ocenit' razmer izluchayushei oblasti. Rezul'tat (menee 6 gravradiusov) nalagaet sushestvennye ogranicheniya na modeli koron diskov v aktivnyh yadrah.
Authors: Laura Blecha, Abraham Loeb
Comments: 15 pages, 15 figures
Pri sliyanii chernyh dyr, poluchayushiisya ob'ekt priobretaet lineinyi impul's. Eto nazyvayut gravitacionno-volnovoi raketoi. V poslednie gody effekt nachali uchityvat' v modelyah ierarhicheskogo skuchivaniya galaktik. Avtorov interesuet povedenie uzhe sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr, to, kak oni budut dvigat'sya, akkrecirovat' i tp. s uchetom togo, chto v rezul'tate sliyanii oni poluchayut dostatochno vysokie (sotni km v sek) skorosti.
Pri skorosti otdachi 100 km/s chernaya dyra osyadet obratno v centr galaktiki cherez million let (amplituda "bultyhanii" poryadka 30 pk). Chem vyshe skorost' - tem dol'she budet "boltanie" i bol'she amplituda. Interesno, chto velichina poluchennoi skorosti malo vliyaet na nabor massy chernoi dyroi za vremya "bultyhaniya" v galaktike, t.e. do osedaniya v centr (drugoe delo, chto chem vyshe skorost' - tem dol'she "boltaetsya"). K sozhaleniyu, obnaruzhit' chernye dyry, sil'no smeshennye ot centrov galaktik neprosto, t.k. chem bol'she smeshenie, tem koroche aktivnaya faza kvazara.
Authors: Gustavo E. Romero
Comments: 25 pages, 6 figures, Lecture Notes from the First La Plata International School on Astronomy and Geophysics
Nichego osobennogo - prosto horoshii ocherednoi obzor po chernym dyram. Rech' tam idet ne o nablyudeniyah, a o fizike. Kakie-to voprosmy lish' melkom upomyanuty, a kakie-to razobrany bolee detal'no.
Authors: S. Komossa, H. Zhou, H. Lu
Comments: To appear in ApJ Letters, 678, L81, 2008 (May 10 issue)
Avtory polagayut, chto oni nashli nailuchshii primer "otskakivayushei" chernoi dyry. Chto eto takoe? Napomnyu, chto est' takoi fenomen - gravitacionno-volnovaya raketa. V rezul'tate sliyaniya dvuh dyr obrazuetsya edinyi ob'ekt, kotoryi priobretaet lineinyi impul's. Znachit, my dolzhny videt' primery dyr, vyletayushih iz yadra posle sliyaniya (razumeetsya, chashe vsego dyra ne budet kak pulya vyletat' iz galaktiki i uletat' v beskonechnost', prosto ona nachnet boltat'sya vblizi centra, t.k. ee skorost' otdachi men'she skorosti ubeganiya). V kvazare SDSSJ092712.65+294344.0 kak raz nablyudaetsya nechto pohozhee.
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Authors: James M. Moran
Comments: 14 pages, 12 figures, accepted and to appear in "Frontiers of Astrophysics - A Celebration of NRAO's 50th Anniversary," ASP Conference Series, eds. Alan H. Bridle, James J. Condon and Gareth C. Hunt
V galaktike NGC 4258 blagodarya nalichiyu mazernyh istochnikov v akkrecionnom diske vokrug chernoi dyry, my mozhem poluchat' horoshie dannye o vnutrennem parseke. Eto dovol'no redkii sluchai, t.k., izuchiv sotni galaktik, drugih podobnyh sistem naideno malo (vsego megamazernyh galaktik izvestno okolo sotni - pyat' procentov ot issledovannyh, - no stol' "kachestvennyh" - 4-5 shtuk. Issledovaniya takih megamazernyh sistem v diske pozvolyaet poluchat' ochen' tochnye ocenki mass chernyh dyr i opredelyat' rasstoyaniya do galaktik.
Authors: S. S. Komissarov
Comments: 24 pages, To be published in the proceedings of the APCTP Winter School on Black Hole Astrophysics, 24-29 Jan 2008, Daejeon and Pohang, Korea
Vrashayushiesya chernye dyry imeyut bol'shoi zapas energii, kotoruyu nuzhno umet' zabrat'. Esli eto poluchaetsya, to mozhno zapuskat' moshnye istecheniya - dzhety, - kotorye nablyudayutsya i v dvoinyh sistemah, i v aktivnyh yadrah galaktik. Vozmozhno, chto i v gamma-vspleskah my imeem takuyu zhe situaciyu: vrashayushayasya chernaya dyra, disk i dzhety. Sushestvuet neskol'ko idei, kak mozhno zabirat' u chernoi dyry energiyu. Naibolee populyarnym yavlyaetsya mehanizm, predlozhennyi Blendfordom i Znaekom 30 let nazad. No est' i drugie. Naprimer, mehanizm, osnovannyi na idee Penrouza. V obzore detal'no razbirayutsya mehanizmy ispol'zovaniya energii chernyh dyr i ocenivaetsya ih vazhnost' v real'nyh astrofizicheskih situaciyah. Stat'ya ochen' neprostaya.
Authors: Eric Gourgoulhon, Jose Luis Jaramillo
Comments: 10 pages, 6 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the Conference "Jean-Pierre Lasota, X-ray binaries, accretion disks and compact stars" (Trzebieszowice, Poland, 7-13 October 2007), edited by M. Abramowicz and O. Straub, Elsevier, in press
Postoyanno poyavlyayutsya novye podhody k matematicheskomu opisaniyu chernyh dyr. Avtory opisyvayut nekotorye iz nih. osoboe vnimanie udeleno podhodam, pohodim na izvestnyi membrannyi.
Authors: Kristen Menou, Zoltan Haiman, Bence Kocsis
Comments: 8 pages, To appear in "Jean-Pierre Lasota, X-ray binaries, accretion disks and compact stars" New Astronomy Reviews, eds. M.A. Abramowicz and O. Straub (Elsevier, 2008)
Avtory rassmatrivayut vopros o tom, chto novogo my mozhem uznat' blagodarya detektoru LISA s uchetom togo, chto mozhno budet tochno opredelit' iz kakoi galaktiki prishel signal (vozmozhno, chto eto mozhno budet skazat' dazhe do pika vspleska). Stat'ya prezhde vsego interesna ob'yasneniem nekotoryh vozmozhnostei i ih obsuzhdeniem. V chastnosti, mozhno budet ogranichivat' al'ternativnye teorii gravitacii, t.k. mozhn bude opredelyat' zaderzhku mezhdu prihodom fotonnogo i gravitacionnogo signalov. Krome togo, nablyudeniya na LISA dadut nezavisimuyu ocenku rasstoyaniya do galaktik po ih gravitacionno-volnovomu signalu, chto takzhe ochen' interesno.
Authors: Bence Kocsis, Abraham Loeb
Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letters
Krasivyi rezul'tat. Avtory pokazyvayut, chto pri sliyanii dvuh sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr budut interesnye nablyudatel'nye effekty v elektro-magnitnom izluchenii.
Sverhmassivnye chernye dyry slivayutsya pri sliyaniyah galaktik. Poetomu vokrug dyr ne pusto - mnogo gaza. Sootvetstvenno, budet akkrecionnyi disk. Imenno v diske i budet proishodit' dissipaciya energii gravvoln. Okazyvaetsya, chto hotya volny budut ochen' slabo "raskachivat'" disk, tem ne menee etogo dostatochno, chtoby za nedeli (a to i gody) do polnogo sliyaniya voznikal nablyudaemyi signal. Krome togo, konechno zhe dolzhen byt' signal i ot samogo sliyaniya. Interesno, chto on pridet k nam na neskol'ko chasov (ili dazhe dnei) pozzhe gravitacionnogo signala (poka tam disk perekonvertiruet gravitacionnye volny v elektro-magnitnye).
Tak chto avtory polagayut, chto vo-pervyh, mozhno nadeyat'sya uvidet' slivayushiesya chernye dyry i do LISA (hotya, razumeetsya, LISA tut nichem ne zamenish': uvidet' signal, kosvenno svyazannyi so sliyaniem, sovsem ne tozhe samoe, chto uvidet' sam gravitacionno-volnovoi signal). Vo-vtoryh, uzhe posle zapuska LISA stoit lovit' elektro-magnitnye signaly, sootvetstvuyushie nablyudayushimsya gravitacionno-volnovym.
Authors: S. Vaughan, P. Uttley
Comments: 13 pages, 6 figures, in "Noise and Fluctuations" Proc. SPIE vol. 6603
Akkreciya na neitronnye zvezdy i chernye dyry idet ne rovnym spokoinym potokom. Est' turbulentnye dvizheniya, razlichnye neustoichivosti i tp. Vse eto otrazhaetsya na krivoi bleska istochnika, na taiminge i td. Razumeetsya, astronomy "oborachivayut" zadachu: po taimingu, po nablyudeniyam fluktuacii svetimosti i drugim menyayushimsya harakteristikam oni pytayutsya uznat' chto-to novoe o processe akkrecii. O nekotoryh novostyah v takih issledovaniyah mozhno uznat' ih obzora.
Sm. takzhe stat'yu arxiv:0802.0376, posvyashennuyu analogichnomu voprosu, no tol'ko isklyuchitel'no dlya sistem s chernymi dyrami.
Authors: Philip J. Humphrey et al.
Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ApJ
Gigantskaya ellipticheskaya galaktika NGC4649 nahoditsya v centre gruppy galaktik. Mozhno bylo by ozhidat', chto v galakticheskom centre nahoditsya sverhmassivnaya chernaya dyra, no nikakoi aktivnosti, svyazannoi s nei, ne nablyudaetsya. Tem ne menee, svoei massoi dyra sebya vydaet.
Nablyudeniya zvezdnoi kinematiki uzhe pozvolili sdelat' ocenku massu chernoi dyry. A v etoi stat'e avtory ispol'zuyut eshe odin metod dlya "vzveshivaniya" chernoi dyry. Oni nablyudayut goryachii gaz v galaktike po ego rentgenovskomu izlucheniyu. V potenciale galaktiki bez central'nogo massivnogo ob'ekta gaz dolzhen byt' holodnee v central'nyh oblastyah. Ponachalu i v NGC4649 temperatura gaza spadaet ot 20 kpk do ~1 kpk ot centra. No detal'nye issledovaniya gaza vnutri 200 pk ot centra galaktiki pokazali, chto tam nachinaetsya rost temperatury. Eto mozhno ob'yasnit' nalichiem ochen' massivnoi chernoi dyry. Bolee togo, esli sdelat' razumnoe predpolozhenie o gidrostaticheskom ravnovesii, to mozhno sdelat' ocenku massy dyry. Dlya NGC4649 ona poluchaetsya ravnoi primerno 3 milliardam mass Solnca. Eta ocenka sovpadaet so sdelannoi po kinematike zvezd. Dannoe sovpadenie pozvolyaet avtoram stat'i perevernut' argumentaciyu i govorit' o tom, chto my imeem podtverzhdenie togo, chto gaz nahoditsya v gidrostaticheskom ravnovesii.
Authors: Eva Noyola, Karl Gebhardt, Marcel Bergmann
Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures, ApJ accepted
Po dannym opticheskih nablyudenii avtory delayut vyvod o sushestvovanii chernoi dyry promezhutochnoi massy (primerno ot 30 000 do 50 000 mass Solnca) v skoplenii Omega Centavra. V kachestve osnovanii dlya takogo vyvoda avtory ispol'zuyut raspredelenie zvezdnoi plotnosti (oni vidyat harakternyi kasp), a takzhe raspredelenie skorostei (rost dispersii skorostei v centre govorit o koncentracii massy).
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Authors: Zachariah B. Etienne et al.
Comments: 22 pages, 14 figures, submitted to Phys.Rev.D
Avtory predstavlyayut rezul'taty chislennogo modelirovaniya sliyaniya chernoi dyry i neitronnoi zvezdy, poluchennye s pomosh'yu novogo koda. Napomnyu, chto takie sobytiya vo-pervyh, sovershenno tochno yavlyayutsya moshneishimi istochnikami gravitacionnyh voln (i, skoree vsego, LIGO pervymi uvidit imenno ih), a vo-vtoryh, kakoe-to vremya takie sobytiya obsuzhdalis' kak istochniki korotkih gamma-vspleskov.
Rezul'taty podtverzhdayut, chto gamma-vsplesk sdelat' trudno, t.k. pochti vse veshestvo neitronnoi zvezdy srazu provalivaetsya v dyru, i lish' zhalkie procenty idut na obrazovanie diska. Razumeetsya, avtory rasschityvayut formu gravimpul'sa. Sravnenie rezul'tatov raschetov s dannymi o budushih "otlovlennyh" vspleskah gravizlucheniya pozvolit dat' vazhnye ogranicheniya na uravnenie sostoyaniya neitronnyh zvezd.
Authors: D. P. Marrone et al.
Comments: Submitted to ApJ. Comments welcome
Kak izvestno, v centre nashei galaktiki nahoditsya sverhmassivnaya chernaya dyra (s massoi neskol'ko millionov solnechnyh). Kak izvestno, dyra nasha ves'ma neaktivna: ee svetimost' mala v sravnenii s eddingtonovskim predelom dlya takoi massy. Kak izvestno, s nei svyazan istochnik Sagittarius A*. Kak izvestno, etot istochnik vspyhivaet. Kak izvestno, prichina vspyshek neizvestna.
Avtoram udalos' otnablyudat' odnu iz vspyshek srazu v chetyreh diapazonah s pomosh'yu pervoklassnyh instrumentov. Mozhno nadeyat'sya, chto eti dannye taki pomogut teoretikam postroit' okonchatel'nuyu model' vspyshek.
Sm. takzhe arxiv:0712.2882, gde "konkuriruyushaya firma" obsuzhdaet tu zhe vspyshku. Etoi gruppe udalos' otnablyudat' ee i na VLA.
Authors: Mitchell C. Begelman, Elena M. Rossi, Philip J. Armitage
Comments: 11 pages, 9 figures, MNRAS submitted. Resubmitted version after referee review
Sushestvuet takaya problema: kak bystro vyrastit' iz zarodyshevyh chernyh dyr sverhmassivnye ob'ekty v centrah galaktik? Delo v tom, chto prosto "napihat'" veshestvo vnutr' dyry za schet akkrecii nel'zya, t.k. pri akkrecii vydelyaetsya energiya, i etot potok izlucheniya ostanovit akkreciyu (tochnee otreguliruet ee v sootvetstvii s t.n. Eddingtonovskim predelom, opredelyaemym massoi chernoi dyry).
Avtory rassmatrivayut akkreciyu na chernuyu dyru iz plotnoi gazovoi obolochki. Eto pohozhe na situaciyu, v kotoroi nachinaetsya rost massy chernyh dyr v centrah molodyh galaktik. Za schet otvoda energii konvekciei, avtoram udaetsya obespechit' dostatochno vysokii rost massy. Tak mozhno dorastit' massu do neskol'kih tysyach solnechnyh za million let. Potom obolochka, v kotoroi idet konvekciya, rasseivaetsya. Eto vazhnyi etap v processe uvelicheniya massy chernyh dyr. Veroyatno, nablyudeniya na kosmicheskom teleskope sleduyushego pokoleniya mogut dat' otvet na vopros realizuetsya li takoi scenarii v deistvitel'nosti.
Authors: Stuart L. Shapiro
Comments: to appear in "Black Holes: Aspects of Black Hole Physics and Astrophysics", ed. M. Livio and A. M. Koekemoer (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge). (15 pages, 6 figures)
Chernye dyry byvayut raznymi. No samye dostovernye kandidaty otnosyatsya ili k dyram, vhodyashim v dvoinye sistemy, ili k sverhmassivnym ob'ektam v centrah galaktik. O nih i idet rech'.
Opisyvayutsya rezul'taty modelirovaniya po obrazovaniyu chernyh dyr zvezdnyh mass (v rezul'tate kollapsa massivnyh zvezd na poslednih stadiyah evolyucii ili v rezul'tate sliyaniya neitronnyh zvezd), a takzhe po rostu massy sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr.
S odnoi storony tut progress i novye rezul'taty, s drugoi - situaciya poka ostaetsya ne do konca proyasnennoi, daleko ne do konca .....
Authors: Jerome A. Orosz et al.
Comments: To appear in Nature October 18, 2007. Four figures (one color figure degraded). Differs slightly from published version. Supplementary Information follows in a separate posting
Avtory soobshayut o tom, chto ocenka massy chernoi dyry v odnoi iz vnegalakticheskih tesnyh dvoinyh sistem okazalos' dovol'no vysokoi - okolo 16 mass Solnca. Eto rekord. Ocenku udalos' sdelat' blagodarya tomu, chto v sisteme nablyudayut zatmeniya, t.e. my vidim ee pochti s rebra. Eto pozvolyaet poluchit' ne tol'ko nizhnii predel (funkciyu mass), no i ocenku massy chernoi dyry.
Otmechu, chto vse-taki ne stoit preuvelichivat' tochnost' ocenki. Sami avtory govoryat o 14-17 mass Solnca, no eto ne znachit, chto ne mozhet byt' i 13, ili 12 ....
Poyavlenie takih chernyh dyr ne yavlyaetsya chem-to neozhidannym. Raschety pozvolyayut poluchat' i neskol'ko bolee massivnye chernye dyry v rezul'tate normal'nogo kollapsa yader massivnyh zvezd (drugoe delo, chto v dvoinoi sisteme poyavlyayutsya dopolnitel'nye slozhnosti - massa "utekaet" na zvezdu-sosedku ili rasseivaetsya v prostranstve na t.n. stadii "obshei obolochki"). Tem ne menee, esli ocenka podtverditsya, rezul'tat kraine vazhen, ibo raschety raschetami, a astronomiya - nauka nablyudatel'naya. Nu a u teoretikov poyavilas' dopolnitel'naya zadacha - ob'yasnit' formirovanie takoi dyry v tesnoi dvoinoi sisteme s izvestnymi parametrami.
Dopolnitel'nye materialy k stat'e nahodyatsya zdes': arxiv:0710.3168.
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Authors: Thomas J. Maccarone et al.
Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the proceedings of IAUS 246, "Dynamical Evolution of Dense Stellar Systems", ed. Vesperini, Giersz and Sills
Esli eto podtverditsya, to eto kuda kak interesnee, chem chernaya dyra s massoi 15 mass solnca.
Dolgoe vremya schitali, chto v sharovyh skopleniyah dolzhny byt' chernye dyry, i chto oni dolzhny izluchat' v rentgene. No za 40 s lishnim let rentgenovskoi astronomii nikto tak nichego i ne nashel. Bolee togo, net ni odnoi chetko podtverzhdennoi ("chetko" na urovne drugih sil'nyh kandidatov v chernye dyry) chernoi dyry v sharovyh skopleniyah po dannym lyubyh nablyudenii (hotya nekotorye ukazaniya na ih sushestvovanie est', svyazany oni vse s dinamikoi zvezd v skopleniyah). Tak vot, Tomas i ego kollegi raportuyut ob obnaruzhenii ochen' interesnogo istochnika.
Nablyudeniya provodilis' na XMM-Newton. Istochnik vnegalakticheskii. Materinskaya galaktika NGC 4472. Svetimost' ochen' bol'shaya - pod 1040 erg/s. Istochnik sil'no peremennyi. Poluchen i opticheskii spektr, kotoryi, po mneniyu avtorov, govorit v pol'zu ih interpretacii. Sootvetstvenno, oni polny entuziazma i prizyvayut iskat' chernye dyry v dvoinyh sistemah v sharovyh skopleniyah Mlechnogo Puti (rech' idet o dyrah v spokoinom sostoyanii, kogda net moshnoi akkrecii, inache davno by uzhe otkryli).
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Authors: B. Aschenbach
Comments: 7 pages, talk given at the 2007 Frascati workshop, acc. for publication in the Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys
Nebol'shoi obzor, posvyashennyi kvaziperiodicheskim oscillyaciyam, nablyudaemym u kandidatov v chernye dyry. Krome obychno rassmatrivaemyh tesnyh dvoinyh sistem avtor udelyaet otnositel'no mnogo mesta obsuzhdeniyu oscillyacii u Sgr A*. Na moi vzglyad, obzor horosho illyustriruet zaputannost' situacii s interpretaciei oscillyacii. Tak chto nuzhno dostatochno akkuratno otnosit'sya k razlichnym ocenkam (v pervuyu ochered' massy i tempa vrasheniya), poluchaemym na osnove dannyh po QPO.
Authors: Frans Pretorius
Comments: 42 pages, 7 Figures. The "final version" of this Lecture Note will appear in the book: "Relativistic Objects in Compact Binaries: From Birth to Coalescence" Editor: Colpi et al. Pulisher: Springer Verlag, Canopus Publishing Limited
Bol'shoi obzor-lekciya po sliyaniyam chernyh dyr. Rech' idet o teorii, ne o nablyudeniyah. Odnako chast' lekcii budet vpolne dostupna nespecialistam.
Authors: Jim Hinton et al. (for the H.E.S.S. Collaboration)
Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, Contribution to the 30th ICRC, Merida, Mexico, July 2007
Kak izvestno, chernaya dyra v centre nashei Galaktiki - Sgr A* - vremya ot vremeni vydaet vspyshki, nablyudaemye v rentgenovskom i IK diapazonah. Odnu iz nih udalos' odnovremenno pronablyudat' i v zhestkom gamma na H.E.S.S. Kak okazalos', v gamma nikakoi vspyshki ne proizoshlo. Eto znachit, chto ochen' zhestkie kvanty voznikayut ne vblizi chernoi dyry, kak rentgen, a gde-to podal'she.
Authors: Norbert Straumann
Comments: 18 pages, 5 figures,invited lecture given at the III Mexican Meeting on Mathematical and Experimental Physics, September 10-14, 2007 at El Colegio Nacional; to be published by the American Institute of Physics
Eto v samom dele lekciya, a ne obzor. T.k., stat'ya soderzhit ne perechen' rezul'tatov, a detal'noe izlozhenie. Razumeetsya, tekst poluchaetsya dostatochno tehnicheskim. Budet polezen tem, kto v samom dele hochet razobrat'sya, kak rabotaet mehanizm Blendforda-Znaeka i tp. Trebuetsya ser'eznyi background.
Authors: Jane H. MacGibbon, B. J. Carr, Don N. Page
Comments: 32 pages, 3 figures
Nekotoryi avtory polagayut, chto v raschetah izlucheniya isparyayushihsya chernyh dyr vazhen uchet fotosfery. V dannoi stat'e avtory issleduyut etot vopros i prihodyat k vyvodu, chto fotosfera ne obrazuetsya.
Sm. takzhe vtoruyu stat'yu teh avtorov.
Authors: T. Shahbazet al.
Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted by ApJ
Predstavleny polyarimetricheskie nablyudeniya treh rentgenovskih dvoinyh (Sco X-1, Cyg X-2, GRS1915+105) v blizhnem IK diapazone. Dlya vseh treh polyarizciya obnaruzheno, no dlya GRS1915+105 ona mozhet byt' svyazana s vozdeistviem mezhzvezdnoi sredy, a dlya dvuh drugih - net. Avtory polagayut, chto prichinoi polyarizacii mozhet byt' sinhrotronnyi mehanizm izlucheniya. Togda, my zaglyadyvaem v samuyu vnutrennyuyu oblast' dzheta, glubzhe, chem eto mozhno sdelat' v radiodiapazone!
Authors: V. I. Dokuchaev, Yu. N. Eroshenko, S. G. Rubin
Comments: 42 pages, 5 figures, review paper
Dan obzor razlichnyh scenariev obrazovaniya sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr. Razumeetsya, avtory obsuzhdayut nedostatki razlichnyh scenariev i vozmozhnye puti resheniya imeyushihsya problem.
Authors: Massimo Ricotti, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Katherine J. Mack
Comments: 17 pages (Apj style), 9 figures, submitted to ApJ
Avtory obsuzhdayut, kak nalichie dostatochno massivnyh (ne isparayushihsya) pervichnyh chernyh dyr mozhet vliyat' na svoistva reliktovogo izlucheniya, reionizaciyu i tp. Udaetsya dat' sushestvenno (na poryadki) bolee strogii predel na chernye dyry s massoi bolee 0.1 solnechnoi. Uchet pervichnyh chernyh dyr dostatochno bol'shoi massy mozhet byt' vazhen pri opredelenii kosmologicheskih parametrov (ved' pri takoi procedure vsegda zakladyvaetsya nekotoraya model').
Authors: Mitchell C. Begelman
Comments:5 pages, 2 figures. To appear in "First Stars III", proceedings of the conference in Santa Fe, NM, July 16-20, 2007, eds. B. O'Shea, A. Heger and T. Abel. AIP Conference Proceedings
Avtor rassmatrivaet bystroe formirovanie chernyh dyr v yadrah galaktik za schet pryamogo kollapsa gaza (t.e. bez obrazovaniya zvezd). Za schet akkrecii takie dyry bystro narashivayut svoyu massu do neskol'kih tysyach solnechnyh. Eto mozhet pomoch' reshit' problemu bystrogo rosta massy sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr.
Authors: M. M. Kasliwal et al.
Comments: Submitted to ApJ, 17 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables
10 iyunya etogo goda sputnik SWIFT uvidel ocherednoi gamma-vsplesk. Nu uvidel - i uvidel. On ih chasto vidit, dlya togo i zapuskali. No vse ne tak prosto. Vozmozhno, chto my imeem delo s interesnym otkrytiem.
Sputnik SWIFT neset na bortu pribory, pozvolyayushie opredelyat' polozhenie vspleska s dostatochno vysokoi tochnost'yu (neskol'ko uglovyh minut). Posle vspleska, dlivshegosya 5 sekund (normal'nyi vsplesk, klassificiruemyi kak "dlinnyi") v toi oblasti, iz kotoroi prishel vsplesk udalos' uvidet' peremennyi rentgenovskii istochnik. Opticheskie nablyudeniya etoi oblasti pokazali, chto spektr pohozh na spektr zvezdy klassa K (eto mozhet byt' sub-gigant ili karlik, t.e. obychnaya zvezda glavnoi posledovatel'nosti). Vse eto govorit o tom, chto my vidim tesnuyu dvoinuyu sistemu, skoree vsego s chernoi dyroi. Esli eta sistema imeet otnoshenie k vsplesku, to eto ochen' vazhnyi rezul'tat! Eto oznachaet, chto dvoinye chernye dyry (v pare s malomassivnym kompan'onom) mogut pokazyvat' ochen' interesnyi tip aktivnosti, kotoryi "podmeshivaetsya" k obychnym gamma-vspleskam!
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Authors: A. Ibragimov et al.
Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures and 2 tables, accepted to MNRAS
U izvestnogo kandidata v chernye dyry Cyg X-1 sushestvuet modulyaciya izlucheniya s periodom okolo 150 dnei. Eto mnogo bol'she orbital'nogo perioda. Blagodarya novym dannym avtory poluchili vozmozhnost' dostatochno podrobno issledovat' etu peremennost'. Veroyatnee vsego, my imeem delo s precessiei akkrecionnogo diska. Takoe yavlenie nablyudaetsya i u drugoi izvestnoi sistemy - SS 433. Voobshe, sistemy ochen' pohozhi! Tol'ko rezhimy akkrecii raznye.
Authors: Marta Volonteri, Marek Sikora, Jean-Pierre Lasota
Comments: 9 pages, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
Davno uzhe bylo zamecheno, chto v srednem radioizluchenie ot diskovyh galaktik namnogo slabee, chem ot ellipticheskih (rech' idet o krupnyh ellipticheskih galaktikah). Bylo vyskazano predpolozhenie, chto eto mozhet byt' svyazano s tem, chto v ellipticheskih galaktikah central'nye sverhmassivnye chernye dyry bystree vrashayutsya. V dannoi stat'e avtory proveryayut etu ideyu.
V samom dele, raschety pokazyvayut, chto iz-za togo, chto rost mass chernyh dyr v ellipticheskih galaktikah proishodit vo vremya moshnyh epizodov akkrecii, svyazannyh so sliyaniyami s krupnymi galaktikami, a v diskovyh massa dyr rastet iz-za skromnyh epizodov, vrashenie chernyh dyr bystree v ellipticheskih.
Authors: MAGIC Collaboration: J. Albert, et al
Comments: 4 ApJL-formatted pages, 4 figures. Submitted to ApJL
S pomosh'yu nazemnogo gamma-teleskopa MAGIC provedeny nablyudeniya samoi izvestnoi sistemy s chernoi dyroi (ili, strogo govorya, s kandidatom v chernye dyry) - Lebed' H-1. Nikakogo postoyannogo gamma-izlucheniya obnaruzheno ne bylo. Zato est' slaboe (na urovne 4 sigma) ukazanie na to, chto byla obnaruzhena vspyshka. Prichem vspyshka sovpala s rentgenovskoi. Esli gamma-vspyshka real'na, to eto pervyi primer obnaruzheniya gamma-izlucheniya TeVnoi energii ot kandidata v chernye dyry (napomnyu, chto let 20 nazad po etomu povodu bylo mnogo diskussii, i togda ne udalos' dokazat' real'nost' signalov, o kotoryh zayavlyali neskol'ko grupp issledovatelei).
Nablyudeniya etogo istochnika obsuzhdayutsya takzhe v e-printe arxiv:0706.1372. V nem predstavleny rezul'taty sovmestnyh nablyudenii v radio i rentgenovskom diapazonah. Udalos' uvidet' vspyshku, proizoshedshuyu prakticheski odnovremenno na etih stol' raznyh dlinah voln.
Authors: Lucio Mayer et al.
Comments: Accepted for publication in Science, 40 pages, 7 figures, Supplementary Information included
Predstavleny rezul'taty chislennogo modelirovaniya sliyaniya galaktik s chernymi dyrami. Otslezhivaetsya process formirovaniya svyazanoi sistemy iz dvuh chernyh dyr.
Stat'ya napisana dlya Science, krome togo predstavleno mnogo dopolnitel'nyh materialov. Rekomenduetsya k prochteniyu.
Authors: Julien Malzac
Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures, invited review at the Sixth Microquasar workshop: Microquasars and Beyond, Como, Italy, September 18-22, 2006
Ochen' soderzhatel'no, ponyatno i krasochno raspisano pro modeli, v ramkah kotoryh interpretiruyutsya dannye po nablyudeniyam mikrokvazarov. V osnovnom rech' idet o rentgenovskih spektrah, ob ih variaciyah i tp.
Authors: T.P. Roberts
Comments: Invited talk at the 5th Stromlo Symposium. 10 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Science
Nebol'shoi obzor po rentgenovskim nablyudeniyam UMI. Razumeetsya, avtor obsuzhdaet obe gipotezy o prirode etih istochnikov (chernye dyry promezhutochnyh mass ili zhe obychnye "zvezdnye" chernye dyry), no obzor vse-taki imenno chto nablyudatel'nyi, i v etom ego dostoinstvo. Ne zashishaya ni odnu iz gipotez, avtor izlagaet osnovnye fakty i rassmatrivaet, kak oni ukladyvayutsya (ili ne ukladyvayutsya) v ramki modelei.
Authors: Matt Visser
Comments: 37 pages, 1 figure: This is a draft of an introductory chapter on the Kerr spacetime that is intended for use in the book "The Kerr spacetime", currently being edited by Susan Scott, Matt Visser, and David Wiltshire.
Na samom dele, ne takoe uzh kratkoe, i sovsem ne prostoe vvedenie v kerrovskuyu metriku. Hotya prostota sostoit, pozhalui, v tom, chto vypisany mnogie formuly, bez kotoryh potom sovsem nel'zya vlezat' v detali (detali - v knige, mozhet byt' i ona poyavitsya v svoe vremya v seti).
Authors: A.K.H. Kong et al.
Comments: 10 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to ApJ
Po dannym nablyudenii na Chandre v central'noi oblasti izvestnoi blizkoi galaktiki s moshnym zvezdoobrazovaniem M82 otkryt tranzientnyi ul'tramoshnyi istochnik (audiofail s zapis'yu nauchno-populyarnoi programmy, v kotoroi shla rech' ob etih ob'ektah, mozhno naiti zdes'). Raspolozhen ob'ekt v molodom zvezdnom skoplenii. Avtory polagayut, chto my imeem delo s chernoi dyroi promezhutochnoi massy (bolee 100 solnechnyh).
Authors: Shai Kaspi
Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, Conference proceedings to appear in "The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei", ed. L. C. Ho and J.-M. Wang (San Francisco: ASP)
Chasto sprashivayut: "A kak opredelyayut massy chernyh dyr v galaktikah?" A vot tak! Chitaite ob odnom iz metodov.
Ideya sostoit v tom, chto po izmeneniyam potoka izlucheniya ot aktivnogo yadra mozhno sudit' o povedenii gaza vokrug chernoi dyry. Nuzhno tol'ko dostatochno chasto i regulyarno provodit' fotometricheskie nablyudeniya i poluchat' spektry (vazhno ved' takzhe i to, kak menyaetsya intesivnost' spektral'nyh linii i tp.). Nu a povedenie gaza soderzhit v sebe informaciyu o masse dyry.
Konechno, metod bolee chem ne pryamoi. Tem ne menee, vpolne poleznyi.
Authors: Tiziana Di Matteo et al.
Comments: 22 pages, 17 figures, submitted to ApJ
Rassmatrivaetsya sovmestnaya evolyuciya galaktik i sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr v ramkah standartnoi ierarhicheskoi modeli. Unikal'nost' chislennoi modeli sostoit v tom, chto vse-vse-vse po vozmozhnosti rassmotreno sovmestno.Vrode by, vse osnovnye zakonomernosti i nablyudatel'nye fakty nahodyat svoe mesto v dannoi modeli.
Sm. takzhe arxiv:0705.2238
Authors: Fulvio Melia
Comments: 26 pages, 15 figures, to appear in "Kerr Spacetime: Rotating Black Holes in General Relativity" eds. D.L. Wiltshire, M. Visser and S.M. Scott, (Cambridge Univ. Press)
Obzor po sverhmassivnym chernym dyram ot odnogo iz krupneishih ekspertov v dannoi oblasti. Rassmatrivaetsya mesto sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr v ierarhicheskoi modeli formirovaniya struktury. Krome togo, poskol'ku Melia, kak teoretik, mnogo zanimalsya "nashei" chernoi dyroi (t.e. Sgr A*), to v obzore dovol'no mnogo mesta udeleno sverhmassivnoi dyre v centre Mlechnogo Puti.
Authors: Geraint F. Lewis, Juliana Kwan
Comments: 7-pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of Australia
Kak prinyato govorit', "pedagogicheskaya zametka". T.e., nikakih original'nyh rezul'tatov tut net, zato razobrana interesnaya zadacha.
Rassmatrivaetsya padenie v chernuyu dyru. Zadacha odnomernaya. Vopros takov: kak sdelat' vremya padeniya ot gorizonta do singulyarnosti maksimal'nym. Kratkii otvet takov: ne rypat'sya. Maksimal'noe vremya dostigaetsya, esli padenie ot gorizonta nachinaetsya iz sostoyaniya pokoya. Kontrintuitivnyi rezul'tat takov: esli vy padaete ot gorizonta iz sostoyaniya pokoya, a pod gorizontov vklyuchaete dvigateli rakety, chtoby zamedlit' padenie, to padenie svoe vy tol'ko uskorite. Edinstvennoe v chem dvigateli mogut byt' polezny, tak eto v popadanii na traektoriyu, sootvetstvuyushuyu padeniyu iz sostoyaniya pokoya na gorizonte.
Authors: Thibault Damour, Sergey N. Solodukhin
Comments: 13 pages, no figures, Latex
V vpolne dostupnoi stat'e avtory rassmatrivayut vopros o tom, mozhno li s tochki zreniya sovremennyh nablyudenii razlichit' chernye dyry i krotovye nory. Okazyvaetsya, chto sdelat' eto prakticheski nevozmozhno. Vse upiraetsya v to, chto kak obychno prodemonstrirovat' sushestvovanie gorizonta u real'nogo astronomicheskogo ob'ekta kraine tyazhelo.
Podrobnee ob etoi stat'e sm. v novostyah nauki na saite Grani.ru.
Authors: John G. Baker et al.
Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures
Goda tri nazad vozrodilsya interes k t.n. "gravitacionno-volnovoi rakete". Ideya tut v tom, chto pri sliyanii chernyh dyr obrazuyushayasya dyra poluchaet impul's (ili, kak govoryat, "kik" - udar, tolchok, kick). Svyazano eto s nesimmetrichnym izlucheniem gravitacionnyh voln.
V samom nachale svoei stat'i Beiker i dr. otmechayut uspehi v chislennom modelirovanii sliyanii chernyh dyr. Tem ne menee, dlya "shirokoi obshestvennosti" bylo by chrezvychaino udobno, esli by rezul'taty raschetov byli horosho zaapproksimirovanny kakoi-nibud' formuloi (pust' i slozhnoi), ibo inache nezavisimym gruppam (u kotoryh net svoih kodov) nevozmozhno vklyuchat' ucheta effekta gravitacionno-volnovoi rakety v svoi modeli. A effekt vazhen dlya mnogih oblastei astrofiziki. V pervuyu ochered' on sushestvenen pri raschetah rosta galaktik v modeli ierarhicheskogo skuchivaniya.
V svoei stat'e Beiker i dr. pytayutsya dat' takuyu formulu, osnovyvayas' na svoih raschetah, a takzhe na rezul'tatah opublikovannyh raschetov drugih grupp. Formula dana, i po slovam avorov ona approksimiruet rezul'taty s tochnost' luchshe 10 procentov.
Authors: Manuela Campanelli, Carlos O. Lousto, Yosef Zlochower, David Merritt
Comments: 4 pages, 4 figs, revtex4
Napomnyu, chto pri sliyanii dvuh chernyh dyr obrazuyushayasya dyra poluchaet dopolnitel'nuyu skorost' iz-za nesimmetrichnogo izlucheniya gravitacionnyh voln na poslednih stadiyah sliyaniya. Tipichnye skorosti poluchayutsya poryadka 100 km/s. Skorost' zavisit ot otnosheniya mass chernyh dyr, ot orientacii ih osei vrasheniya i ot skorosti vrasheniya. Provesti tochnyi raschet nelegko iz-za trudnosti zadachi, poetomu mnogie detali raspredeleniya skorostei ostayutsya neizvestnymi.
Avtory dannoi stat'i issledovali, kakoi mozhet byt' maksimal'naya skorost', priobretennaya chernoi dyroi za schet effekta gravitacionno-volnovoi rakety. Soglasno ih raschetam maksimal'naya skorost' mozhet dostigat' 4000 km/s!
Authors: Piero Madau
Comments: 8 pages, Invited talk at the IAU Symposium 238: "Black Holes: From Stars to Galaxies -Across the Range of Masses". Prague, August 2006
Poleznyi obzor po chernym dyram. Rech' idet ob ob'ektah, voznikayushih iz samyh pervyh zvezd (populyaciya III) na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah, i ob ih evolyucii. Imenno sliyaniya etih chernyh dyr i akkreciya na nih privodyat k formirovaniyu sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr v yadrah galaktik. No uzhe na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah, edva vozniknuv, chernye dyry mogut nachat' siyat' kak pervye mikrokvazary... V obshem - interesnyi i ochen' ponyatnyi obzor.
V dopolnenie stoit obratit' vnimanie na obzor astro-ph/0701512.
Authors: Avery E. Broderick, Ramesh Narayan
Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, Classical and Quantum Gravity, Volume 24, Issue 3, pp. 659-666 (2007)
Gravizvezdy - eto takaya dovol'no strannaya al'ternativa chernym dyram. Po pravde skazat', vse al'ternativy chernym dyram vyglyadyat stranno, tak chto sredi nih gravizvezdy vpolne tak sebe normal'ny :). Avtory obsuzhdayut, kak dannye po akkreciruyushim (ili akkrecirovavshim) chernym dyram mogut zakryt' model' gravizvezd, ili zotya by sil'no ee ogranichit'.
Authors: Thomas J. Maccarone et al.
Comments: 11 pages, 1 figure, to appear in 11 January edition of Nature.
Rentgenovskie nablyudeniya ukazyvayut na nalichie v sharovom skoplenii v galaktike NGC 4472 akkreciruyushei chernoi dyry. Sobstvenno, ukazanie sostoit v tom, chto svetimost' istochnika slishkom vysoka, chtoby ob'yasnit' ee akkreciei na neitronnuyu zvezdu, a peremennost' istochnika isklyuchaet vozmozhnost' togo, chto svetyat neskol'ko otdel'nyh ob'ektov, slivayushihsya dlya nas v odin.
Authors: Michael P. Muno
Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures. Uses aipproc.cls. To appear in the proceedings of the conference ``The Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins'', 2006 June 11--24, Cefalu, Sicily, to be published by AIP
Mne stat'ya pokazalas' ochen' interesnoi. V samom dele, my ploho ponimaem, kakie iz massivnyh zvezd prevrashayutsya v neitronnye zvezdy, a kakie v chernye dyry. Yasno tol'ko, chto net kakogo-to odnogo universal'nogo predela na massu, vyshe kotoroi zvezda yavlyaetsya praroditelem chernoi dyry.
Authors: Neven Bilic
Comments: 57 pages, 4 figures, notes to the lectures given at the School on Particle Physics, Gravity and Cosmology,
Tematika lekcii ohvatyvaet i teoriyu i nablyudeniya. V teorii avtor ne uglublyaetsya slishkom daleko. V obshem, obzor ostavil horoshee vpechatlenie: ocherednoi raz vmeste sobrany osnovnye dannye po chernym dyram.
Krome togo, stoit upomyanut' svezhii obzor astro-ph/0610544, posvyashennyi akkrecii na chernye dyry.
Authors: Takashi Okajima et al.
Comments: 12 pages, 2 figures, accepted for ApJL
Novye dannye i detal'noe modelirovanie dayut avtoram vozmozhnost' utverzhdat', chto ul'tramoshnyi istochnik M82 X-1, yavlyayushiisya luchshim kandidatom v chernye dyry promezhutochnyh mass, modet soderzhat' v sebe zvezdnuyu chernuyu dyru s massoi ot 19 do 32 mass Solnca.
Authors: N.S. Kardashev, I.D. Novikov, A.A. Shatskiy
Comments: 15 pages, 5 figures
Ves'ma ekstravagantnaya gipoteza o vozmozhnosti sushestvovaniya chervotochin v aktivnyh yadrah galaktik i v tesnyh dvoinyh sistemah s chernymi dyrami.
Obsudit' v ZhZh-soobshestve
ru_astroph.
Obsudit' na Astroforume v
Nauchnoi panorame.
Authors: Marta Volonteri
Comments: 9 pages, Invited review at the Sixth International LISA Symposium
Obzor napisan dlya konferencii, posvyashennoi proektu LISA, poetomu osnovnoi material uvyazyvaetsya s izlucheniem gravvoln. Odnako iz bez nih tam est' chto obsudit'.
Sobstvenno, osnovnoi temoi yavlyaetsya sleduyushii process. V hode ierarhicheskogo skuchivaniya, kogda iz pervonachal'nyh nebol'shih galo "na odnu zvezdu" formiruyutsya galaktiki, ih skopleniya i t.p., proishodit mnozhestvo aktov sliyaniya chernyh dyr. Delo v tom, chto pervye zvezdy, poyavlyayushiesya v etih pervichnyh galo, v osnovnom dolzhny porozhdat' imenno chernye dyry. Nachav s mass poryadka 100-200 mass Solnca, chernye dyry bystro "polneyut", i, esli na nih idet akkreciya, my mozhem nablyudat' ih kak kvazary na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah.
Authors: Tanmay Vachaspati, Dejan Stojkovic, Lawrence M. Krauss
Comments: 13 pages; 8 figures
Propustil by stat'yu, esli by ne prof. Postnov. (Proizoshedshee lishnii raz dokazyvaet, chto ochen' polezno po utram obsuzhdat' svezhie stat'i v Arhive i t.p. K sozhaleniyu, massovogo haraktera takie diskussii u nas ne nosyat).
Avtory issledovali kollaps sfericheskoi obolochki (domennoi stenki) v kvantovoi modeli. Tak zhe kak i v klassicheskom sluchae, dlya udalennogo nablyudatelya kollaps dlitsya vechno. Tut vse horosho. Interesnoe dal'she.
U avtorov poluchaetsya, chto obrazovaniya gorizonta taki ne proishodit. Vse uspevaet isparit'sya do ego poyavleniya. T.o., net problem s poterei informacii (informacionnyi paradoks, svyazannyi s chernymi dyrami, yavlyaetsya predmetom burnogo obsuzhdeniya).
Stat'ya dostatochno tehnicheskaya. Bylo by horosho, esli by kto-to iz specialistov v dannoi konkretnoi oblasti vystupil s raz'yasnenniyami i poyasnenniyami. V chastnosti, bylo by vazhno ponyat' naskol'ko rezul'tat model'no zavisim, naskol'ko mogut byt' kritichny sdelannye predpolozheniya i t.p.
Authors: G. Miniutti et al.
Comments: MNRAS Letters in press
Ya uzhe rasskazyval ob ul'tramoshnyh rentgenovskih istochnikah (UMI). V etoi rabote avtory opisyvayut rezul'taty nedavnih nablyudenii na sputnike XMM-Newton. Issleduya spiral'nuyu galaktiku (bez mozhnogo zvezdoobrazovaniya, imeyushuyu naimenovanie MCG-03-34-63, oni obnaruzhili vneyadernyi istochnik, potok ot kotorogo sootvetstvuet bolometricheskoi izotropnoi svetimosti 3 1041 erg v sekundu. T.o., istochnik yavlyaetsya pretendentom na zvanie samogo moshnogo iz izvestnyh UMI. Esli ocenka svetimosti verna, to my dolzhny imet' delo s akkreciei na chernuyu dyru s massoi bolee 2300 solnechnyh mass.
Authors: Roeland P. van der Marel et al.
Comments: STScI Newsletter, 2006, vol. 23, number 2, in press; 5 pages and 2 figures.
Sobstvenno, v stat'e opisan veb-proekt, posvyashennyi chernym dyram. Mozhno pochitat' stat'yu, a mozhno srazu poiti na sait.
Authors: Ronald A. Remillard, Jeffrey E. McClintock
Comments: 39 pages, 12 figures, ARAA, vol. 44, in press
Bol'shoi i podrobnyi obzor, posvyashennyi dvoinym sistemam, v sostav kotoryh vhodyat chernye dyry (ili, kandidaty v chernye dyry, esli tak ugodno konservativnoi publike).
Authors: Thomas W. Baumgarte
Comments: 15 pages, 6 Figures; to appear in the Proceedings of the Albert Einstein Century International Conference, Paris, France, 2005
Horoshii nebol'shoi obzor po chernym dyram.
Authors: Guillaume Belanger et al.
Comments: 4 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ApJL
Po rezul'tatam rentgenovskih nablyudenii na XMM-Newton avtoram udalos' zaregistrirovat' kvaziperiodicheskuyu modulyaciyu signala vo vremya rentgenovskoi vspyshki istochnika Sagittarius A* - sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyry v centre nashei Galaktiki.
Harakternyi period sostavlyaet okolo 22 minut. Sama vspyshka prodolzhalas' okolo 3 chasov. T.o. za vse vremya nablyudenii proshlo ne tak uzh mnogo ciklov. V takoi situacii opredelit' periodichnost' modulyacii neprosto, i avtoram prishlos' razvit' nekotoruyu special'nuyu metodiku.
Esli verna samaya prostaya interpretaciya nablyudaemoi modulyacii, svyazannaya s vrasheniem na poslednei ustoichivoi orbite, to pri masse chernoi dyry 3.5 milliona solnechnyh, ee parametr vrasheniya raven a=0.22.
Authors: Philip Kaaret, Melanie G. Simet, Cornelia C. Lang
Comments: 15 pages, one color figure, to appear in ApJ
Ya uzhe rasskazyval ob otkrytii 62-dnevnogo orbital'nogo perioda u yarkogo istochnika v M82. Togda rasskaz osnovyvalsya na korotkoi zametke dlya zhurnala Science. Seichas zhe poyavilas' "polnorazmernaya" stat'ya, posvyashennaya detal'nomu issledovaniyu etogo ob'ekta.
Itak, chto izvestno.
Imeem dostatochno yarkii istochnik v galaktike M82. Esli schitat', chto on
izluchaet sfericheski simmetrichno, to svetimost' poluchaetsya ravnoi 2.4
1040 erg/s. U istochnika otkryt orbital'nyi period okolo 62 dnei.
Eto govorit o tom, chto kompan'on yavlyaetsya zvezdoi gigantom.
Krome togo, ot istochnika nablyudalas' vspyshka prodolzhitel'nost'yu v neskol'ko
dnei. Pri etom svetimost' (opyat' zhe, rasschitannaya dlya izotropnogo izlucheniya)
vozrosla do 1041 erg/s.
Dalee. Nablyudeniya na Chandre pokazali takzhe nalichie vtorogo istochnika.
On tozhe dostatochno yarkii, chtoby ego klassificirovat' kak ul'tramoshnyi.
Po vsei vidimosti, ot etogo vtorogo istochnika zaregistrirovany
nizkochastotnye kvaziperiodicheskie oscillyacii (vyyasnit' eto napryamuyu
neprosto, t.k. rezul'tat poluchen s pomosh'yu priborov sputnika RXTE, kotoryi
obladaet plohim uglovym razresheniem).
Analiz kompleksa dannyh ot etih dvuh ob'ektov pozvolyaet avtoram zaklyuchit', chto oba yavlyayutsya ochen' horoshimi kandidatami v chernye dyry promezhutochnyh mass.
Authors: C. Rodriguez et al.
Comments: 34 pages, 7 figures, Accepted to The Astrophysical Journal
Otkryta sistema iz dvuh sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr. Eto ne pervaya takaya sistema, i ya uzhe rasskazyval o nih ranee, dazhe ne raz. Odnako novaya sistema vydelyaetsya svoei kompaktnost'yu. Rasstoyanie mezhdu dyrami vsego 7.3 parseka!
K sozhaleniyu, zhdat' sliyaniya prishlos' by dostatochno dolgo. Esli dyry budut teryat' uglovoi moment tol'ko za schet gravitacionnogo izlucheniya, to do sliyaniya celyh 1018 let. V centrah galaktik mozhno pridumat' neskol'ko sposobov, kak sokratit' eto vremya (naprimer, sistema mozhet sblizhat'sya iz-za dinamicheskogo treniya, ili zhe sistema budet vykidyvat' zvezdy, umen'shaya tem samym orbital'nyi moment).
Vazhno, chto eta dvoinaya mozhet byt' pervoi lastochkoi sredi dvoinyh chernyh dyr s rasstoyaniem mezhdu komponentami poryadka neskol'kih parsek i men'she. Takie sistemy vazhny dlya planiruyushegosya kosmicheskogo interferometra LISA.
Authors: M. Mapelli, A. Ferrara, N. Rea
Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Chernye dyry promezhutochnyh mass mogli poyavit'sya v Galaktike v process ee obrazovaniya. Eto vozmozhno, t.k. samye pervye zvezdy mogli porozhdat' takie kompaktnye ob'ekty. Potom dyry voshli by v sostav galo Mlechnogo Puti vo vremya t.n. ierarhicheskogo skuchivaniya. Vazhno popytat'sya ponyat', mnogo li takih chernyh dyr na samom dele letaet v galo.
Avtory ispol'zuyut takoi podhod. Oni pytayutsya ocenit', kakaya dolya takih chernyh dyr proyavlyala by sebya kak yarkie rentgenovskie istochniki iz-za akkrecii mezhzvezdnoi sredy vo vremya peresecheniya galakticheskogo diska. Nablyudeniya govoryat, chto ni odnogo yarkogo ob'ekta, kotoryi mog by byt' takoi dyroi, my ne vidim. Znachit, mozhno popytat'sya dat' ogranichenie na polnoe chislo chernyh dyr promezhutochnyh mass v galo.
Vrode by vse prosto. Na samom dele, vo-pervyh, zadacha dovol'no model'nozavisimaya. Vo-vtoryh, vazhny detali vzaimodeistviya chernoi dyry s mezhzvezdnoi sredoi (v chastnosti, progrev). So vtoroi chast'yu avtory voobshe ne ochen' ceremonyatsya, vybiraya dovol'no effektivnuyu akkreciyu bez ucheta progreva. Chto zhe kasaetsya modelei raspredeleniya chernyh dyr, to tut bolee akkuratno rassmotreno neskol'ko variantov.
V itoge vse-taki ne poluchaetsya sdelat' dostatochno sil'nye ogranicheniya. Tem ne menee, podhod dostatochno interesnyi. I avtory polagayut, chto eto samye sil'nye nablyudatel'nye ogranicheniya. Odnako, kak mne kazhetsya, prenebrezhenie detalyami vzaimodeistviya izlucheniya chernoi dyry s mezhzvezdnoi sredoi i drugimi effektami delaet rezul'tat menee yarkim.
Authors: Marta Volonteri
Comments: 11 pages, Extended version of the invited paper to appear in the Proceedings of the Conference "Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology - Einstein's Legacy"
Nebol'shoi obzor po sverhmassivnym chernym dyram. Marta - sozdatel' odnogo iz kompleksa programm, rasschityvayushih process formirovaniya galaktik v modeli ierarhicheskogo skuchivaniya. Sootvetstvenno, obzor napisan "s etoi kolokol'ni". T.e. v osnovnom obsuzhdaetsya evolyuciya chernyh dyr: otkuda oni vzyalis', kak rosla ih massa, kak oni sebya proyavlyali na raznyh stadiyah evolyucii.
Authors: Carlos M. Gutierrez
Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL
Napomnyu, chto ul'tramoshnye rentgenovskie istochniki ( UMI) ostayutsya do konca ne rasshifrovannoi populyaciei. Vozmozhno, chto poka v nei peremeshany ob'ekty neskol'kih tipov, v tom chisle i prosto fonovye istochniki. Avtor provel detal'noe issledovanie chetyreh UMI, raspolozhennyh ne v oblastyah zvezdoobrazovaniya, a neskol'ko "na otshibe", imeya cel'yu pokazat', chto eto mogut byt' fonovye istochniki. V samom dele, dlya treh iz chetyreh nedvusmyslenno prodemonstrirovano, chto eto dalekie kvazary.
T.o. detal'naya opticheskaya spektroskopiya sposobna effektivno otdelyat' kvazary i aktivnye yadra galaktik, kotorye my iz-za effekta proekcii oshibochno mozhem klassificirovat' kak UMI. Zagadka, vprochem, ostaetsya: priroda teh, chto v samom dele yavlyayutsya UMI tak i ne vyyasnena.
Authors: L.M. Winter et al.
Comments: 51 pages, submitted to ApJ (March 2005)
Issledovany okolo 100 ul'tramoshnyh istochnikov (UMI) v 32 blizkih galaktikah. Eto udalos' sdelat', ispol'zuya dannye uzhe ochen' bol'shogo arhiva, nakoplennogo pri nablyudeniyah na sputnike XMM-Newton. Cel'yu bylo issledovanie voprosa o sushestvovanii chernyh dyr promezhutochnyh mass.
Pohozhe, chto klass UMI vse-taki ne odnoroden. Nesmotrya na to, chto chast' iz soavtorov stat'i priderzhivaetsya gipotezy o chernyh dyrah promezhutochnyh mass, v stat'e pishetsya o mnogochislennyh istochnikah, kotorye, po vsei vidimosti, yavlyayutsya obychnymi chernymi dyrami (t.e. imeyushimi zvezdnye masssy). Lish' nebol'shaya dolya (16 istochnikov) veroyatno yavlyayutsya sistemami s massivnymi chernymi dyrami. Tem ne menee, i etu dolyu kak-to nado ob'yasnyat'.
Authors: Zhi-Qiang Shen, K. Y. Lo, M.-C. Liang, Paul T. P. Ho, J.-H. Zhao
Comments: 18 pages, 4 figures; Nature, 438(2005)62
Etot rezul'tat poluchil bol'shoi rezonans v novostyah, poetomu upominaem o nem. Hotya, nichego supernovogo po suti ne otkryto.
Avtoram udalos' sdelat' vazhnuyu, no dostatochno tehnicheskuyu vesh'. Oni vdvoe smogli uluchshit' predel na razmer istochnika v centre nashei Galaktiki. Dostignutoi znachenie v 1 a.e. pozvolyaet s bol'shei uverennost'yu govorit' ob interpretacii istochnika kak sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyry.
Authors: A. Goldwurm
Comments: 12 pages, 8 figures. Proceedings of the Cerenkov 2005 Conference "Towards a Network of Atmospheric Cherenkov Detectors VII", 27-29 April 2005, Palaiseau, France
Daetsya obzor poslednih rezul'tatov po nablyudeniyam galakticheskogo centra na vysokih energiyah (rentgen, gamma). Razumeetsya, vo mnogom eto rezul'taty sputnika INTEGRAL.
Ob odnom rezul'tate, poluchennom na INTEGRALE, mozhno takzhe podrobno prochest' zdes'.
Authors: Martin G. Haehnelt et al.
Comments: 4 pages, LaTeX, no figures; MNRAS in press
Obnaruzhenie kvazarov bez hozyaiskih galatik (rech' idet o yarkom kvazare HE0450--2958 ) ne moglo ne privesti k idee o tom, chto sobstvenno kvazar - t.e. sverhmassivnaya chernaya dyra, podpityvaemaya akkreciei - mozhet vybrasyvat'sya iz centra galaktiki iz-za dinamicheskogo vzaimodeistviya. Poyavilos' srazu dve stat'i na etu temu (vtoraya - astro-ph/0511242).
Otmetim, chto krome obychnogo ("n'yutonovskogo") vybrasyvaniya za schet vzaimodeistviya treh tel (t.e. nuzhno, chtoby vo zaimodeistvii uchastvovali tri sverhmassivnye chernye dyry, chto vpolne mozhet, i dazhe dolzhno, proishodit' pri posledovatel'nom sliyanii galaktik) mozhet takzhe rabotat' mehanizm gravitacionnoi rakety, kogda chernaya dyra, obrazovavshayasya v rezul'tate sliyaniya dvuh dyr, budet priobretat' impul's za schet nesimmetrichnogo gravitacionnogo izlucheniya.
Ne vse soglasny s ideei o vybrose. Tak David Meritt i ego soavtory v svoei stat'e (astro-ph/0511315) osparivayut vsyu cepochku rassuzhdenii. Oni polagayut, chto na samom dele massa chernoi dyry na poryadok men'she. Sootvetstvenno, eto ne kvazar, a seifertovskaya galaktika. Togda verhnii predel na svetimost' galaktiki nichemu ne protivorechit, t.e. nel'zya voskliknut': "a kvazar-to golyi!" Prosto galaktika slishkom slaba, chtoby ee razglyadet'.
Authors: Karl Gebhardt, R. Michael Rich, Luis C. Ho
Comments: accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
Rezul'taty novyh nablyudenii vkupe s novym modelirovaniem pozvolili avtoram dat' ocenku massy chernoi dyry v sharovom skoplenii G1: 13000-23000 massy solnca. Veroyatnost' togo, chto chernoi dyry net sostavlyaet menee 3 procentov.
Authors: Jose P. S. Lemos
Comments: Invited talk at the Fifth International Workshop on New Worlds in Astroparticle Physics, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal, January 8-10, 2005, published in the Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on New Worlds in Astroparticle Physics, World Scientific (2005), eds. P. M. Sa' et al; 20 pages
Obzor, celikom posvyashennyi fizike chernyh dyr. Stat'ya napisana ochen' populyarnym yazykom, poetomu razobrat'sya vo vsem dostatochno legko. Avtor na pal'cah ob'yasnyaet vse osnovnye ponyatiya, svyazannye s opisyvaemym predmetom.
Authors: Luc Blanchet, Moh'd S. S. Qusailah, Clifford M. Will
Comments: 18 pages, 1 figure, submitted to The Astrophysical Journal
Okolo goda nazad aktivno obsuzhdalis' novye raschety po gravitacionnoi otdache, voznikayushei pri sliyanii dvuh chernyh dyr. Osnovnym rezul'tatom effekta sluzhit priobretenie poluchivsheisya chernoi dyroi lineinogo momenta (t.e., poprostu govorya, razgon). V obsuzhdaemoi stat'e predstavleny novye raschety, vklyuchayushie dopolnitel'nye chleny. Rezul'taty nahodyatsya v soglasii s tem, chto predstavlyali Favata i soavtory.
Authors: Ramesh Narayan
Comments: To appear in a forthcoming Special Focus Issue on "Spacetime 100 Years Later" published by the New Journal of Physics. The article, finalized in October, 2004, consists of 21 pages of text, 3 figures and 6 movies (found at http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~narayan/NJP)
Obzor po chernym dyram. V osnovnom opisyvayutsya chernye dyry zvezdnyh mass v tesnyh dvoinyh sistemah.
Authors: Francoise Combes
Comments: 31 pages, 13 figures, review paper for Astrophysics Update 2
Podrobno opisyvayutsya sovremennye dannye i idei, svyazannye s formirovaniem i evolyuciei sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr. V eto oblasti s odnoi storony uzhe dostatochno mnogo fakticheskih dannyh, s drugoi - est' zhguchie problemy (naprimer, kakim obrazom uzhe na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah obrazuyutsya ochen' massivnye chernye dyry).
Authors: S. Rosswog
Comments: 8 pages, 2 Figures
Kak vy pomnite, gamma-vspleski delyatsya na korotkie (menee odnoi sekundy) i dlinnye (bolee 10 sekund) (sm. risunok po ssylke). Pervye ob'yasnyayutsya kak rezul'tat sliyaniya dvuh neitronnyh zvezd (i my nedavno rasskazyvali ob etom, eto byl kak raz obzor Stefana Rossvoga). Vtorye - akkreciei na chernuyu dyru posle vspyshki sverh(giper)novoi. Rezonno sprosit': a chto budet, esli slivaetsya neitronnaya zvezda i chernaya dyra? Ochevidno, chto neitronnaya zvezda budet razrushena, i vokrug chernoi dyry obrazuetsya disk. Situaciya kachestvenno pohozha na tu, chto schitaetsya prichinoi gamma-vspleska.
Stefan detal'no (naskol'ko eto seichas vozmozhno) issleduet sliyaniya neitronnyh zvezd i chernyh dyr. Ego rezul'taty govoryat o tom, chto svoistva obrazuyushihsya diskov ne pozvolyayut govorit' o generacii gamma-vspleskov.
Drugaya stat'ya na tu zhe temu (no uzhe bez detal'nyh chislennyh raschetov) predstavlena Coleman Miller'om. On takzhe podtverzhdaet, chto sliyaniya neitronnyh zvezd i chernyh dyr ne privodyat k poyavleniyu gamma-vspleska.
Authors: Nozomu Kawakatu, Masayuki Umemura
Comments: 8pages, 5figures, accepted for publication in ApJ (Volume 628, August 1, 2005 issue)
Avtory rassmatrivayut vozmozhnost' obrazovaniya massivnyh (t.e. sushestvenno tyazhelee "zvezdnyh") chernyh dyr v sharovyh skopleniyah. Scenarii, predlagaemyi imi, takov. V nachale v centre massivnogo sharovogo skopleniya obrazuetsya massivnyi gazovyi disk. Zatem iz etogo diska obrazuetsya massivnaya zvezda, kotoraya potom, v svoyu ochered', prevrashaetsya v chernuyu dyru. Massa takih chernyh dyr budet poryadka 300 solnechnyh.
Otmetim, chto dlya formirovaniya chernoi dyry nuzhna ochen' bol'shaya massa skopleniya - bolee 6 millionov mass solnca v zvezdah na segodnyashnii den'. Takih skoplenii ochen' malo. Massa samoi chernoi dyry pri etom okazyvaetsya prakticheski nezavisyashei ot massy skopleniya.
Authors: B.J.Carr
Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures, 22nd Texas Symposium at Stanford 12-17 December 2004
T.n. Tehasskii simpozium - eto svoego roda "otchetnaya konferenciya" v astrofizike vysokih energii, provodimaya ezhegodno. Vse nachalos' s konferencii v Tehase v 1963 godu (otsyuda i nazvanie), odnako iz 22-h konferencii bol'shinstvo proshlo v drugih mestah po vsemu miru. Tradicionno na etih vstrechah mnogo obzornyh dokladov. Vashemu vnimaniyu predstavlyaetsya odin iz nih.
Kak izvestno, est' chetyre osnovnyh tipa chernyh dyr, obsuzhdaemyh v astrofizike:
Poslednie obrazovalis' v molodoi Vselennoi. Naimenee massivnye iz nih uspeli polnost'yu (ili pochti celikom) isparit'sya. Esli chernye dyry isparyayutsya do konca, to naibolee mnogochislennymi seichas dolzhny byt' pervichnye dyry s massami poryadka 1015 g.
Nikakih "polozhitel'nyh" nablyudenii pervichnyh chernyh dyr tak i net. Poetomu v obzore rech' idet v osnovnom o teorii, verhnih predelah i vozmozhnyh putyah registracii pryamyh svidetel'stv sushestvovaniya etih reliktov rannei Vselennoi.
Authors: Tomaso Belloni
Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, in "Interacting Binaries: Accretion, Evolution and Outcomes", eds. L. A. Antonelli, et al., Procs. Interacting Binaries Meeting, Cefalu, Italy, June 2004, in press (AIP)
Chernye dyry v tesnyh dvoinyh sistemah nablyudayutsya kak rentgenovskie istochniki blagodarya akkrecii. Nablyudenii pokazali nalichie raznyh rezhimov, otlichayushihsya (s nablyudatel'noi tochki zreniya) po spektral'nym harakteristikam, moshnosti izlucheniya, modulyacii izlucheniya i t.p.
V obzore summiruetsya klassifikaciya sostoyanii istochnikov s chernymi dyrami. Kratko obsuzhdayutsya fizicheskie usloviya v kazhdom iz sostoyanii.
Raspechatyvaya stat'yu bud'te vnimatel'ny! Poslednie 24 stranicy (iz 40) pustye, t.k. bol'shie risunki nel'zya bylo pomestit' v Arhiv iz-za ogranicheniya na ob'em.
Authors: D.M. Alexander et al.
Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Nature on 7th April
Kak izvestno, sushestvuet problema s tempom rosta sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr v centrah galaktik. Sut' problemy v tom, chto uzhe na dovol'no bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah my vidim moshnye kvazary, t.e. uzhe sformirovalis' massivnye (okolo sotni millionov mass solnca) chernye dyry. Pri etom vremeni na nabor massy u nih bylo nemnogo. Predpolagalos' sushestvovanie do-kvazarnoi stadii evolyucii, kogda obrazovyvalis' massivnye galaktiki (t.e. shlo zvezdoobrazovanie) i odnovremenno nabiralas' massa chernymi dyrami.
Avtory issledovali v rentgenovskom diapazone dalekie galaktiki, yarkie v submillimetrovom diapazone (moshnoe izluchenie na etih dlinah voln svidetel'svuet o moshnom obrazovanii zvezd). Esli by odnovremenno chernye dyry aktivno nabirali massu, to bylo by zaregistrirovano ih rentgenovskoe izluchenie. I ono bylo zaregistrirovano!
Authors: Thomas J. Maccarone
Comments: 5 pages, 1 table, accepted to MNRAS Letter
V Galaktike polnym polno chernyh dyr! Minimal'naya ocenka ih chisla sostavlyaet okolo 100 millionov. Tol'ko vot ochen' uzh nelegko obnaruzhit' ochen' chernuyu koshku v ochen' temnoi komnate, dazhe esli ona tam est'. Seichas dazhe rebenok vam skazhet, chto poiski chernoi koshki nuzhno vesti ne prosto glazami, a teplovizorom, t.e. nuzhno pravil'no vybrat' spektral'nyi diapazon (takih slov rebenok mozhet, pravda, i ne znat'). Tak zhe obstoit delo i s chernymi dyrami.
Avtor stat'i polagaet, chto imenno radionablyudeniya, osobenno na budushei antenne LOFAR, smogut otkryt' dlya nas mnogoobrazie odinochnyh chernyh dyr.
Avtor provodit ocenki obnaruzhimosti dlya razlichnyh tipov chernyh dyr. V sluchae obychnyh, proishodyashih iz massivnyh zvezd, mozhno ozhidat', chto LOFAR uvidit okolo 400 ob'ektov. Esli zhe rassmotret' vozmozhnost' registracii gipoteticheskih chernyh dyr promezhutochnyh mass, to LOFAR uvidit okolo treti procenta takih istochnikov (a imenno okolo 10, esli ih v Galaktike okolo 3000 shtuk).
Authors: G. Chapline
Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures
Obsuzhdayutsya protivorechiya mezhdu kvantovoi mehanikoi i obshei teoriei otnositel'nosti na primere kollapsiruyushih ob'ektov. Sami "Zvezdy temnoi energii" - eto al'ternativa chernym dyram.
Podcherknem, chto stat'ya bolee chem spornaya. Odnako interesnaya.
Authors: Neal A. Miller, Richard Mushotzky, Susan Neff
Comments: 5 pages with 3 figures, to appear in ApJ Letters
Obnaruzheno radioizluchenie, svyazannoe s odnim iz ul'tramoshnyh rentgenovskih istochnikov (UMI). Izluchenie prihodit oz oblasti razmerom 60 na 40 parsek. Poetomu, polagayut avtory, ono ne mozhet vyzyvat'sya istochnikom s chernoi dyroi zvezdnoi massy, izluchayushim anizotropno. Znachit, schitayut oni, my vse-taki imeem delo s chernoi dyroi bolee massivnoi, chem te chto porozhdayutsya seichas v konce zvezdnoi evolyucii.
Authors: E. Koerding, E. Colbert, H. Falcke
Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A, 11 pages, 4 figures
Avtory proveli radiomonitoring devyati blizhaishih ul'tramoshnyh rentgenovskih istochnikov (UMI) s pomosh'yu VLA. Ni postoyannogo, ni vspyshechnogo radioizlucheniya ot UMI zaregistrirovano ne bylo (obnaruzhennoe izluchenie dvuh istochnikov v M82 skoree vsego svyazano s ostatkami sverhnovyh). V principe rezul'taty nablyudenii ne pozvolyayut vybrat' odnu iz dvuh osnovnyh gipotez, ob'yasnyayushih prirodu UMI (akkreciya na chernye dyry promezhutochnyh mass ili zhe akkreciya na chernye dyry zvezdnyh mass s obrazovaniem relyativistskih dzhetov). Odnako takie nablyudeniya vazhny, mozhet byt' v dal'neishem avtoram povezet bol'she, i ih rezul'taty smogut pomoch' v vybore modeli dlya UMI.
Authors: Janusz Ziolkowski
Comments: 15 pages; presented at Vulcano Workshop 2004; to be published in "Frontier Objects in Astrophysics and Particle Physics", 2005
Horoshii nebol'shoi obzor, posvyashennyi neitronnym zvezdam i chernym dyram. Obo vsem po chut'-chut', no v itoge sobrano mnogo poleznyh dannyh po raznym tipam sistem s kompaktnymi ob'ektami. V osnovnom obsuzhdayutsya massy i magnitnye polya. Krome togo, rassmotreny sistemy s kvaziperiodicheskimi oscillyaciyami (QPO).
Authors: Sandip K. Chakrabarti
Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures, Astronomy and Space Science (in press), Proceedings of the Hong Kong Conference (2004) Edited by Cheng and Romero
Authors: Sandip K. Chakrabarti
Comments: 12 pages, 10 figures To be published in the Proceedings of 5th Microquasar Conference (Beijing, 2004)
Trudno oboiti vnimaniem tot fakt, chto 17 yanvarya (t.e. za odin den'!) poyavilos' 22 (!) stat'i, odnim iz avtorov kotoryh yavlyaetsya Sandip K. Chakrabarti. Obratim vnimanie chitatelei na dve iz nih. Eto obzory, posvyashennye chernym dyram.
Authors: Ji-Feng Liu et al.
Comments: 2004ApJ...602..249L
Authors: Ji-Feng Liu et al.
Comments: 29 pages, 10 figures
Authors: Ji-Feng Liu et al.
Comments: 12 pages, 3 figures. accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
Authors: Ji-Feng Liu et al.
Comments: 130 preprint pages, 76 pfigures, 3 tables, 67 pages in ApJS. to appear in the March issue in ApJS
Authors: Ji-Feng Liu et al.
Comments: 45 pages, 14 figures, 5 tables. submitted to ApJ
Predstavlyaem stat'i, sostavivshie osnovu "goryachei temy" vypuska.
Kak my neodnokratno otmechali, sverhmoshnye istochniki - odna iz naibolee interesnyh zagadok v astrofizike vysokih energii. I imenno nablyudeniya (v pervuyu ochered' nablyudeniya normal'nyh zvezd-komponentov) dadut otvet kakie zhe chernye dyry sidyat v etih sistemah.
V pervoi iz rech' idet kak raz ob obnaruzhenii opticheskogo kompan'ona odnogo iz UMI (ul'tramoshnyh istochnikov). Obrabotka dannyh i ih analiz pokazyvayut, chto naibolee veroyatno, chto normal'naya zvezda yavlyaetsya sverhgigantom klassa B0. Dlya opredeleniya massy chernoi dyry ponadobyatsya novye nablyudeniya (v chastnosti, avtory nadeyutsya obnaruzhit' orbital'nyi period).
Opticheskie nablyudeniya UMI summirovany vo vtoroi stat'e.
Vo tret'ei stat'e rasskazyvaetsya ob obnaruzhenii kvaziperiodicheskih izmenenii rentgenovskoi svetimosti istochnika v spiral'noi galaktike NGC 628. Period sostavlyaet poryadka 1-2 chasov. Eto unikal'noe povedenie dlya UMI. Sravnenie s povedeniem drugih tipov istochnikov s chernymi dyrami pozvolyaet zapodozrit', chto massa chernoi dyry v issleduemom ob'ekte sostavlyaet neskol'ko tysyach mass Solnca. T.e. eto, po vsei vidimosti, chernaya dyra promezhutochnoi massy.
Dve poslednie raboty predstavlyayut rezul'tat obrabotki dannyh po UMI v blizkih galaktikah, poluchennyh eshe na sputnike ROSAT.
Authors: Marta Volonteri, Rosalba Perna
Comments: 11 pages, Accepted for publication in MNRAS
My podrobno pisali o tom, chto v ramkah sovremennyh scenariev (vklyuchayushih, v chastnosti, fenomen t.n. "gravitacionno-volnovoi rakety") vo Vselennoi dolzhno byt' dostatochno mnogo chernyh dyr promezhutochnyh mass, letayushih kak v mezhgalakticheskom prostranstve, tak i v galo galaktik. Letom 2004 goda poyavilas' stat'ya (astro-ph/0407285), gde rassmatrivalas' vozmozhnost' ob'yasneniya UMI (ul'tramoshnyh rentgenovskih istochnikov) takimi "bluzhdayushimi" chernymi dyrami, akkreciruyushimi veshestvo mezhzvezdnoi sredy. Marta Volonteri i Rozal'ba Perna v svoei rabote obsuzhdayut takuyu vozmozhnost' v neskol'ko bol'shih detalyah. Eto stalo vozmozhnym blagodarya tomu, chto Marta s soavtorami sozdali moshnuyu komp'yuternuyu programmy, otslezhivayushuyu evolyuciya chernyh dyr v scenarii ierarhicheskogo skuchivaniya, nachinaya s "zarodyshevyh" chernyh dyr, voznikayushih iz samyh pervyh zvezd.
Vyvody, na nash vzglyad, neodnoznachnye. S odnoi storony (kak mozhno bylo ozhidat') kolichestvo dostatochno yarkih istochnikov nedostatochno veliko, chtoby vnesti sushestvennyi vklad v populyaciyu UMI. S drugoi, est' nekotorye lazeiki, pozvolyayushie prodolzhit' obsuzhdenie scenariya (otmetim otdel'no, chto Krolik v svoei stat'e astro-ph/0407285 obsuzhdal i dovol'no ekzoticheskii variant obrazovaniya massivnyh zvezd, podobnyh Pop III, pryamo v diskah sovremennyh galaktik za schet akkrecii pervichnogo gaza s maloi metallichnost'yu; takaya vozmozhnost' takzhe poka ne zakryta.).
Authors: Stephen McMillan, Simon Portegies Zwart
Comments: 6 pages, 1 figure
Tesnye prolety i lobovye stolknoveniya zvezd v plotnyh skopleniyah (sharovyh i skopleniyah vblizi centrov galaktik) privodyat k obrazovaniyu ochen' massivnyh zvezd, kotorye, posle bystroi termoyadernoi evolyucii, porozhdayut chernye dyry. Ob'ekty, obrazovavshiesya v rezul'tate sliyanii, obychno imeyut vysokuyu prostranstvennuyu skorost' ("ubegayushie zvezdy"). Vazhnye detali dannyh processov byli provereny metodom N-tel.
V nebol'shih skopleniyah chislo slivayushihsya ob'ektov ogranichivaetsya prosto kolichestvom massivnyh zvezd, v bol'shih skopleniyah - chislom massivnyh zvezd v ih yadrah.
Authors: M.R. Garcia et al.
Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ
Veroyatno, chto na sputnike Chandra udalos' zaregistrirovat' rentgenovskoe izluchenie ot sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyry v centre Tumannosti Andromedy. Svetimost' (kak i v sluchae nashei Galaktiki) okazalas' ochen' mala - okolo 3 1035 erg/s. Poetomu dostovernost' obnaruzheniya nevysoka. Neobhodimy bolee dlitel'nye nablyudeniya, chem predstavlennye v dannoi stat'e.
Authors: A.P. Lobanov
Comments: 2 pages, no figures; to be published in Proceedings of the Conference "Growing Black Holes", Garching, Germany June 21-25, 2004, edited by A.Merloni, S.Nayakshin, R.Sunyaev (Springer-Verlag series of ESO Astrophysics
Ochen' korotkaya zametka, posvyashennaya evolyucii dvoinyh sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr v centrah galaktik i ih vliyaniyu na razlichnye proyavleniya yadernoi aktivnosti. Avtor vydelyaet chetyre osnovnye stadii evolyucii takoi dvoinoi sistemy: ot ochen' shirokoi pary do sliyaniya. Na raznyh etapah zhizni dvoinoi mozhno ozhidat' razlichnye formy aktivnosti. Podrobnee o svoei rabote Andrei rasskazyvaet na konferencii v IKI.
Authors: B. Willems et al.
Comments: 56 pages, submitted to ApJ
Vzryv sverhnovoi otpechatyvaetsya v dal'neishei sud'be kompaktnogo ob'ekta (neitronnoi zvezdy ili chernoi dyry). Poskol'ku detal'naya teoriya vzryva eshe ne sozdana, predstavlyaetsya razumnym vosstanovit' maksimum informacii po takomu "otpechatku".
Esli my vidim rentgenovskuyu sistemu s kompaktnym ob'ektom, to my mozhem popytat'sya vosstanovit' ego istoriyu. Seichas dlya mnogih takih sistem est' dannye o prostranstvennoi skorosti. Eto pozvolyaet ocenit' kakuyu dopolnitel'nuyu skorost' (kik) poluchil kompaktnyi ob'ekt v rezul'tate vzryva.
Avtory dannoi stat'i namerevayutsya v budushem provesti takie rassledovaniya dlya mnozhestva dvoinyh sistem. Poka zhe predstavleny detali metody, a takzhe dana illyustraciya na primere kandidata v chernye dyry GRO J1655-40.
Po vsei vidimosti pri svoem rozhdenii chernaya dyra poluchila nebol'shoi kik (kick - udar, tolchok), v rezul'tate chego priobrela skorost' v neskol'ko desyatkov kilometrov v sekundu. Opredelenie takogo parametra dlya neskol'kih kandidatov v chernye dyry pozvolit sushestvenno prodvinut'sya v ponimanii togo, kak chernye dyry obrazuyutsya.
Authors: Andrew R. King, Walter Dehnen
Comments: accepted for publication in MNRAS, 4 pages, no figures
Ul'tramoshnye istochniki po-prezhnemu privlekayut nashe vnimanie (snova napomnim, chto v blizhaishem nomere Zvezdocheta budet stat'ya, posvyashennaya etim ob'ektam). V dannoi rabote avtory obsuzhdayut, otkuda mozhno vzyat' chernye dyry promezhutochnyh mass, i pochemu ul'tramoshnye istochniki nablyudayutsya preimushestvenno v oblastyah zvezdoobrazovaniya.
Ideya sostoit v tom, chto vsemu vinoi pogloshenie bol'shoi galaktikoi bolee melkih sputnikov. Chernye dyry promezhutochnyh mass - eto central'nye ob'ekty malomassvinyh galaktik. Zvezdoobrazovanie zhe provociruetsya samim sliyaniem.
Otmetim ot sebya, chto avtory ne rassmatrivayut vopros o zahvate chernoi dyroi
kompan'ona, i zdes' mogut byt' problemy. Neobhodimo, chtoby za korotkoe vremya
chernaya dyra uspela zahvatit' zvezdu, a ved' zvezdu eshe nuzhno sformirovat'
(ved' zvezdoobrazovanie sprovocirovano sliyaniem)!
Nashi sobstvennye ocenki "na salfetke" pokazyvayut, chto tut vse velichiny na
predele, a znachit nuzhno provodit' detal'noe modelirovanie.
(Sobstvenno nasha - S.P. - ideya sostoyala v sliyanii ne s galaktikoi-sputnikom,
a s ostavshimsya "pervichnym" malomassivnym galo s chernoi dyroi v centre.
Zvezdoobrazovanie vyzyvaetsya udarom gaza galo o gaz diska galaktiki.
Chernaya dyra slishkom bystro proletaet cherez disk galaktiki, chtoby uspet'
zahvatit' novoobrazovavshuyusya zvezdu.)
Authors: Richard Mushotzky
Comments: 18 pages, 4 figures
My chasto pishem ob UMI (ul'tramoshnyh istochnikah). V dannoi stat'e soderzhitsya podrobnyi obzor istochnikov etogo tipa v blizhaishih galaktikah.
V sleduyushem nomere zhurnala
"Zvezdochet" ozhidaetsya vyhod stat'i odnogo iz
avtorov obzorov, celikom posvyashennoi UMI.
Authors: Stuart L. Shapiro
Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted in ApJ
Esli sverhmassivnye chernye dyry (SMBH) yavlyayutsya istochnikami energii kvazarov, a samyi dalekii kvazar QSO SDSS 1148+5251 segodnya nablyudaetsya na z=6.43, to oni dolzhny byli sformirovat'sya vsego za 0.9 gigalet posle Bol'shogo Vzryva. Eto znachenie uzhe vstupaet v protivorechie s teoriei, soglasno kotoroi osnovu SMBH sostavlyayut chernye dyry, obrazuyushiesya pri vzryvah ochen' massivnyh zvezd pervogo pokoleniya, a zatem uvelichivayushie svoyu massu v akkrecionnyh processah. Oni mogut prosto ne uspet' nabrat' neobhodimuyu massu. S etogo nachinaetsya obzor klassika relyativistskoi astrofiziki i OTO Styuarta Shapiro.
Authors: Steve McMillan et al.
Comments: 8 pages, 2 figures
Osnovnaya tema dannoi stat'i - tesnye prolety zvezd i ih pryamye stolknoveniya v plotnyh zvezdnyh skopleniyah. Dannye vzaimodeistviya porozhdayut principial'no novye evolyucionnye kanaly, dostizhenie kotoryh principial'no nevozmozhno dlya odinochnyh i dvoinyh sistem polya, i kraine maloveroyatno v razrezhennyh skopleniyah. Osnovoi dannogo issledovaniya yavlyaetsya modelirovanie metodom N-tel. Osnovnoe vnimanie (bol'she, veroyatno, ne pozvolyal ob'em) avtory udelili chernym dyram.
Authors: Marek A. Abramowicz
Comments: 17 pages, 3 figures
Eshe odin obzor, napisannyi klassikom Marekom Abramovicom, iz pod pera kotorogo vyshel celyi ryad shiroko izvestnyh rabot po akkrecii.
Teoriya sushestvenno sverheddingtonovskoi akkrecii na chernye dyry byla razrabotana v 80-h godah v Varshave gruppoi Bogdana Pachin'skogo v terminah "pol'skih ponchikov": opticheski tolstyh vrashayushihsya potokov so slaboi vyazkost'yu. Drugoi podhod slim-diski byl pozdnee predlozhen Abramovicem i Lasotoi, no on deistvuet tol'ko dlya umerennogo prevysheniya eddingtonovskogo predela.
Authors: Laura Ferrarese, Holland Ford
Comments: 114 pages, 46 figures, Invited Review
Po ob'emu etot obzor skoree pohozh na dissertaciyu, prichem on osnovan tol'ko na nablyudatel'nyh dannyh. V nem rassmotreny sleduyushie voprosy:
- Rezul'taty poiskov sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr.
- Dinamika zvezd i gazodinamika.
- BH v AGN.
- Raznoobrazie proyavlenii.
- Istoricheskii obzor.
- Planiruemye issledovaniya.
- i drugie.
Authors: Ramesh Narayan and Jeffrey E. McClintock
Comments: 24 pages, 3 figures, submitted to ApJ
Avtory issledovali zavisimost' nablyudatel'nyh svoistv chernyh dyr v rentgenovskih dvoinyh ot nakloneniya ih orbit k luchu zreniya (ot ugla i). Ih vyvody takovy:
- Tranzienty (vspyhivayushie istochniki) s chernymi dyrami v nizkom sostoyanii na pokazyvayut kakoi-libo zavisimosti ot i. Eto oznachaet, chto izluchenie sistem v etom sostoyanii slabo kollimirovano, t.e. osnovnoi vklad daet akkrecionnyi disk, a ne dzhety ili zhe lorenc-faktor veshestva v dzhetah ne prevoshodit 1.2.
- V spektre istochnika 4U1543-47 s i~21o prisutstvuet ochen' moshnaya fluorescentnaya liniya zheleza. Esli ona formiruetsya v dzhete, to ego lorenc-faktor men'she 1.04.
- Ne izvestno podobnyh rentgenovskih dvoinyh s i>75o. Etot fakt, a takzhe otsutstvie zatmenii vo vseh 20 rentgenovskih dvoinyh s chernymi dyrami ukazyvaet na vozmozhnost' zatmeniya central'nogo zhestkogo istochnika diskom.
- Sistemy s i~70-75o imeyut gorazdo bolee slozhnoe povedenie, chem sistemy s malymi nakloneniyami. Etot effekt, veroyatno, takzhe svyazan so svoistvami akkrecionnogo diska.
Authors: Piero Madau
Comments: 15 pages, invited review to appear in "Growing Black Holes", eds. A. Merloni, S. Nayakshin, R. Sunyaev, Springel-Verlag series of "ESO Astrophysics Symposia"
Problema vozniknoveniya sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr v centrah galaktik do sih por ne reshena v polnoi mere. Est' neopredelennosti s zarodyshami, iz kotoryh rastut masivnye dyry, ne udaetsya poluchit' dostatochno massivnye chernye dyry na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah i t.d. i t.p.
P'ero Madau daet obzor seh etih problem, a takzhe opisyvaet rezul'taty svoih (s soavtorami) nedavnih rabot.
Authors: Dimitrios Psaltis (University of Arizona)
Comments: 42 pages; 24 figures. To appear in "Compact Stellar X-ray Sources", eds. W.H.G. Lewin and M. van der Klis
Glava iz knigi, posvyashennoi kompaktnym rentgenovskim istochnikam. Avtor daet podrobnyi obzor osnovnyh otkrytii (i nablyudatel'nyi i teoreticheskih) v oblasti issledovanii akkreciruyushih neitronnyh zvezd i chernyh dyr za poslednee desyatiletie.
Mnogo poleznyh tablic, a takzhe ogromnyi spisok ssylok na original'nye issledovaniya.
Authors: David Merritt and Milos Milosavljevic
Comments: 63 pages, 14 figures
Kak my uzhe ne raz pisali, slivayushiesya dvoinye chernye dyry - samyi nadezhnyi istochnik gravitacionnyh voln dlya lazernyh interferometrov. Nazemnyi interferometr LIGO skoree vsego smozhet registrirovat' sliyaniya chernyh dyr zvezdnyh mass v nashei i sosednih galaktikah. Sverhmassivnye chernye dyry, podobnye prisutstvuyushei v centre Mlechnogo Puti, budut obnaruzheny na kosmicheskom detektore LISA.
V privedennom obzore osnovnoe vnimanie udeleno putyam obrazovaniya dvoinyh sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr (cherez sliyanie galaktik), nachal'nomu etapu sblizheniya chernyh dyr, kogda vliyanie gravitacionnogo izlucheniya prenebrezhimo malo (pod deistviem dinamicheskogo treniya o zvezdy) i nablyudatel'nym dannym, ukazyvayushim na sushestvovanie podobnyh sistem.
Na foto dva vozmozhnyh primera sverhmassivnyh dvoinyh chernyh dyr.
Sverhu - tonkie struktury radioistochnika 3C75 v skoplenii galaktik Abell 400 (radioizobrazhenie, VLA), nizhe - dvoinoe yadro galaktiki NGC6240 (foto Chandra) |
Authors: G. Nelemans
Comments: 6 pages, To appear in proceedings of "Massive Stars in Interacting Binaries", eds. Nicole St-Louis & Tony Moffat
Korotkaya i ochen' ponyatnaya stat'ya o tom, kakie dannye o chernyh dyrah (zvezdy-praroditeli, skorosti otdachi, proishodit li vzryv pri obrazovanii chernoi dyry, skol'ko veshestva teryaetsya pri obrazovanii chernoi dyry) my mozhem uznat', izuchaya informaciyu po tesnym dvoinym sistemam s chernymi dyrami.
Vyvody takie:
- chernye dyry obrazuyutsya so vzryvom i poterei massy;
- chernye dyry poluchayut kik pri rozhdenii, t.e. process rozhdeniya ne simmetrichen.
Authors: Milos Milosavljevic, E. S. Phinney
Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures
Sliyaniya dvoinyh (sverh)massivnyh chernyh dyr s massami 105-107 Mo budut s legkost'yu registrirovat'sya kosmicheskim lazernym interferometrom LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) dazhe s krasnyh smeshenii z=20.
Odnako dannoe gravitacionnoe sobytie ne proidet nezamechennym i v drugih diapazonah: ono budet soprovozhdat'sya elektromagnitnym "poslesvecheniem", voznikayushim po sleduyushei prichine:
- Zadolgo do sliyaniya chernye dyry nachinayut "sgrebat'" okruzhayushii ih gaz, kotoryi v vyazkoi shkale vremeni formiruet disk vokrug (snaruzhi ot) dvoinoi sistemy (circumbinry disc).
- Vnutrennyaya granica diska primerno sovpadaet s tochkoi, gde prilivnye sily ot dvoinoi sistemy sravnivayutsya s deistvuyushimi v diske vyazkimi silami.
- Vnachale vnutrennii krai diska sleduet za chernymi dyrami po mere ih sblizheniya, no na poslednem etape skorost' sblizheniya komponent sistemy rezko vozrastaet i disk ot etogo processa "otstaet".
- Posle sliyaniya obrazuetsya odinochnaya chernaya dyra, okruzhennaya diskom.
- Cherez nekotoroe vremya pod deistviem vyazkih sil vnutrennii krai diska
priblizhaetsya k chernoi dyre i v sisteme voznikaet rentgenovskii istochnik so
svetimost'yu do 1044 erg/s i vremenem zhizni poryadka desyati
let (dlya massy chernoi dyry 106 mass solnca).
Eto i est' "poslesvechenie" slivshihsya chernyh dyr.
Authors: A. Baldi et al.
Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, proceedings of the "6th Italian Conference on Active Galactic Nuclei", Volterra, 25-28 May 2004
Kak i mnogie drugie ellipticheskie galaktiki NGC821 imeet central'nuyu chernuyu dyru s massoi poryadka 35 millionov mass Solnca. Odnako eta chernaya dyra ne proyavlyaet burnoi aktivnosti. Pod otsutstviem aktivnosti podrazumevaetsya otsutstvie moshnogo potoka izlucheniya (na urovne hotya by desyatyh dolei procenta ot Eddingtonoskoi svetimosti) i yavnyh vybrosov veshestva.
Novye nablyudeniya na Chandre pozvolili vyyavit' interesnuyu detal': byl obnaruzhen dzhet. Tochnee, struepodobnaya struktura. Dlina ee sostavlyaet okolo odnogo kiloparseka. Po mneniyu avtorov stat'i, kakovo by ni bylo proishozhdenie etoi detali, ona odnoznachno svyazana s aktivnost'yu chernoi dyry.
Authors: T.Shahbaz et al.
Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, accepted by ApJ Lett.
V raspredelenii mass kompaktnyh ob'ektov v dvoinyh sistemah nablyudayutsya dva pika. Odin iz nih - neitronnye zvezdy. V sistemah s tochno izmerennymi massami (dvoinyh radiopul'sarah) massy neitronnyh zvezd lezhat v intervale 1.25-1.44Mo. Est' dve rentgenovskie sistemy, v kotoryh neitronnye zvezdy vozmozhno imeyut bOl'shuyu massu, eto Vela X-1, massa neitronnoi zvezdy v kotoroi predpolagaetsya ravnoi 1.9Mo ili dazhe 2.2Mo, i Sistema 4U110-37, gde massa neitronnoi zvezdy ocenivaetsya v 2.4Mo (dlya obeih poslednih sistem tipichnoe znachenie 1.4Mo vyhodit za 2σ). Vtoroi pik sostavlyayut kandidaty v chernye dyry. Ih massy lezhat ot 4Mo i vyshe. A v intervale ot 2.4 do 4Mo neizvestno nikakih kompaktnyh ob'ektov.
No eta situaciya, pohozhe, mozhet izmenit'sya. V sisteme 2S0921-630 (V395 Car) massa kompaktnogo ob'ekta lezhit v intervale 2.0-4.3Mo (1σ), t.e., vozmozhno, zapolnyaet ukazannyi interval. Naibolee veroyatnoe znachenie massy Kompaktnogo ob'ekta v etot sisteme 2.9Mo, takim obrazom eto mozhet okazat'sya kak ochen' massivnaya neitronnaya zvezda, tak i malomassivnaya chernaya dyra (2.9Mo prevyshaet maksimal'nuyu vozmozhnuyu massu neitronnoi zvezdy dlya bol'shinstva uravnenii sostoyaniya neitronnogo veshestva.
Orbital'nyi period sistemy 2S0921-630 sostavlyaet P=9.0035+/-0.0029 dlya, ostal'nye podrobnosti vy mozhete naiti v samoi stat'e.
Authors: M. Kramer
Comments: Talk presented at 'Exploring the Cosmic Frontier - Astrophysical Instrument for the 21st Century', to be published in Springer series "ESO Astrophysics Symposia", 4 pages, 1 figure
SKA - planiruemyi radioteleskop. Eto budet samoe moshnoe orudie radioastronomii, kogda libo sozdannoe na Zemle. Nedavno proshla konferenciya, posvyashennaya etomu proektu, a potomu v Arhive poyavlyaetsya mnozhestvo statei na etu temu. Pered vami odna iz nih.
Osnovnoi upor avtor delaet na gryadushie issledovaniya dvoinyh radiopul'sarov, gde vtorym komponentom yavlyaetsya chernaya dyra. Vladimir Lipunov i ego gruppa eshe 10-20 let nazad provodila raschety, pokazavshie, chto takie sistemy dolzhny vstrechat'sya primerno raz na neskol'ko tysyach otkrytyh radiopul'sarov. Seichas izvestno bolee 1000 radiopul'sarov. SKA budet videt' prakticheski vse pul'sary v Galaktike, chei luch voobshe popadaet na Zemlyu. Poetomu sistemy pul'sar+dyra neizbezhno budut otkryty. Kramer v svoei rabote rassuzhdaet o tom, kakie dannye, vazhnye s tochki zreniya fundamental'noi fiziki, mozhno budet poluchit' issleduyu takuyu ekzoticheskuyu paru.
Authors: Scott A. Hughes, Marc Favata, Daniel E. Holz
Comments: 6 pages, 3 figure
V stat'e (eshe raz) opisyvaetsya effekt "gravitacionnoi rakety": na kazhdom orbital'nom oborote na krugovoi orbite dvoinaya sistema ispuskaet gravitacionnye volne nesimmetrichno iz-za togo, chto komponenty sistemy postepenno sblizhayutsya. Etot effekt ochen' slab, krome togo kik, priobretennyi na odnom oborote, kompensiruetsya v nachale sleduyushego. Dannaya kartina narushaetsya na poslednem oborote. V rezul'tate, dvoinye chernye dyry posle sliyaniya priobretayut vpolne zametnuyu prostranstvennuyu skorost', prichem ee velichina ne zavisit ot massy sistemy i mozhet dostigat' desyatkov ili dazhe soten kilometrov v sekundu (no nikogda ne mozhet prevysit' 500 km/s).
Authors: Paul Ginsparg
Comments: HTML only
Koroten'kaya stat'ya v New York Times, posvyashennaya v osnovnom nedavnei rabote Hokinga.
Authors: M.Yu.Kuchiev, V.V.Flambaum
Comments: Revtex, 7 pages
V poslednee vremya byli otkryty novye svoistva gorizonta chernyh dyr, v chastnosti otrazhenie padayushih v chernuyu dyru chastic ot ee gorizonta. Drugoi effekt svyazan s vyhodom chastic iz-pod gorizonta (prichem bez poteri informacii, kak pri isparenii chernoi dyry). Oba eti effekta imeyut chisto kvantovuyu prirodu i nevozmozhny dlya "klassicheskih" chernyz dyr.
Po-vidimomu, eto te samye effekty, o kotoryh v svoei publichnoi lekcii govoril Hoking.
Authors: Jacob D. Bekenstein
Comments: Lectures delivered at the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe", Erice, 2-13 July, 2004; LaTeX, 26 pages, 4 figs
Odnomu iz avtorov obzorov (S.P.) poschactlivilos' slushat' eti lekcii. Ot vsei dushi rekomenduem ih prochest'.
Authors: G.S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan
Comments: 24 pages, 18 figures.
Esli akkreciruyushee veshestvo neset vmorozhennoe v sebya magnitnoe pole, to davlenie polya rastet bystree, chem davlenie samogo veshestva. I esli v nachale pole ne bylo ochen' ochen' slabym, to mozhet nastupit' moment, kogda osnovnuyu rol' v dinamike akkrecii stanut igrat' imenno magnitnye polya. Teoriya dannyh processov otlichaetsya ot togo, chto predskazyvaet kak standartnaya al'fa-model', tak i modeli advekcionnyh diskov.
Shematichnoe izobrazhenie struktury diska s magnitnym polem
V obzore podrobno rassmotreny vse aspekty dannoi teorii.
Authors: Simon Portegies Zwart
Comments: 71 pages, 25 figures.
Eto obzornaya lekciya, kotoraya na bumage vyglyadit kak glava iz knigi. Nazvanie, sformulirovannoe v "poetichnoi" forme, oznachaet, chto obzor posvyashen voprosam dinamicheskoi evolyucii chernoi dyry v skopleniyah zvezd i ee nablyudatel'nym proyavleniyam. V nem rassmotreny sleduyushie temy:
- relaksaciya zvezdnyh sistem;
- evolyuciya bogatyh zvezdnyh skoplenii bez chernyh dyr;
- obrazovanie chernyh dyr v skopleniyah;
- rost ih massy;
- chislennoe modelirovanie;
- chernye dyry kak rentgenovskie istochniki;
- chernye dyry kak istochniki gravitacionnyh voln.
Authors: Li-Xin Li
Comments: 28 pages, including 11 figures; accepted in PASJ
Rassmotrena model' chernoi dyry, okruzhennoi akkrecionnym diskom, s umerenno sil'noi magnitnoi svyaz'yu, kogda samaya vnutrennyaya chast' akkrecionnogo diska vrashaetsya tverdotel'no iz-za krupnomasshtabnogo magnitnogo polya. Pokazano, chto esli moment vrasheniya chernoi dyry prevoshodit nekotoroe kriticheskoe znacheniya
to energiya vrasheniya chernoi dyry nachinaet vkachivat'sya v disk i mozhet povysit' ego svetimost' na poryadki velichiny.
V protivopolozhnom sluchae (pri a < acr) dvizhenie vnutrennei oblasti diska opredelyaetsya magnitnym polem, a ego vnutrennyaya granica raspolagaetsya na radiuse korotacii (tam, gde Keplerovskaya orbital'naya uglovaya skorost' stanovitsya ravnoi skorosti vrasheniya chernoi dyry). Svetimost' diska v etom sluchae rezko snizhaetsya po sravneniyu so standartnoi (al'fa) model'yu.
Authors: Ding-Xiong Wang, Yong-Cun Ye, Ren-Yi Ma
Comments: 24 pages 9 figures, accepted by New Astronomy
Na segodnyashnii den' byli predlozheny tri mehanizma, pozvolyayushih izvlekat' energiyu iz vrashayusheisya chernoi dyry, okruzhennoi akkrecionnym diskom:
- mehanizm Blendforda-Znaeka, v kotorom nezamknutye linii magnitnogo polya soedinyayut chernuyu dyru s oblast'yu kuda peredaetsya energiya (astrofizicheskoi "nagruzkoi");
- mehanizm "magnitnogo scepleniya", v kotorom zamknutye silovye linii soedinyayu chernuyu dyru i akkrecionnyi disk;
- i predlozhennyi v etoi rabote mehanizm, v kotorom energiya unositsya po otkrytym silovyh liniyam ot akkrecionnogo diska.
Na risunke pokazany struktury linii,
neobhodimye dlya raboty treh perechislennyh mehanizmov
Authors: Rohta Takahashi
Comments: 13 pages, 6 figures, accepted in ApJ
Mozhno li opredelit' spinovyi parametr ("skorost' vrasheniya") chernoi dyry prosto glyadya na nee? Da, po forme i polozheniyu ee "teni" na fone yarkogo akkrecionnogo diska ("ten'" - oblast' otkuda k nam ne prihodyat fotony), hotya takoe opredelenie inogda ne daet odnoznachnogo rezul'tata.
Authors: Stuart L. Shapiro
Comments: 11 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, AASTeX; accepted to appear in The Astrophysical Journal
Napomnim, chto soglasno naibolee standartnoi kartine dlinnye gamma-vspleski obrazuyutsya v rezul'tate kollapsa v chernuyu dyru i obrazovaniya akkrecionnogo diska vokrug novoobrazovavsheisya dyry. Process etot bolee chem slozhnyi, a potomu est' mnogo nereshennyh problem. Odna iz nih svyazana s obrazovaniem diska.
Styuart Shapiro rassmatrivaet process kollapsa neitronnoi zvezdy i process kollapsa massivnoi zvezdy. V pervom sluchae disk ne obrazuetsya t.k. ostaetsya slishkom malo veshestva - pochti vse popadaet v chernuyu dyru. Vo vtorom sluchae do 10 procentov massy kollapsiruyushego ob'ekta mozhet poiti na sozdanie diska. T.o. obrazom modeli, v kotoryh proishodit "zaderzhannyi" kollaps neitronnoi zvezdy stalkivayutsya s trudnostyami. Otmetim odnako, chto raschety Shapiro provedeny pri nekotoryh predpolozheniyah (odnorodnost' vrasheniya, naprimer). Uchet bolee slozhnyh effektov mozhet izmenit' kartinu.
Authors: Jerome A. Orosz et al.
Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures (two of degraded quality), submitted to ApJ
Avtory privodyat dannye podrobnyh fotometricheskih issledovanii sistemy XTE J1650-500. Osnovnym rezul'tatom yavlyaetsya pereocenka orbital'nyh parametrov sistemy po sravneniyu s predydushimi rabotami. Iz etogo sleduet vazhnyi vyvod: predydushie ocenki massy chernoi dyry mogli byt' neskol'ko zavysheny. Teper' verhnii predel na massu sostavlyaet primerno 7.3 massy Solnca. Pri var'irovanii parametrov sistemy mozhno poluchit' massu dazhe poryadka 4 solnechnyh mass. Eto ochen' vazhno, t.k. v nastoyashii moment schitaetsya, chto sushestvuet proval v raspredelenii po massam mezhdu neitronnymi zvezdami i chernymi dyrami (primerno ot 2-3 mass solnca do 7), ob'yasneniyu kotorogo bylo posvyasheno nemalo rabot. Obnaruzhenie hotya by odnoi chernoi dyry "iz provala" chrezvychaino vazhno dlya izucheniya konechnyh stadii evolyucii zvezd.
Authors: Vitor Cardoso
Comments: PhD thesis, Instituto Superior Tecnico, 206 pages
Kvazinormal'nymi modami nazyvayut dinamicheskie kolebaniya "poverhnosti" chernoi dyry. Podobnye kolebaniya voznikayut, naprimer, pri kollapse v chernuyu dyru tela s sil'no nesimmetrichnym raspredelenie massy. No kvazinormal'nye mody vyzyvayut izluchenie gravitacionnyh voln, bystro zatuhayut i chernaya dyra stanovitsya simmetrichnym staticheskim kollapsarom.
Chto takoe kvazinormal'nye mody chernyh dyr, kakimi svoistvami oni obladayut i kak eto mozhet proyavlyat'sya v astrofizike, podrobneishim obrazom opisano v dannoi dissertacii.
Kvazinormal'nye mody na poverhnosti chernoi dyry
(risunok vzyat ne iz dannoi raboty)
Authors: V. Bozza L. Mancini
Comments: 25 pages, 7 figures, accepted by ApJ
Ocherednoi "lavrovyi venok" dostaetsya zvezde S2: samoi blizkoi k central'noi chernoi dyre Mlechnogo Puti (iz izvestnyh nam). Na eto raz delo svyazano s gravitacionnym linzirovaniem na chernoi dyre. Po ocenkam avtorov stat'i ono budet dostatochno zametnym: i kogda zvezda nahoditsya dal'she, chem chernaya dyra, t.e. v "obychnom" rezhime gravitacionnogo linzirovaniya, i kogda zvezda nahoditsya pered chernoi dyroi, no my vse ravno vidim ee izobrazhenie na luche, obognuvshem chernuyu dyru (tak nazyvaemyi retro-lensing). Sluchai pronablyudat' takoe sobytie predstavitsya v nachale 2018 goda, pri sleduyushem prohozhdenii periastra orbity. Bolee togo, esli vse slozhitsya horosho, to my smozhem pri etom izmerit' massu i distanciyu do chernoi dyry (ochen' tochno), a esli povezet, to i vrashenie chernoi dyry.
Poyasnenie k risunku: vozle chernoi dyry obrazuyutsya dva semeistva izobrazhenii zvezdy - chetnye i nechetnye. Nulevym izobrazheniem (pervym chlenom chetnogo semeistva) yavlyaetsya sama zvezda, ee pryamoe izobrazhenie. Pervoe nechetnoe izobrazhenie raspolozheno po druguyu storonu ot chernoi dyry - luchi dayushie eto izobrazhenie sdelali primerno pol oborota pod deistviem gravitacii chernoi dyry. Vtoroe chetnoe izobrazhenie raspolozheno s toi zhe storony, chto i zvezda, no gorazdo blizhe k chernoi dyre. Luchi, obrazuyushie eto izobrazhenie, sdelali prochti celyi oborot. Tret'e nechetnoe izobrazhenie raspolozheno po druguyu storonu ot zvezdy: mezhdu chernoi dyroi i pervym nechetnym izobrazheniem. Ego sozdayut luchi, sovershivshie primerno poltora oborota. Vnutri kazhdogo semeistva svet sozdayushii sleduyushee izobrazhenie delaet na odin oborot vokrug chernoi dyry bol'she, chemu predydushego, poetomu izobrazheniya bolee vysokih poryadkov okazyvayutsya raspolozhennymi vse blizhe k chernoi dyre (tochnee k ee gorizontu) i vse bolee slabymi.
Authors: Zoltan Haiman
Comments: submitted to ApJ Letters, 5 emulateapj pages with 1 figure
Pri sliyanii dvuh chernyh dyr poluchivshayasya chernaya dyra poluchaet dopolnitel'nuyu skorost' (sobstvenno, dlya chernyh dyr effekt prosto maksimalen, sushestvuet zhe on i dlya drugih slivayushihsya ob'ektov - my pisali ob etom nekotoroe vremya nazad). V poslednie neskol'ko mesyacev effekt stal aktivno rassmatrivat'sya v svyazi s rostom massy chernyh dyr na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah. Napomnim, chto uzhe na krasnyh smesheniyah bol'shih 6 nablyudayutsya kvazary, t.e. tam uzhe sushestvovali sverhmassivnye chernye dyry, vyrosshie iz "zarodyshevyh" ob'ektov. Est' dve osnovnye prichiny rosta: sliyaniya i akkreciya.
V etoi stat'e avtor rassmatrivaet kakie ogranicheniya nalagaet "gravitacionnaya otdacha" (Gravitational Recoil) na rost sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr. Osnovnym vyvodom raboty yavlyaetsya sleduyushee: na nekotorom etape temp akkrecii dolzhen sushestvenno prevoshodit' eddingtonovskii, ili zhe dlya rassmotrennogo kvazara (s massoi 4.6 milliadov mass Solnca na krasnom smeshenii 6.43) skorosti, poluchennye pri "gravitacionnoi otdache" vsegda byli men'she 64 km/s, chto maloveroyatno.
Authors: Larus Thorlacius
Comments: 19 pages, 7 figures, invited lecture at the Gunnar Nordstrom Symposium on Theoretical Physics, Helsinki, August 27-30, 2003
Dannaya stat'ya predstavlyaet soboi obzornuyu lekciyu, posvyashennuyu golorgaficheskomu principu voobshe i ego prilozheniyam k chernyh dyram v chastnosti. O golograficheskom principe podrobno mozhno prochitat' v prekrasnom obzore hep-th/0203101. O chernyh dyrah est' mnogo statei, otmetim kak bolee prostuyu astro-ph/9801252 i bolee "prodvinutuyu" gr-qc/0304042 (otdel'no otmetim stat'yu, posvyashennuyu ispareniyu chernyh dyr: gr-qc/0010055).
V vul'garnom izlozhenii Golograficheskii princip mozhno predstavit' tak: v prostranstve-vremeni mozhno opredelit' nekotoruyu granicu tak, chto entropiya vnutri etoi granicy budet opredelyat'sya ne ob'emom oblasti, a ploshad'yu poverhnosti granicy. Srazu zametim, chto t.n. prostranstvennopodobnaya granica (t.e. kogda vy prosto okruzhaete kakuyu-to oblast' ogranichevayushei poverhnost' v prostranstve) ne rabotaet. Detali - v lekciyah i obzorah.
Chtoby zaintrigovat' otmetim, chto golograficheskii princip schitaetsya vozmozhnym vazhnym shagom na puti sozdaniya teorii kvantovoi gravitacii.
Authors: Janusz Ziolkowski
Comments: 15 pages; 2 figures
Novosti est' novosti: v stat'e vy naidete i obsuzhdenie dostovernosti prisutstviya chernyh dyr (t.e. massivnyh nevidimyh ob'ektov) v dolgih sobytiyah mikrolinzirovaniya, i svyaz' parametrov vysokochastotnyh kvaziperiodicheskih oscillyacii (QPO) s massoi chernoi dyry v dvoinyh sistemah, i obsuzhdenie individual'nyh ob'ektov SS 433, GX 339-4, CI Cam i Cyg X-3. No, pozhalui, sasym interesnym v etoi stat'e yavlyaetsya tablica 49(!) kandidatov v chernye dyry v dvoinyh sistemah nashei Galaktiki.
Authors: Dejan Stojkovic and Katherine Freese
Comments: references added
Na rannih stadiyah evolyucii Vselennoi v bol'shom kolichestve dolzhny byli obrazovyvat'sya monopoli (topologicheskie defekty skalyarnyh polei). Etot vyvod sleduet pochti iz vseh modelei elementarnyh chastic. No segodnya monopoli ne obnaruzheny. Kuda zhe oni podevalis'? Predlozhenie avtorov: ih poglotili pervichnye chernye dyry. Osnovnuyu rol' v ochistke Vselennoi ot monopolei dolzhny byli sygrat' chernye dyry s massami 106-109 g.
Authors: Zoltan Haiman, Eliot Quataert
Comments: 39 pages, no figures, glava v knige
Skoree vsego, pervye chernye dyry obrazovalis' na z>10 v nebol'shih oblastyah koncentracii temnogo veshestva (s massoi ~106Mo). Zatem oni rosli za schet sliyanii i akkrecii i prevratilis' v populyaciyu central'nyh ob'ektov yarkih kvazarov, a zatem kvazary pogasli, a chernye dyry (stavshie k tomu vremeni sverhmassivnymi) okazalis' v centrah galaktik. V obzore podrobno rassmatrivaetsya realistichnost' i vozmozhnye problemy dannogo scenariya, a takzhe fizicheskie processy na razlichnyh ego stadiyah.
Authors: Jeffrey E. McClintock, Ramesh Narayan, George B. Rybicki
Comments: 34 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ
Problema dokazatel'stva sushestvovaniya chernyh dyr neodnokratno vsplyvala, vsplyvaet i budet vsplyvat' v diskussiyah samogo raznogo urovnya. My takzhe neodnokratno pisali ob etom.
V dannoi stat'e avtory podrobno rassmatrivayut dannye nablyudenii istochnika XTE J1118+480, yavlyayushegosya kandidatom v chernye dyry. Rech' idet v osnovnom o tom, chto v spokoinom sostoyanii nablyudaetsya nedostatok teplovogo izlucheniya. Eto mozhet svidetel'stvovat' ob otsutstvii poverhnosti, t.e. o tom, chto my nablyudaem deistvitel'no chernuyu dyru.
Authors: J.P. Halpern, S. Gezari, S. Komossa
Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures, to appear in ApJ April 1 2004
Nedavno proshla novost' o nablyudenii posledstvii prilivnogo razrusheniya zvezdy sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyroi. Iznachal'no rentgenovskaya vspyshka nablyudalas' neskol'ko let nazad na sputnike ROSAT, a seichas, nablyudaya tot zhe istochnik na sputnikah Chandra i HMM-N'yuton, astronomy zaregistrirovali sil'no padenie bleska. Eto interpretiruetsya kak pogloshenie veshestva chernoi dyroi.
Krome istochnika, popavshego na vse novostnye lenty, est' i drugie kandidaty. O nih i rasskazano v etoi stat'e.
Dlya vseh etih istochnikov nablyudalas' vspyshka i posleduyushee padenie bleska po opredelennomu zakonu, kotoryi nahoditsya v sootvetstvii s modelyami.
Authors: Sandip K. Chakrabarti
Pervoi rabotoi, otnosyasheisya k dannomu napravleniyu, avtor schitaet vyshedshuyu v 1952 godu nazad stat'yu Bondi (Bondi) o sfericheskoi akkrecii. [50 let etoi stat'e ispolnilos' v 2002, kogda i byl opublikovan dannyi obzor.] S etogo vremeni potok statei ros eksponencial'no i bylo sdelano ochen' mnogo.
Authors: J. E. Horvath, G. Lugones
Comments: 4 pages, 3 figures
My neodnokratno obrashali vashe vnimanie na raboty, posvyashennye probleme "identifikacii" chernyh dyr (Narayan et al.; Abramowicz et al.). Osobo hochetsya vydelit' nedavnyuyu stat'yu Ye-Fei Yuan et al.. Problema v obnaruzhenii neposredstvennogo proyavleniya gorizonta.
Narayan et al. polagayut, chto lyuboi kompaktnyi ob'ekt s massoi bolee 3 mass solnca i bez rentgenovskih vspleskov pervogo tipa (oni svyazany s zagoraniem "termoyadernogo topliva" na poverhnosti) yavlyaetsya ochen' sil'nym kandidatom v chernye dyry. Horvat i Lugones v svoei stat'e rassmatrivayut nekotoruyu ekzoticheskuyu al'ternativu - CFL zvezdy (CFL=color flavor locked).
CFL zvezdy eto podvid togo, chto inogda ob'edinyayut obshim terminom "neitronnye zvezdy". Na samom dele v zavisimosti ot uravneniya sostoyaniya sostav kompaktnogo ob'ekta mozhet byt' sovsem ne "neitronnym". V chastnosti, mogut sushestvovat' kvarkovye zvezdy raznyh tipov. CFL zvezdy - odin iz nih. Eti ob'ekty otlichayutsya dovol'no bol'shimi maksimal'nymi massami i otsutstviem normal'noi poverhnosti. T.o. po mneniyu avotrov oni mogut pryatat'sya sredi kandidatov v chernye dyry "po Narayanu".
Stat'ya korotkaya i ponyatnaya. Tak chto v nei legko razobrat'sya.
Authors: Nadine Haering and Hans-Walter Rix
Comments: 11 pages, 3 figures, accepted in ApJ Letters
Proizvedena ocherednaya pereproverka ukazannoi zavisimosti. Avtory nashli, chto zavisimost' pochti lineinaya
Dlya baldzha s massoi Mbulge~5x1010 Mo srednyaya massa central'noi chernoi dyry sostavlyaet 0.14% +/- 0.04% ot massy baldzha.
Authors: S. Komossa et al.
Comments: 11 pages, to appear in March 1 issue of ApJ Letters (submitted Nov. 10, accepted in Dec. 2003); background information available at http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/~skomossa/
Eto original raboty, vyzvavshei nebyvalyi rezonans (vozmozhno ne sovsem opravdano).
Populyarnoe izlozhenie luchshe vsego posmotret' na Astronete.
Krome togo otmetim stat'i Pashi Ivanova i soavtorov, posvyashennyh modelirovaniyu takih sliyanii. Ssylki na stat'i mozhno naiti zdes'.
Authors: Panagiota Kanti (Univ. of Oxford)
Comments: 53 pages, 17 figures
Samye sovremennye teorii elementarnyh chastic luchshe vsego opisyvayut fiziku nashego mira, kogda on yavlyaetsya desyati- ili odinnadcatimernym. My "ne vidim" dopolnitel'nye izmereniya potomu, chto oni zamknutye i kompaktnye. Odnako v poslednee vremya predpolozhenie o tom, chto protyazhennost' etih izmerenii poryadka plankovskoi dliny, stanovitsya neobyazatel'nym, odno ili dva iz kompaktnyh izmerenii mogut byt' gorazdo bol'she, vplot' do neskol'kih nanometrov.
Dannyi ochen' podrobnyi obzor posvyashen osobennostyam chernyh dyr v mnogomernyh mirah s neskol'kimi protyazhennymi dopolnitel'nymi izmereniyami. Rassmotreny sleduyushie voprosy: rozhdenie mnogomernyh chernyh dyr, radius ih gorizonta, temperatura, vremya zhizni, isparenie i t.d.
Authors: Marc Favata et al.
Comments: 4 pages, 2 figues, emulateapj style
My pozvolili sebe nemnogo vol'nyi perevod slova kick. Rech' idet o tom, chto kompaktnye ob'ekty (neitronnye zvezdy i chernye dyry) mogut poluchat' dopolnitel'nye skorosti. Naprimer, eto mozhet proishodit' iz-za nekotorogo tolchka. Poetomu eti dopolnitel'nye skorosti nazyvayut kick velocity. Na samom dele mehanizm kika neizvesten, i obsuzhdayutsya samye raznye varianty, daleko ne vse oni vyglyadyat kak nekotoryi "tychok".
Dlya dvoinyh kompaktnyh ob'ektov eshe v 1961 g. byl predlozhen ochen' krasivyi mehanizm. Predstav'te sebe sistemu iz dvuh chernyh dyr. Takaya para budet sblizhat'sya za schet gravitacionnogo izlucheniya (kotoroe unosit orbital'nyi moment) poka ne sol'etsya. No! Esli massy dvuh zvezd ne ravny, to budet i lineinyi moment, t.e. sistema budet priobretat' skorost'. I skorost' ves'ma bol'shuyu! Na moment sliyaniya ona mozhet dostich' tysyachi km/s.
Dannyi mehanizm neodnokratno rassmatrivalsya raznymi avtorami (sm. naprimer stat'yu Early reionization by miniquasars , gde rassmatrivaetsya vopros o vybrose chernyh dyr promezhutochnyh mass v svyazi so sliyaniyami na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah).
V etoi stat'e avtory bolee tshatel'no rassmatrivayut eto mehanizm, i prihodyat k vyvodu o tom, chto v real'noi astrofizicheskoi situacii vpolne mozhno poluchat' skorosti vplot' do 500-600 km/s pri tipichnom znachenii 100-200 km/s, chto uzhe nemalo, i vazhno dlya mnogih astrofizicheskih prilozhenii.
Etoi zhe tematike posvyashena vtoraya stat'ya avtorov astro-ph/0402057.
Lichno mne (SP.) osobenno priyatno dumat' o pare sverhmasivnyh chernyh dyr v centre kakoi-nibud' galaktiki, kotorye sblizhayutsya, priobretaya pri etom skorost'....
Authors: Ye-Fei Yuan, Ramesh Narayan, Martin J. Rees
Comments: 29 pages, 7 figures, to appear in The Astrophysical Journal
Ochen' vazhnaya rabota. My neodnokratno otmechali, chto pri opredelennom urovne paranoii vsegda mozhno oboitis' bez chernyh dyr. Delo v tom, chto protestirovat' pryamo-taki nalichie gorizonta ochen' trudno. Poetomu poyavlyayutsya razlichnye al'ternativy, inogda ochen' interesnye i tshatel'no prorabotannye. V dannoi stat'e avtory rassmatrivayut naibolee sil'nye al'ternativy, sravnivayut ih s nablyudeniyami, nu i delayut opredelennye vyvody. Povtorim vsled za Kipom Tornom: "V dannom sluchae chernaya dyra - eto samaya konservativnaya gipoteza".
Authors: Feng Yuan, Eliot Quataert, Ramesh Narayan
Comments: 17 pages, 5 figures, accepted by ApJ
Okazyvaetsya, izluchenie istochnika Sgr A* - central'noi chernoi dyry nashei Galaktiki - ochen' bystro menyaetsya v infrakrasnom diapazone. Harakternoe vremya peremennosti sostavlyaet okolo 30 min. Ono sovpadaet s rentgenovskoi peremennost'yu, obnaruzhennoi na sputnikah Chandra i XMM, chto pozvolyaet sdelat' predpolozhenie ob ih obshei prirode.
Avtory pytayutsya ob'yasnit' IK-izluchenie neteplovym sinhrotronom iz naibolee vnutrennih chastei akkrecionnogo diska, a rentgenovskoe - komptonizaciei myagkogo IK-izlucheniya. Postroeny model'nye spektry.
Authors: M. Vestergaard
Comments: 6 pages. Invited review at GN Physics with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey' conference (July 2003), eds. G. Richards and P. Hall (ASP Conf. Series, 2004)
Korotkii obzor po populyarnoi segodnya tematike. Kak izvestno, naibol'shee chislo izvestnyh kandidatov chernye dyry - eto massivnye ob'ekty v central'nyh oblastyah galaktik. Chislo ih perevalilo za sotnyu i postoyanno rastet. Est' neskol'ko metodik, kotorye pozvolyayut opredelit' massu central'noi chernoi dyry. V obzore kratko perechislyayutsya eti sposoby, a takzhe privodyatsya poslednie rezul'taty. Dovol'no ponyatnoe kratkoe ob'yasnenie vseh metodov!
Authors: K. A. Postnov and A. M. Cherepashchuk
Comments: 11 pages, 2 figures, Astronomy Reports v.80, p.1075-1085 (2003)
V nekotoryh novyh teoriyah gravitacii (mnogomernyh, brannyh i t.d.) isparenie chernyh dyr idet na mnogo poryadkov bystree, chem v OTO. Odnako, v dvoinyh sistemah my vidim pochti dva desyatka kandidatov v chernye dyry s dostatochno vysokimi massami. Oni ne isparilis'. Etot astronomicheskii fakt nakladyvaet neozhidanno sil'nye ogranicheniya na sootvetstvuyushie teorii.
(Arhiv Chernye dyry: v.2, 2003,
v.1, 2002-2003)
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