The R.A.P. Project (Reviews of Astro-Ph)
Neitrino
(Arhiv Neitrino: v.2, 2003,
v.1, 2002-2003)
Authors: K.D. Hoffman
Comments: 33 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in the New Journal of Physics
V stat'e daet obzor po istorii i sovremennomu sostoyaniyu detektorov neitrino vysokih energii. Imeyutsya vvidu proekty tipa Amanda, IseCube etc. (v protivopostavlenii detektoram nizkoenergichnyh neitrino, podobnyh Borexino etc.). Avtor takzhe rassuzhdaet o tom, kakie otkrytiya nas zhdut pri vvode v stroi detektorov novogo pokoleniya s ob'emom rabochego tela poryadka kubicheskogo kilometra.
Authors: G. Giacomelli for the ANTARES collaboration
Comments: 8 pages, invited talk at "New Trends in high-energy physicsa & safe nuclear energy"
Podvodnyi neitrinnyi detektor ANTARES rabotaet u beregov Francii. Seichas montazh uzhe zakonchen. Detektor v itoge poluchilsya ne ochen' bol'shoi. Napomnyu, chto est' i drugie evropeiskie proekty (NESTOR, NEMO). V itoge sovmestnymi usiliyami evropeicy dolzhny postroit' detektor s effektivnym ob'emom poryadka kubicheskogo kilometra. No eto v budushem. Poka zhe - chto est'.
Zametka, na moi vzglyad, polezna neplohim vvedeniem. Sm. takzhe arxiv:0812.20954, gde rech' idet o pervyh rezul'tatah ANTARES.
Authors: S.T. Dye
Comments: 3 pages
Koroten'kii obzor po geoneitrino. Eto elektronnye neitrino, rozhdayushiesya v beta-raspade. Oni izluchayutsya radioaktivnymi elementami v nedrah Zemli. V nastoyashee vremya dva detektora (KamLAND v Yaponii i Borexino Italii) registriruyut neitrino ot rasprada toriya i urana. Planiruyutsya novye proekty. Vse eto ochen' vazhno dlya geofizicheskih issledovanii.
Vvidu kratkosti i ponyatnosti - sovetuyu vsem prochest'.
Authors: R. Wischnewski for the BAIKAL collaboration
Comments: 8 pages, 12 figures, presented at VLVNT08, to appear in NIM-A
Neitrinye detektory ili stroyat v podzemnyh laboratoriyah, ili pogruzhayut registriruyushuyu apparaturu v antarkticheskii led, ili pod vodu. Uzhe 10 let rabotaet eksperiment na ozere Baikal. Tam zimoi so l'da pod vodu opuskayut fotodetektory, i neskol'ko mesyacev mozhno vesti nablyudeniya neitrino.
Seichas raznye kollaboracii stremyatsya postroit' detektory s effektivnym ob'emom poryadka kubichesogo kilometra. Est' takie plany i v ramkah baikal'skogo proekta. V stat'e rasskazyvaetsya o sovremennom statuse eksperimenta i o planah po sozdaniyu kilometrovogo detektora (seichas idet rabota s prototipom, o nem sm. takzhe arxiv:0811.1110).
Authors: Teresa Montaruli for the ANTARES collaboration
Comments: 8 pages
Za poslednie neskol'ko dnei vse sozdayushiesya bol'shie neitrinnye detektory otmetilis' korotkoi zametkoi o tekushih dostizheniyah. V dannoi rasskazyvaetsya ob ANTARES. On sozdaetsya vblizi Marselya. Pervye neskol'ko nitok detektorov uzhe rabotayut, i v stat'e obsuzhdayutsya rezul'taty, poluchennye na nih. Poka vse po planu.
IceCube, kotoryi stroitsya v Antarktide, tozhe uzhe imeet rabochie niti. V stat'e arxiv:0810.3698 opisyvaetsya izmerenie neitrinnyi oscillyacii na etom detektore.
Nakonec NEMO stroitsya u beregov Sicilii. O nem rasskazyvaetsya v zametke arxiv:0810.3119. Poka eto ne chast' budushego bol'shogo detektora, a tehnologicheskii prototip, no vse ravno detektory rabotayut i kakie-to dannye idut.
Authors: Tyce DeYoung for the IceCube Collaboration
Comments: 7 pages, presented at Neutrino 2008
Antakrticheskii detektor AMANDA-II rabotal s 2000 godya, a 2007 voshel kak sostavnaya chast' v detektor IceCube, kotoryi seichas postroen primerno napolovinu. Avtory podvodyat itogi raboty detektora. Nakopleno mnogo dannyh po atmosfernym neitrino. A vot po astrofizicheskim - tol'ko verhnie predely. AMANDe ne povezlo. Nikakie blizkie sverhnovye ne vspyhivali, i pessimesticheski-realisticheskie ocenki potokov ot izvetnyh istochnikov okazalis' vernymi. Vot IceCube uzhe dolzhen budt chto-to uvidet' .... Rekomenduyu dolistat' do poslednei stranicy i posmotret' na risunok 8, gde predstavlena shema polnogo IceCube, i pokazano mesto AMANDA v nem.
Authors: Matthey D. Kistler et al.
Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures
Opisyvayutsya preimushestva proekta podzemnogo vodnogo cherenkovskogo detektora Deep-TITAND, prednaznachennogo dlya poiska neitrino dostatochnoi vysokoi energii (~15 MeV) ot vzryvov sverhnovyh. Dlya sravneniya, Super-Kamiokande imel vsego 32 kilotonny vody. Proekt Giper-Kamiokande predpolagaet 0.5 megatonn vody. Pervyi mog videt' neitrino ot kollapsa tol'ko v masshtabe nashei Galaktiki (uzhe M31 daet vsego poryadka odnogo sobytiya), vtoroi - smozhet dotyanut'sya vsego lish' do 1-2 Mpk, a na takom rasstoyanii kollapsy proishodyat redko. Deep-TITAND smozhet "videt'" do 3-5 Mpk. Na takom rasstoyanii sidit srazu neskol'ko galaktik s dostatochno bol'shim tempom zvezdoobrazovaniya.
Ideya sostoit v tom, chtoby pozhertvovat' neitrino nizkoi energii radi razumnoi stoimosti. Poetomu detektor predlagayut stavit' ne ochen' gluboko pod zemlei, i ne ochen' plotno raspolagat' fotoumnozhiteli. Zato mozhno budet videt' primerno kollaps v god.
Authors: P.A. Sturrock
Comments: 12 pages, 3 figures, ApJ Lett. 688 (Nov 20 2008)
Potok solnechnyi neitrino peremenen na vremenah poryadka 11-14 let. Vopros - a pochemu? Avtor opisyvaet dannye nablyudenii, obsuzhdaet raznye vozmozhnosti, i predlagaet ogranichenie na magnitnyi moment neitrino po etim dannym.
Authors: Spencer R. Klein for the IceCUbe Collaboration
Comments: Invited talk presented at Neutrino 2008; 7 pages
Neitrinnyi detektor IceCube, sooruzhaemyi v Antarktide, gotov uzhe napolovinu. Sootvetstvenno, uzhe detektiruyutsya sobytiya. O sovremennom statuse proekta i nekotoryh ego predvaritel'nyh rezul'tatah mozhno prochest' v stat'e.
O svezhih rezul'tatah s SuperKamiokande po oscillyaciyam solnechnyh i atmosfernyh neitrino mozhno prochest' tut: arxiv:0810.0573.
Authors: The Borexino Collaboration
Comments: Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures
Avtory opisyvayut nablyudeniya solnechnyh neitrino na ustanovke Boreksino v Gran Sasso. Vazhno to, chto avtory vpervye govoryat ob obnaruzhenii interesnogo effekta, svyazannogo s oscillyaciyami neitrino. Teoriya govorit nam, chto poka neitrino letyat iz centra Solnca k nam, rabotayut dva osnovnyh effekta. V yadre Solnca oscillyacii usileny prisutsviem veshestva pri vysokoi plotnosti, eto vazhno dlya energii neitrino vyshe 5 MeV. A dlya nizkih energii (menee 2 MeV) vazhnee vakuumnye oscillyacii. Mezhdu dvumya etimi rezhimami dolzhen byt' plavnyi perehod vot etot perehod i obnaruzhen, prichem vazhno, chto sdelano eto na odnom detektore.
Authors: W. C. Haxton
Comments: 37 pages, 15 figures; presentation at an introductory level
Horoshii obzor po vsem oblastyam neitrinnoi astrofiziki: solnechnye neitrino, atmosfernye, ot sverhnovyh, rol' neitrino v nukleosinteze, processy v zvezdah, neitrino vysokih energii. Razumeetsya, perechisleny osnovnye ustanovki i plany v etoi oblasti. Vse zhostatochno polno i ponyatno. Rekomenduyu.
Authors: Paolo Gondolo, Georg Raffelt
Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure
Kak vse pomnyat, nedavno eksperiment DAMA snova ob'yavil o signale, kotoryi mozhet byt' rezul'tatom detektirovaniya chastic temnoi materii. Odnoi iz vozmozhnyh interpretacii mogut byt' aksionopodobnye chasticy (psevdoskalyary) s massoi okolo keVa. V dannoi stat'e avtory pokazyvayut, chto takaya interpretaciya vo-pervyh, zakryvaetsya dannymi po solnechnym neitrino, vo-vtoryh - dannymi po starym zvezdam (zvezdam v sharovyh skopleniyah i belym karlikam).
Authors: MiniBooNE Collaboration
Comments: 46 pages, 21 figures
Privoditsya dostatochno podrobnoe opisanie neitrinnogo detektora MiniBooNE. Eto pervaya faza eksperimenta BooNE (Booster Neutrino Experiment). Ego zadacha - detal'noe izuchenie neitrinnyh oscillyacii, kotorye nablyudalis' v proekte LSND.
Eksperiment byl razrabotan v Fermilabe dlya registracii prevrashenii (oscillyacii) myuonnyh neitrino v elektronnye. Central'noi chast'yu detektora yavlyaetsya shar s diametrom 12.2 metrov, zapolnennyi mineral'nym maslom. Eksperiment nachal rabotu neskol'ko let nazad i nablyudeniya prodolzhayutsya.
Authors: Spencer R. Klein, for the IceCube Collaboration
Comments: 7 pages, presented at SORMA West 2008 (Symposium on Radiation Measurement and Applications)
Neitrinnyi detektor IceCube sooruzhaetsya seichas v Antarktide. Poka detektoram etogo tipa ne vezlo: ne bylo blizkih sverhnovyh, a dlya registracii signalov ot dalekih vzryvov u nih ne hvatalo chuvstvitel'nosti. IceCube mozhet byt' bolee udachlivym, tem bolee chto ego razmery pozvolyayut nadeyat'sya, chto v nedalekom budushem my budem registrirovat' neitrinnye vspyshki ot sverhnovyh, vzorvavshihsya v sosednih galaktikah.
Authors: M.C. Gonzalez-Garcia, Michele Maltoni
Comments: 204 pages, 57 figures. All results updated with the new MINOS, KamLAND and Borexino data. Three new sections added: nu magnetic moment, nu decay, two sterile nu's. Many sections and bibliography expanded. Analysis fully updated as of Fall 2007; Journal-ref: Phys. Rept. 460 (2008) 1-129
Avtory sdelali kross-post v astrofizicheskuyu chast' ogromnogo obzora po neitrino, kotoryi v original'nom vide poyavilsya god nazad. Mnogie razdely (osobenno posvyashennye eksperimentam) vpolne dostupny nespecialistam.
Authors: Christian Spiering
Comments: 16 pages, 20 figures. To be published in Astronomische Nachrichten
Astroparticle Physics (ya budu ispol'zovat' udachnyi perevod "kosmomikrofizika") zavoevala status samostoyatel'noi discipliny na styke astrofiziki, fiziki elementarnyh chastic (i uskoritel'noi, i kosmicheskih luchei) i kosmologii. Razumeetsya, chasto nevozmozhno (da i ne nuzhno) tochno opredelit' yavlyaetsya li dannaya rabota ili proekt "kosmomikrofizicheskim" ili ego luchshe nazyvat' kak-to inache. Kak by to ni bylo ? Oblast' harakterizuetsya eshe i tem, chto v nei osushestvlyayutsya ochen' dorogie proekty. Poetomu razlichnye agentstva stroyat dolgosrochnye plany. V stat'e daetsya ochen' interesnyi obzor togo, chto planiruet v etoi oblasti Evropa na blizhaishie 10 let.
Osnovnye voprosy, kotorye stavyat pered soboi v dannoi programme uchenye, takovy:
Pervym stoit vopros o prirode temnoi materii. Zdes' osnovnymi kandidatami yavlyayutsya neitralino i aksiony. Chto delaetsya? Vo-pervyh, idut laboratornye eksperimenty po pryamomu detektirovaniyu chastic temnoi materii. V etoi oblasti evropeicy, pozhalui, aktivnee drugih, i planiruetsya prodolzhat' poiski. Vo-vtoryh, est' vozmozhnost' uvidet' chasticy, yavlyayushiesya produktami raspada ili annigilyacii chastic temnoi materii, naprimer, gamma-kvanty. U evropeicev seichas letaet sputnik PAMELA, ot kotorogo mozhno ozhidat' interesnyh rezul'tatov do zapuska bolee moshnogo amerikanskogo AMS. Odnako, pohozhe, chto u PAMELA est' kakie-to trudnosti. V gamma-diapazone u evropeicev est' nebol'shoi sputnik AGILE. Planiruemyi v blizhaishie mesyacy k zapusku amerikanskii GLAST budet namnogo effektivnee. Krome togo, mozhno iskat' produkty raspada s pomosh'yu nazemnyh gamma-teleskopov, i tut s H.E.S.S. i MAGIC evropeicy vperedi planety vsei. Evropeiskie plany po postroike bol'shogo morskogo neitrinnogo detektora potihon'ku pretvoryayutsya v zhizn', no ochen' potihon'ku (ob etom sm. nizhe). Nakonec, v tret'ih, koe-chto mogut dat' uskoritel'nye eksperimenty, i zdes', konechno, vse nadezhdy na LHC.
Chto kasaetsya temnoi energii, to tut Evropa ogranichivaetsya standartnymi astronomicheskimi proektami v oblasti nablyudatel'noi kosmologii. Samym vazhnym, navernoe, v blizhaishie 10 let budet zapusk sputnika Planck (oktyabr' 2008 goda). Krome togo, planiruyutsya obzory v razlichnyh diapazonah spektra, no eto chistaya astronomiya, kotoruyu kosmomikrofizika podderzhivaet moral'no.
Sleduyushim punktom stoit poisk raspada protona. Dlya obnaruzheniya nado stroit' podzemnye detektory tipa SuperKamiokande, tol'ko na poryadok bol'she. Poka idet prorabotka neskol'kih podhodov (mozhno perechislit' neskol'ko nazvanii proektov LENA, GLACIER, MEMPHYS, LAGUNA). Planiruetsya, chto k 2010 godu budet vybran proekt. Odnako, vse eshe mozhet sil'no zamedlit'sya. Stoimost' ustanovki budet poryadka polumilliarda evro. S takimi proektami evropeicy lyubyat tyanut', poskol'ku nuzhno mezhdunarodnaya kooperaciya, a "u vseh svoi problemy". Razumeetsya, takoi detektor budet i prekrasnym neitrinnym detektorom.
Teper' o "lovle neitrino za borodu". Zdes' interesny ne tol'ko eksperimenty tipa morskih detektorov s ob'emom poryadka kubicheskogo kilometra. Vo-pervyh, idut popytki pomerit' massu neitrino v laboratorii po izmereniyu spektra elektronov pri beta-raspade (eksperiment KATRINA v Germanii). Vo-vtoryh, interesny issledovaniya dvoinogo bezneitrinnogo beta-raspada. Oni dolzhny dat' otvet na vopros o tom, yavlyayutsya li neitrino maioranovskimi ili dirakovskimi. Dvoinoi bezneitrinnyi beta-raspad vozmozhen tol'ko, esli neitrino maioranovskie.
Kosmicheskie luchi. Evropa aktivneishim obrazom uchastvuet v proekte Ozhe. Cherez neskol'ko let nachnetsya montazh severnoi chasti ustanovki v SShA (yuzhnaya polnost'yu gotova i rabotaet). V severnoi chasti 45 procentov prinadlezhit Evrope. Hotya chashe govoryat o kosmicheskih luchah sverhvysokih energii, odnako i na men'shih energiyah est' eshe nemalo nereshennyh problem. Dlya ih razresheniya stroyat otdel'nye detektory. Odin iz detektorov stoit v Germanii, i on budet prodolzhat' svoyu rabotu.
Gamma-astronomiya. Evropeicy ne sobirayutsya ostanavlivat'sya na uspehah, dostignutyh gruppami H.E.S.S. i MAGIC. Razrabatyvaetsya proekt gorazdo bolee krupnoi seti nazemnyh gamma-teleskopov. Po vsei vidimosti budet dve seti (severnaya i yuzhnaya) s neskol'ko raznymi parametrami, optimizirovannymi dlya izucheniya galakticheskih istochnikov (yug) i vnegalakticheskih (sever).
Kraine zamanchivo nachat' registrirovat' neitrino vysokih energii. Eto vozmozhno s pomosh'yu kilometrovyh detektorov v vode ili l'du. Poka v Antakrtide idet montazh IceCube, evropeicy testiruyut v Sredizemnom more neskol'ko prototipov vodnyh detektorov. O edinom evropeiskom detektore poka idut peregovory. Rano ili pozdno on navernyaka budet postroen, no kakaya-to konkretnaya informaciya o dizaine i tp. otsutstvuet. Krome togo, obsuzhdayutsya proekty kosvennoi registracii neitrino ochen' vysokih energii po radioizlucheniyu. V kachestve rabochego tela tut mozhet vystupat', naprimer, Luna.
Nakonec, poslednyaya tema svyazana s gravitacionnymi volnami. V Evrope rabotayut VIRGO i GEO600. Apgreid VIRGO pozvolit poluchit' pribor, kotoryi deistvitel'no smozhet imet' priemlemyi temp registracii sliyanii neitronnyh zvezd i chernyh dyr. Planiruyutsya bolee krupnye ustanovki (Einstein Telescope), no yasno, chto dazhe pri optimisticheskom razvitii sobytii ih sooruzhenie ne popadaet v blizhaishie 10 let. Chto kasaetsya kosmicheskih detektorov, to tut ESA sotrudnichaet s NASA v dele sozdaniya LISA. Poka obsuzhdaetsya data zapuska 2018 god. No, skoree vsego, ona budet neskol'ko otodvinuta. V 2010 godu evropeicy dolzhny zapustit' prototip. Esli s nim vse proidet udachno, to, navernoe, poyavitsya real'nyh grafik realizacii bol'shogo osnovnogo proekta.
Itogo. Seichas kosmomikrofizika nahoditsya na etape, kogda mozhno uspet' snyat' slivki. Pravda, trebuetsya stroit' ochen' dorogie i tehnicheski slozhnye ustanovki na zemle, pod zemlei, pod vodoi i v kosmose. V konce stat'i avtor privodit svodku proektov (i summy), kotorye budut realizovyvat'sya v blizhaishie 10 let.
Pohozhe, chto Evropa ne otstaet ot SShA, ili otstaet ne sil'no. Nu na ee vtoroe mesto pokushat'sya vrode by i
nekomu.
Authors: A.D. Dolgov
Comments: Talk presented at the meeting of Nuclear Physics Division of Russian Academy of Sci., November, 2007, Moscow. 21 pages, 3 figures
Horoshii obzor o roli neitrino v kosmologii i o vozmozhnosti ispol'zovat' kosmologicheskie dannye dlya ogranicheniya parametrov neitrino. Zatronuty vse vozmozhnye v dannom sluchae aspekty: ot roli neitrino v formirovanii krupnomasshtabnoi struktury do kosmologicheskih ogranichenii na chislo sortov neitrino, ot ogranichenii na massy neitrino do perspektiv obnaruzheniya fona kosmologicheskih neitrino.
Authors: The KamLAND Collaboration
Comments: 5 pages
KamLAND - Kamioka Liquid scintillator Anti-neutrino Detector. Ustanovka nahoditsya na meste byvshego eksperimenta Kamiokande.
KamLAND - eto 1000-tonnyi detektor, registriruyushii antineitrino ot atomnyh reaktorov (bol'shinstvo yaponskih atomnyh stancii nahodyatsya v predelah 150-200 km ot ustanovki). Krome etogo, detektor "vidit" i solnechnye neitrino. Rabotat' eksperiment nachal 6 let nazad - v yanvare 2002 goda.
V dannoi stat'e privodyatsya dannye po reaktornym antineitrino v prilozhenii k neitrinnym oscillyaciyam.
Na risunke pervom privedeny dannye dlya kvadrata raznicy mass mezhdu dvumya legkimi neitrino, i dlya ugla smeshivaniya (pokazany cvetom). Takzhe privedny dannye, poluchennye iz nablyudenii solnechnyh neitrino.
Na vtorom risunke privedeno sledushee. Po gorizontal'noi osi otlozheno otnoshenie effektivnogo rasstoyaniya do reaktorov - istochnikov antineitrino (L0=180 km) k energii chastic. Po vertikal'noi osi privedeno otnoshenie dvuh drugih velichin. Pervaya iz nih - eto potok antineitrino (za vychetom fona i geo-neitrino). Vtoraya - ozhidaemyi potok, esli by ne bylo oscillyacii. Kak vidno, oscillyacii est'. Tochki - dannye. Krivaya - ozhidaemyi rezul'tat, postroennyi s ispol'zovaniem opredelennyh v eksperimente parametrov.
Kvadrat raznicy mass legkih neitrino raven primerno 7-8 10-5 eV. Kvadrat tangensa ugla smeshivaniya legkih neitrino raven primerno 0.5. Bolee tochnye dannye s opisaniem neopredelennostei i prochimi detalyami - v stat'e.
Authors: T. Abe et al.
Comments: Detector report of the International Scoping Study of a future Neutrino Factory and Super-Beam facility, 86 pages, 49 figures
Predstavlen otchet po razrabotke neitrinnyh detektorov dlya budushih neitrinnyh eksperimentov na uskoritelyah. Predstavleny razlichnye al'ternativy kak dlya udalennyh detektorov, tak i dlya instrumentov, rabotayushih na uskoritele.
Authors: S.F.King
Comments: 30 pages, 14 figures, review article suitable for a general audience
Avtorskoe zamechanie "suitable for a general audience" sleduet dopolnit' ogovorkoi, chto rech' idet o "fizicheskoi" auditorii. Obzor v samom dele, na moi vzglyad, horosh, no znanii fiziki i matematiki taki trebuet. Sobrany vse osnovnye voprosy, obsuzhdayushiesya v sovremennoi neitrinnoi fizike. Vo mnogih chasto upominaemyh punktah obzor pomozhet fiziku, ne yavlyayushemusya specialistam v blizkih k fizike neitrino oblastyah, razobrat'sya chut' detal'nee, yasnee ponyat' nekotorye momenty.
Authors: ANTARES Collaboration
Comments: HTML file with clickable links to papers
Kollaboraciya ANTARES (budushii bol'shoi morskoi neitrinnyi detektor) sobrala vse svoi stat'i dlya materialov mezhdunarodnoi konferencii po kosmicheskim lucham. No sdelano eto ne v vide "knizhki", a v vide nabora linkov. Vse luchshe, chem nichego, t.e., chem iskat' vse mnogochislennye stat'i etoi gruppy, raskidannye po arhivu.
Authors: The IceCube Collaboration
Comments: 166 pages
``Pod odnu oblozhku`` sobrany vse koroten'kie stat'i, napisannye uchastnikami kollaboracii IceCube dlya materialov poslednei konferencii iz serii ICRC.
Authors: A. Kappes for the KM3NeT Consortium
Comments: 5 pages, 7 figures, Proceedings to the "Sixth International Workshop on New Worlds in Astroparticle Physics", Sep. 2007, Faro, Portugal
Sleduyushii shag v razvitii neitrinnoi astronomii - eto postroika teleskopov s ob'emom poryadka kubicheskogo kilometra. Rabochim telom mozhet byt' ili led (i togda eto proekt IceCube), ili voda. S vodoi mnogo problem, t.k. vse osnovnye proekty - morskie, a tam ``kachaet``, plavayut vsyakie svetyashiesya sushestva i vodorosli i tp. Tem ne menee, morskie proekty razrabatyvayutsya. Okeanskie, vrode by, vse zakryty, a vot evropeicy v Sredizemnom more nachali azh celyh tri proekta: NESTOR, NEMO i ANTARES. No, vidimo, do polnomasshtabnogo varianta doberetsya tol'ko odin: tri proekta ob'edinyayut pod nevnyatnoi abbreviaturoi KM3NeT.
Poka novyi proekt nahoditsya v stadii razrabotki, kotoraya dolzhna zakonchit'sya k 2009 godu. Pri etom vse tri nachatyh proekta prodolzhayut otrabatyvat' razlichnye tehnologicheskie resheniya. Kakie iz nih voidut v itogovyi kilometrovyi proekt seichas ne yasno.
Eshe neskol'ko statei, posvyashennyh proektu KM3NeT: Configuration studies for a cubic-kilometre deep-sea neutrino telescope - KM3NeT - with NESSY, a fast and flexible approach, Sensitivity studies for the cubic-kilometre deep-sea neutrino telescope KM3NeT .
Authors: M.C. Gonzalez-Garcia, Francis Halzen, Michele Maltoni, Hiroyuki K.M. Tanaka
Comments: 10 pages, LaTeX file using RevTEX4, 2 figures and 1 table included
Ideya ob ispol'zovanii neitrino dlya tomografii Zemli ne nova i postoyanno obsuzhdaetsya. Vazhno tol'ko, chtoby byl horoshii istochnik neitrino (estestvennyi ili iskusstvennyi) i horoshii detektor. Avtory pokazyvayut, chto mozhno nadeyat'sya na polozhitel'nyi rezul'tat s t.n. atmosfernymi neitrino i detektorami tipa IceCube.
Authors: Francis Halzen
Comments: 16 pages, pdflatex, 7 jpg figures, ICRC style files included. Highlight talk presented at the 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Merida, Mexico, 2007
Neitrino samyh vysokih energii vozmozhno budut obnaruzheny ustanovkami tipa observatorii imeni Ozhe ili zhe kilometrovymi detektorami neitrino. Eto bylo by cherezvychaino sushestvennym otkrytiem. Neitrino ne otklonyayutsya magnitnym polem, poetomu oni pryamo ukazyvali by na istochniki (v otlichie ot protonov i yader v kosmicheskih luchah). O tom, kak mogut voznikat' neitrino sverhvysokih energii, kak ih "poimat' za borodu", i chto my smozhem uznat' s ih pomosh'yu mozhno prochest' v obzore.
Authors: BAILKAL Collaboration: R. Wischnewski
Comments: 4 pages, 4 figures, presented at the 30th ICRC, Merida, Mexico, July 2007
Seriya korotkih zametok v materialah konferencii po kosmicheskim lucham, posvyashennyh baikal'skomu neitrinnomu teleskopu. O nekotoryh naibolee interesnyh rezul'tatah proekta mozhno prochest' v stat'e arxiv:0710.3064. Pro prototip novogo akusticheskogo detektora, sozdavaemogo v ramkah baikal'skogo proekta, mozhno uznat' zdes': arxiv:0710.3113.
Authors: I. Amore, for the NEMO Collaboration
Comments: Proceeding of ISCRA 2006, Erice 20-27, JMPA, Vol. 22, No. 21 (2007) 3509-3520
Opisano, kak dvizhetsya delo s rabotami po sozdaniyu neitrinnogo detektora NEMO.
Authors: Borexino Collaboration
Comments: Paper submitted to PRLB. 9 pages, 6 figures (EPS)
Borexino - neitrinnyi eksperiment, ustanovlennyi v laboratorii Gran Sasso. S ego pomosh'yu vpervye udalos' zaregistrirovat' t.n. berillievye neitrino ot Solnca v rezhime real'nogo vremeni. Eto pervyi sluchai takoi registracii neitrino s energiei menee 1 MeV.
Authors: Gianni Fiorentini, Marcello Lissia, Fabio Mantovani
Comments: 56 pages in RMP ReVTeX format, 36 figures, submitted to Physics Reports.
Bol'shoi obzor, posvyashennyi geoneitrino i issledovaniyam zemnyh nedr s ih pomosh'yu.
Geoneitrino obrazuyutsya v rezul'tate raspada radioaktivnyh elementov (napomnyu, chto dlya "tomografii" Zemli v principe mozhno ispol'zovat' i solnechnye neitrino, takzhe, neitrino ot uskoritelei mogut davat' v tom chisle i geofizicheskuyu informaciyu). Raspadayutsya uran, torii, kalii. Informaciya okazyvaetsya unikal'noi, t.k. voobshe kanalov polucheniya dannyh ob ochen' glubokih nedrah nemnogo.
Obzor soderzhit mnogo interesnyh dannyh po stroeniyu Zemli. Krome togo, rassmatrivayutsya interesnye proekty eksperimentov, vozmozhnye proryvy v nashem ponimanii stroeniya planety i mnogoe drugoe.
Authors: John F. Beacom
Comments: Lectures given at Exploring New Frontiers Using Colliders and Neutrinos (TASI 2006), Boulder, Colorado, 4-30 Jun 2006; 22 pages, 10 figures
Horoshii ponyatnyi obzor po neitrinnoi astronomii (za vychetom solnechnyh neitrino). V osnovnom rassmotreny neitrino ot sverhnovyh, a takzhe neitrinov vysokih energii.
Authors: IceCube Collaboration: A. Achterberg, et al.
Comments: 40 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. D
Avtory predstavlyayut itog obrabotki dannyh eksperimenta AMANDA-II po poisku neitrino. Nikakogo izbytochnogo signala ne obnaruzheno. T.e., na diffuznyi potok neitrino mozhno tol'ko ustanovit' novyi verhnii predel.
Authors: K. Graf et al.
Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the International ARENA Workshop, May 28-30th, 2006, University of Northumbria
Uslyshat' neitrino ...
Okazyvaetsya, neitrino mozhno registrirovat' akusticheskimi detektorami. Esli
energiya chasticy ochen' velika, to ona porozhdaet kaskad chastic. V vode eto
privodit k generacii akusticheskih voln, kotorye mozhno razlichit' na fone
vysokochastotnogo (20 KGc) shuma s rasstoyaniya v 1 km! Stroyashiisya detektor
ANTARES budet vklyuchat' v sebya akusticheskie ustanovki. V stat'e kratko opisan
sam proekt, a takzhe ego planiruemaya akusticheskaya chast'. Uzhe v etom godu
budut ustanovleny pervye "mikrofony dlya neitrino".
Authors: E. Waxman
Comments: Perspective article, Science Special Issue on "particle astrophysics" Science 315, 63 (2007)
Horoshaya obzornaya stat'ya po neitrinnoi astrofizike. Sm. takzhe astro-ph/0701170.
Authors: E. Kh. Akhmedov
Comments: 12 pages, Talk given at the XXII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics ``Neutrino 2006'', Santa Fe, June 13-19, 2006. This write-up closely follows the actual talk given at nu2006;
Na moi vzglyad, ochen' udachnoe sochetanie podrobnogo izlozheniya s formulami i bolee dostupnogo s analogiyami i ponyatnymi illyustraciyami. T.o., kazhdyi naidet dlya sebya variant ob'yasneniya togo, chto zhe takoe neitrinnye oscillyacii.
Authors: Justin Vandenbroucke
Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the 2nd TeV Particle Astrophysics Conference, Madison, WI, August 28-31, 2006
Kosmicheskie neitrino mozhno detektirovat' raznymi sposobami. Seichas, kak izvestno, dostraivayutsya ochen' krupnye ustanovki, kotorye budut iskat' neitrino s pomosh'yu opticheskih metodov v tolshe vody ili antarkticheskogo l'da. Odnako dlya neitrino ochen' vysokih energii takie metody poiska ne podhodyat. Nuzhno chto-to inoe. O radiometodah ya uzhe nedavno pisal, ih budut ispol'zovat' v antarkticheskih eksperimentah. V etoi zhe stat'e rech' idet ob akusticheskih metodah, kotorye predpolagaetsya primenyat' k morskih eksperimentah.
Authors: Charles D. Dermer
Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, in Proc. of TeV-Particle Astrophysics II, Madison, WI, 28-31 Aug, 2006
Poskol'ku est' nadezhda, chto v blizhaishie gody chuvstvitel'nost' detektorov budet dostatochnoi dlya registracii astrofizicheskih neitrino vysokih energii, aktual'no obsudit' naibolee perspektivnye istochniki. V ih chislo voshli gamma-vspleski, blizary, mikrokvazary i ostatki sverhnovyh.
Authors: Oleg Y. Gnedin, Jose L. Prieto
Comments: 8 pages, invited review for conference "Globular Clusters, Guide to Galaxies", 6-10 March 2006, University of Concepcion, Chile, ed. T. Richtler, et al
Rassmotren mehanizm obrazovaniya sharovyh skoplenii v standartnoi kartine ierarhicheskogo skuchivaniya. Dlya etogo provedeno chislennoe modelirovanie: ot samyh rannih etapov formirovaniya galaktik do sovremennogo ih sostoyaniya. Pokazano, chto v samom dele, sharovye skopleniya mogut obrazovyvat'sya iz gigantskih molekulyarnyh oblakov, kotorye uspevayut poyavit'sya na dostatochno bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah. Dal'neishaya evolyuciya skoplenii (i vsei sistemy galaktik) privodit k kartine dostatochno horosho sovpadayushei s nablyudaemoi. Dalekie sharovye skopleniya (dal'she 10 kpk ot centra galaktiki) rodilis' kogda-to v bolee melkih galaktikah-sputnikah, kotorye k nastoyashemu momentu uzhe razrusheny.
Authors: The IceCube Collaboration
IceCube - gigantskii neitrinnyi detektor v Antarktide. Yasno, chto takie pribory ne sozdayutsya za den'. Postepenno v led budut vmorazhivat'sya niti s detektorami. Pervye uzhe "na meste" i rabotayut. Analizu pervyh dannyh s uzhe rabotayushei chasti detektora i posvyashena stat'ya. Rezul'taty poka skoree tehnicheskie chem nauchnye. Vyvod: vse rabotaet kak nado.
Authors: Lawrence M. Krauss
Comments: 10 pages. Invited review lecture, International Workshop on NO-VE, Venice, 2006
Poskol'ku seichas standartnaya model' eto "lyambda-SiDiEm", t.e. holodnaya temnaya materiya s kosmologicheskoi postoyannoi, to o neitrino kosmologi kak-to stali zabyvat'. V obzore opisyvaetsya pochemu eto vse-taki ne stoit delat'.
Authors: Y. Becherini (for the ANTARES Collaboration)
Comments: 3 pages, Talk given at TAUP 2005, Zaragoza, Spain
Koroten'kaya zametka o sostoyanii del na stroyashemsya neitrinnom teleskope ANTARES. Sam detektor budet v v polnom masshtabe zapushen menee chem cherez dva goda (rech' idet o konce 2007, no vsegda "chto-to proishodit", i sroki nachala raboty krupnyh eksperimentov obychno zatyagivayutsya). Poka rabotaet testovaya "nit'". Rezul'taty obnadezhivayut.
Authors: Chris Quigg
Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures in 19 files, uses pdproc.sty (included). Invited talk at NO-VE 2006, Neutrino Oscillations in Venice
Est' nadezhda, chto novye ustanovki (IceCube, Auger, ...) smogut registrirovat' neitrino sverhvysokih energii. S reliktovymi neitrino slozhnee, no kogda-nibud' i ih nauchat'sya lovit'. Obo vsei etoi nauke (i ob astrofizicheskoi chasti, i o tehnicheskoi, i o fizike mezhdu nimi) mozhno prochest' v obzore.
Authors: Chris L. Fryer, Alexander Kusenko
Comments: 22 pages including 8 figures, submitted to ApJ, version with high resolution figures can be found at this http URL
Kak izvestno, pri svoem rozhdenii vo vzryvah sverhnovyh neitronnye zvezdy poluchayut "tychki" (udary, tolchki, kiki - kicks). Prichin dlya etogo mozhet byt' neskol'ko, naprimer - nesimmetrichnoe izluchenie neitrino. Avtory rassmotreli, kak takie "neitrinnye udary" mogut povliyat' na dinamiku vzryva. Pokazano, chto vklad neitrino pomogaet ustroit' nastoyashii vzryv s vybrosom. Konechno, eto eshe ne znachit, chto osnovnye problemy mehanizma vzryva sverhnovyh resheny ...
Authors: The IceCube Collaboration: Mathieu Ribordy, et al
Comments: 15 pages, 8 figures Invited talk contribution at 5th International Conference on Non-accelerator New Physics (NANP 05), Dubna, Russia, 20-25 Jun 2005
AMANDA - eto neitrinnyi ledyanoi (t.e. nahodyashiisya v tolshe l'da) detektor, ustanovlennyi v Antarktide. ICECUBE - eto budushii detektor, kachestvenno pohozhii na AMANDA, no prevoshodyashii ego po razmeram. V korotkom obzore opisyvayutsya oba proekta. Opisyvaetsya chto uzhe poluchila AMANDA, i chto v budushem smozhet poluchit' ICECUBE.
Podrobnee ob ICECUBE mozhno prochest' v sleduyushei stat'e, a eta posluzhit neplohim vvedeniem.
Authors: The IceCube Collaboration
Comments: 75 pages, 60 figures
Sobrano 18 korotkih statei, posvyashennyh razlichnym aspektam neitrinnogo teleskopa ICECUBE.
Authors: Baikal Collaboration
Comments: 4 pages, 5 figures, Proceedings of 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC) 2005, Pune, India
V svyazi s neskol'kimi konferenciyami poyavilos' srazu neskol'ko preprintov. podgotovlennyh raznymi dokladchikami, po poslednim rezul'tatam Baikal'skogo neitrinnogo eksperimenta (astro-ph/0507698, astro-ph/0507712, astro-ph/0507713, astro-ph/0507715).
Authors: Ofelia Pisanti, P.D. Serpico
Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure, to appear in the proceedings of IFAE, Catania 2005
Daetsya obzor roli neitrino v kosmologii v svete poslednih rezul'tatov po izucheniyu krupnomasshtabnoi struktury, pervichnogo nukleosinteza i anizotropii reliktovogo fona.
Authors: G.L. Fogli et al.
Comments: Invited article, submitted to "Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics"; all the figures in eps format can be download from the webpage http://www.ba.infn.it/~now2004/PPNP_review/
Po slovam avtorov obzor vklyuchaet v sebya vse poslednie dannye po izmereniyam mass neitrino, a takzhe drugih parametrov, harakterizuyushih eti chasticy.
Authors: F. Halzen
Comments: 49 pages, 9 figures. Lectures presented at the International WE Heraeus Summer School on Physics with Cosmic Accelerators
Kak chitatel' horosho znaet, polnym hodom idet sozdanie neskol'kih krupnyh neitrinnyh detektorov. Krome togo, proekt Ozhe (Auger) smozhet vnesti svoi vklad v nablyudeniya neitrino vysokih energii. Poetomu tema yavlyaetsya dostatochno goryachei, ee vklyuchayut v programmy shkol po astrofizike i fizike, a inogda ona pryamo-taki dominiruet.
V predlagaemyh lekciyah dan dostatochno polnyi obzor oblasti s uporom na nablyudeniya neitrino, a takzhe na istochniki ih porozhdayushie.
Authors: GNO COLLABORATION: M. Altmann et al.
Comments: 22 pages incl. 9 Figures and 8 Tables. to appear in: Physics Letters B (accepted April 13, 2005)
GNO - Gallium Neutrion Observatory. Eto neitrinnaya observatoriya v podzemnom komplekse v Gran Sasso v Italii. V stat'e predstavleny rezul'taty pyatiletnei raboty ustanovki.
Authors: Todor Stanev
Comments: 16 pages, 10 postscript figures, to appear in Proceedings of the Venice 2005 Workshop on neutrino telescopes
V osnovnom obsuzhdayutsya processy, v kotoryh rozhdayutsya neitrino sverhvysokih
energii. Eto aktual'naya tema, t.k. uzhe stroyashiesya ustanovki (naprimer,
Auger) smogut ih registrirovat'. Takzhe rassmotreny i potoki kosmicheskih
neitrino bolee nizkih energii.
Authors: Max Tegmark
Comments: 4 pages, 2 figs, in "Neutrino Physics", Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 129, eds., L Bergstrom, O. Botner, P. Carlson, P. O. Hulth, and T. Ohlsson
Kratko obsuzhdayutsya sovremennye predely na massu neitrino, poluchennye po
dannym kosmologicheskih issledovanii. Rezul'tat sostavyalet 0.42 eV. Eto
ustupaet dannym po atmosfernym neitrino. Odnako avtor obsuzhdaet, kak v
blizhaishee vremya iz kosmologii mozhno poluchit' bolee tochnye dannye.
Authors: P. Miocinovic et al.
Comments: Presented at 22nd Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics at Stanford, Palo Alto, 13-17 December 2004, (TSRA04-2516) 6 pages, LaTeX, 10 eps figures
V 1962 godu Gurgen Askaryan vyskazal gipotezu, chto potok chastic v plotnoi srede budet davat' kogerentnoe cherenkovskoe radioizluchenie. Effekt uzhe nablyudalsya v laboratorii pri obstrele gamma-luchami konteinerov s peskom. Rassmatrivayutsya razlichnye varianty nablyudeniya effekta v "astronomicheskih situaciyah", naprimer, nablyudenie effekta pri prolete chastic skvoz' Lunu. V etom sluchae nash sputnik vystupil by v roli detektoram chastic kosmicheskih luchei. Est' i drugie idei. S odnoi iz nih i svyazan antarkticheskii proekt ANITA.
Neitrino vysokoi energii proletaet skvoz' Zemlyu i porozhdaet v antarkticheskom ledyanom pokrove potok chastic. Chasticy dayut radioizluchenie, kotoroe i ulavlivaetsya detektorom.
Poka provedeny testy, o kotoryh i rasskazyvaetsya v stat'e.
Authors: A. Melchiorri et al.
Comments: 5 Pages. To appear in the Proceedings of NOW2004, Conca Specchiulla, Otranto Italy, September 2004
Ispol'zuya dannye po mikrovolnovomu fonu i krupnomasshtabnoi strukture, avtory poluchayut ogranicheniya na summu mass neitrino. Eti rezul'taty obsuzhdayutsya v kontekste razlichnyh nazemnyh eksperimentov (naprimer, po neitrinnym oscillyaciyam).
Authors: Todor Stanev
Comments: 4 pages, 3 figures, Presentation at the Neutrino Oscillation Workshop - NOW2004
Dekabr'-yanvar' - pora podvedeniya itogov. V etoi nebol'shoi zametke rasskazyvaetsya o tom, chto proishodilo s ustanovkoi IceTop v proshlom godu. Napomnim, chto IceTop - eto "verhushka aisberga", nazyvaemogo IceCube, t.e. eto nazemnaya chast' gigantskogo neitrinnogo teleskopa. Oba detektora tol'ko stroyatsya, poetomu "mnogoe sdelano, no mnogoe eshe predstoit". V dekabre nachalas' ustanovka nekotorogo oborudovaniya.
Sm. takzhe obzor The Pierre Auger Observatory -Status and Prospects, v kotorom opisyvaetsya sostoyanie del v proekte Auger.
Authors: Gary Steigman
Comments: Accepted for publication in the Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 129, "Neutrino Physics"; to appear in Physics Scripta, eds., L Bergstrom, O. Botner, P. Carlson, P. O. Hulth, and T. Ohlsson
Predskazaniya teorii pervichnogo nukleosinteza mozhno proveryat' po dannym
izmerenii obiliya nekotoryh elementov. V svoyu ochered', teoriya zavyazana na
svoistva reliktovyh neitrino. Znachit, mozhno prokinut' mostik ot nablyudenii
obiliya elementov k svoistvam neitrino.
Authors: Esteban Roulet
Comments: 26 pages, Lectures given at the V Latin-American Simposium of High Energy Physics, Lima, Peru, July 2004. (This is an updated and enlarged version of astro-ph/0011570)
V lekciyah svedeny voedino osnovnye dannye po neitrino. Stat'ya ne astronomicheskaya, t.e. astroprilozheniya zanimayut dostatochno malo mesta. Tak chto ves' ob'em otvoditsya pod fiziku, v osnovnom pod fenomenologiyu neitrino.
Authors: John N. Bahcall
Comments: Neutrino Physics, Proceedings of the Nobel Symposium 2004, Enkoping, Sweden, August 19-24, 2004. Eds. L. Bergstrom, O. Botner, P. Carlson, P.O. Hulth & T. Ohlsson
Daetsya obzor sovremennyh predstavlenii o modeli solnca i raschetah potokov neitrino ot nego.
Sm. takzhe stat'yu New solar opacities, abundances, helioseismology, and neutrino fluxes.
Authors: Efe Yazgan, Mehmet T. Zeyrek
Comments: 6 pages, 1 figure
Authors: Liu Xuewen, Zheng Xiaoping, Hou Defu
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures
Dve stat'i, svyazannye obshei tematikoi: izluchenie neitrino sil'nozamagnichennymi neitronnymi zvezdami.
Avtory pervoi stat'i pytayutsya ob'yasnit', pochemu magnitary dolzhny byt' goryachimi. Oni polagayut, chto nalichie u neitrino nebol'shogo magnitnogo momenta privedet v dlinnym vremenam ohlazhdeniya sil'nozamagnichennyh zvezd. Vo vtoroi stat'e situaciya pryamo protivopolozhna: avtory pokazyvayut, chto strannye zvezdy s bol'shim magnitnym polem budut ostyvat' bystro. Konechno, osnovnye vyvody dvuh statei drug drugu ne protivorechat, no dlya ob'yasneniya prirody nablyudaemyh magnitarov (naprimer, v istochnikah povtoryayushihsya gamma-vspleskov i v anomal'nyh rentgenovskih pul'sarah) dolzhno podhodit' tol'ko chto-to odno (ili ni odnogo).
Authors: John N. Bahcall and Aldo M. Serenelli
Comments: 46 pages; software and data at http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb
Kak izvestno, problema solnechnyh neitrino do konca ne razreshena. Otvlekayas' ot neopredelennostei, svyazannyh s samimi trudnoulovimymi chasticami, avtory obsuzhdayut drugie tipy neopredelennostei, i pokazyvayut, chto klyuchevym yavlyaetsya netochnoe znanie obiliya razlichnyh himicheskih elementov na Solnce.
Authors: John N. Bahcall
Comments: To appear in the 3rd edition of the Encyclopedia of Physics, eds. G. Trigg and R. Lerner (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2005)
Stat'ya po solnechnym neitrino, napisannaya Dzhonom Bakalom dlya Enciklopedii po fizike. Navernoe, drugie kommentarii izlishni.
V dopolnenie stoit prochest' druguyu stat'yu The Neutrino Matrix
Authors: Shin'ichiro Ando and Katsuhiko Sato
Comments: 29 pages, 8 figures, submitted to New Journal of Physics
Otkuda mozhet vzyat'sya neitrinnyi fon? U nego dva dostatochno moshnyh, no ochen' raznyh istochnika: rannyaya i ochen' goryachaya Vselennaya (etot fon podoben elektromagnitnomu reliktovomu izlucheniyu i imeet pochti takuyu zhe temperaturu, tol'ko otdelenie neitrino ot veshestva proizoshlo gorazdo ran'she) i neitrino ispuskaemye kollapsiruyushimi yadrami kosmologicheskih sverhnovyh. Registraciya neitrino s temperaturoi v neskol'ko gradusov kel'vina na segodnya nereal'no. A vot neitrino ot sverhnovyh vpolne dostupny sovremennym priboram i mogut prinesti ochen' mnogo poleznoi informacii. Imenno etim dvum voprosam posvyashen obzor.
Authors: Gianni Fiorentini et al.
Comments: 7 pages, 2 figures, presented at Neutrino 2004 in Paris
Kak poluchat' neposredstvennye dannye iz zemnyh glubin? Naprimer, s pomosh'yu neitrino, voznikayushih pri raspade radioaktivnyh elementov (urana, toriya, kaliya). V obzore (ne takom uzh i korotkom vse-taki) rassmatrivayutsya osnovnye idei i podhody k etoi probleme. Obsuzhdayutsya kak raznye teorii vnutrennego stroeniya ZEmli, kotorye mozhno bylo by podtverdit' ili otvergnut', a takzhe planiruemye special'nye neitrinnye detektory.
Authors: E. V. Korolkova, for the ANTARES collaboration
Comments: 8 pages, 8 figures
ANTARES - cherenkovskii podvodnyi neitrinnyi teleskop, kotoryi stroitsya v sredizemnom more na glubine 2500 m. K okonchaniyu stroitel'stva v 2007 godu dolzhen sostoyat' iz 12 girlyand, soderzhashih 900 fotoumnozhitelei. No uzhe seichas on chastichno postroen i ego ustanovlennye chasti uzhe testiruyutsya. Bolee podrobnoe opisanie segodnyashnego sostoyaniya dannogo proekta vy naidete v stat'e.
Authors: V. A. Kudryavtsev (for the ANTARES Collaboration)
Comments: 4 pages, 3 figures, Contribution to the Rencontres de Moriond - Cosmology: Exploring the Universe (La Thuile, 28 March - 4 April, 2004)
Pohozhe, chto proekt ANTARES vse-taki budet osushestvlen! Prototipy uzhe rabotali. Byli nekotorye problemy, iz kotoryh sdelali pravil'nye vyvody. Okonchatel'nyi variant pervoi ocheredi dolzhen vstupit' v stroi v 2006 g., i, pohozhe, eto vpolne realistichnyi srok.
O drugom neitrinnom detektore - ICECUBE - raspolozhennom v Antakrtike, mozhno prochest' v stat'e Fazely IceCube: The Cubic Kilometer Neutrino Telescope at the South Pole. Ustanovka obourdovaniya dlya etogo eksperimenta nachnetsya v konce etogo goda i prodlitsya okolo 6 let.
Authors: John Bahcall
Comments: Written for a general audience, Published http://www.nobel.se.physics/articles/bahcall/ on April 28, 2004
Sam Dzhon Bakal rasskazyvaet o neitrino! Povestvovanie opisyvaet dostizheni poslednih treh let.
Mozhno takzhe otmetit' svezhii obzor
Solar Neutrino Measurements, posvyashennyi eksperimentam po solnechnym
neitrino.
Authors: Jonathan L. Feng
Comments: 66 pages, 28 figures, lectures given at the 2003 SLAC Summer Institute: Cosmic Connections to Particle Physics, in the Proceedings SLAC-R-702 and to appear in Annals of Physics
Bol'shoi obzor po prilozheniyam sovremennyh teorii k kosmologii. Stat'ya napisana ponyatnym yazykom so mnozhestvom illyustracii, izlozheniem osnov i s opisaniyami vozmozhnyh proverok predskazanii teorii. Dlya poslednego avtora otvodit dovol'no mnogo mesta, perechislyaya osnovnye eksperimenty (kak uzhe zavershennye, tak i idushie i planiruyushiesya) v razlichnyh oblastyah: neitrinnye detektory, poisk temnoi materii i t.d. Sootvetstvenno opisany rezul'taty etih eksperimentov. V obshem: teoriya i praktika v odnom flakone!
Authors: M.Honda et al.
Comments: 32 pages, 21 figures, subm. to Phys.Rev.D
Avtory proveli povtornye raschety potokov atmosfernyh neitrino, na etot raz s ramkah trehmernoi geomagnitnoi modeli. Soglasno ih utverzhdeniyam tochnost' poluchennyh potokov luchshe chem 10% na energiyah nizhe 10 GeV. Podrobnoe opisanie prodelannoi raboty privelo k tomu, chto poluchilsya neplohoi obzor po ukazannomu voprosu.
Authors: R. Foot and Z. K. Silagadze
Comments: about 9 pages
Nekotorye sovremennye teorii elementarnyh chastic utverzhdayut, chto krome nashego mira, v kotorom vse tela sostoyat iz izvestnyh nam fotonov, protonov, elektronov i t.d. v etoi zhe samoi Vselennoi mozhet sushestvovat' eshe odin, takoi zhe po raznoobraziyu svoistv mir, postroennyi iz drugih chastic, kotorye nazyvayut "zerkal'nymi" (otsyuda "zerkal'noe veshestva" i "zerkal'naya vselennaya"). Nabor zerkal'nyh chastic i ih vzaimodeistviya mezhdu soboi mogut byt' takimi zhe (strogo ili priblizhenno) kak v nashem mire ili zhe mogut sovershenno ot nih otlichat'sya. Osnovnoi osobennost'yu zerkal'nyh chastic yavlyaetsya to, chto s normal'nym veshestvom oni vzaimodeistvuyut libo tol'ko gravitacionno, no eto ochen' zhestkoe ogranichenie, posle vvedeniya kotorogo ostaetsya sovsem malo interesnoi fiziki. Poetomu v poslednee vremya pri rassmotrenii zerkal'nyh teorii dopolnitel'no predpolagayut nalichie (slabogo) smeshivaniya obychnyh i zerkal'nyh chastic. Eto oznachaet, chto pri nekotoryh usloviyah zerkal'nye neitrino ili (kak v etoi stat'e) fotony mogut prevrashat'sya v sootvetstvuyushie obychnye chasticy i naoborot. Nikakoe drugoe vzaimodeistvie mezhdu obychnym i zerkal'nym veshestvom nevozmozhno (t.e. my ego ne mozhem dazhe napryamuyu uvidet').
Esli zerkal'noe veshestvo vo svoim (vnutrennim) svoistvam pohozhe na nashe, to iz nego budut obrazovyvat'sya galaktiki (zerkal'nye), v nih zvezdy, a massivnye zerkal'nye zvezdy budut zakanchivat' svoyu evolyuciyu vzryvami sverhnovyh (v zerkal'nom mire). Prichem obychnye i zerkal'nye galaktiki budut skoree vsego sovpadat' (oba sorta veshestva budut raspolozheny v obshei gravitacionnoi potencial'noi yame), a otdel'nye zvezdy - raspolagayutsya nezavisimym obrazom.
Pri vzryve zerkal'noi sverhnovoi vydelyaetsya potok energii, v osnovnom v neitrino i fotonah. Chast' etih zerkal'nyh fotonov mozhet prevratit'sya v obychnye. A voznikayushaya "na pustom meste" sverhmoshnaya vspyshka izlucheniya mozhet ob'yasnit' nekotorye nablyudaemye v kosmose interesnye fenomeny.
Avtory stat'i privodyat tri takih yavleniya:
- "Velikii Annigillyator" - istochnik pozitronov v centre Galaktiki, nablyudaemyi po annigilyacionnoi linii 511 keV;
- gamma-vspleski i
- sverhnovye.
A voobshe stat'ya ochen' prostaya i prozrachnaya.
Authors: Steen Hannestad
Comments: 21 pages, 4 figures
V obzore rassmotreno sovremennoe sostoyanie neitrinnoi kosmologii: ot momenta otsoedineniya neitrino ot veshestva i sushestvovaniya steril'nyh neitrino, do effektov, proyavlyayushihsya v krupnomasshtabnoi strukture i reliktovom izluchenii. Osoboe vnimanie avtor udelyaet "izmereniyu mass" neitrino po kosmologicheskim dannym.
Authors: John N. Bahcall, Carlos Pe\~na-Garay
Comments: 17 pages, Submitted to the Neutrino Focus Issue of New Journal of Physics
Obzor sovremennogo sostoyaniya del v izuchenii solnechnyh neitrino.
Authors: F. Suekane et al.
Comments: 12 pages 11 figures, 1 table. Proceedings for "KEK-RCNP International School and mini-Workshop for Scintillating Crystals and their Applications in Particle and Nuclear Physics". (Nov., 17-18, 2003, KEK, Japan.)
Dano podrobnoe opisanie ochen' vysokokachestvennogo zhidkogo scincillyatora,
ispol'zuemogo v neitrinnom eksperimente KamLAND.
Avtory polagayut, chto odnoi iz vazhneishih sostavlyayushih uspeha etogo proekta po
izucheniyu neitrinnyh oscillyacii byla vysokaya chistota (v smysle fonovoi
radioaktivnosti) scincillyatora.
Authors: Christian Spiering, for the BAIKAL Collaboration
Comments: 4 pages, 7 figures. Talk given at the VLVNT Workshop
Ochen' korotkaya zametka, pro prodolzhayushiisya i razvivayushiisya eksperiment na podvodnom cherenkovskom neitrinnom teleskope na ozere Baikal. Kakih-libo feericheskih otkrytii tam ne sdelano, no est' rezul'taty, rabota idet, est' i plany na budushee.
Authors: M. Prakash, S. Ratkovic, S. I. Dutta and PALS
Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures
Obsuzhdayutsya neitrinnye processy v poluprozrachnom (dlya neitrino) veshestve sverhnovyh i pochti neprozrachnyh protoneitronnyh zvezdah. Rassmatrivayutsya voprosy registracii neitrinnogo signala na Zemle na sushestvuyushih ustanovkah i vozmozhnost' na etoi osnove razlichit' te ili inye modeli neitronnyh zvezd.
(Arhiv Neitrino: v.2, 2003,
v.1, 2002-2003)
Registraciya neitrinnogo signala ot sverhnovoi 1987A na ustanovkah Kamiokande i IMB byla vozmozhna tol'ko na rannih etapah sushestvovaniya protoneitronnoi zvezdy (<10 s) i ne nakladyvalo ogranichenii na massu i svoistva neitronnoi zvezdy. Registraciya vspyshki sverhnovoi v centre nashei Galaktiki na sovremennyh ustanovkah (SNO, USO ili SuperKamiokande) pozvolit opredelit' massu neitronnoi zvezdy i opredelit' sostoyanie ee veshestva.
miniobzor astro-ph/0403286 Neitrinnye eksperimenty i ih prilozheniya (Neutrino Experiments and Their Implications) Authors: A.B. Balantekin Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures Dan obzor sovremennogo sostoyaniya eksperimenta s solnechnymi, reaktorymi i uskoritel'nymi neitrino. A takzhe opisano primenenie rezul'tatov etih eksperimentov v neitrinnoi i solnechnoi fizike, teorii yadernyh dvuhchastichnyh vzaimodeistvii i nukleosineze r-processov.
Vypusk 70. 16-22 fevralya 2004
Authors: Z. Fodor, S.D. Katz, A. Ringwald, H. Tu Comments: 20 pages, 12 figure Soglasno sovremennym teoreticheskim predstavleniyam fotony s energiyami vyshe 4x1019 erg ne mogut preodolevat' kosmologicheskie rasstoyaniya iz-za vzaimodeistviya s myagkimi fotonami reliktovogo izlucheniya, i v spektre kosmicheskih luchei vyshe etoi energii dolzhen nablyudat'sya zaval (kotoryi nosit imena Greisena-Zacepina-Kuz'mina). Pohozhe, odnako, chto etot zaval ne nablyudaetsya (v dannyh raznyh observatorii est' nekotorye protivorechiya). Avtory dannoi stat'i predlagayut novoe ob'yasnenie - bolee sil'noe vzaimodeistvie neitrino s nuklonami (protonami i neitronami) na etih energiya.
Vypusk 68. 01-07 fevralya 2004
Authors: N.E. Mavromatos Comments: 29 pages, talk at `Neutrino-Oscillations in Venice 2003'', December 3-5 2003 Posle obzora nekotoryh podhodov k kvantovoi gravitacii avtor obsuzhdaet vozmozhnuyu fenomenologiyu. Ob astronomii neitrino vysokih energii sm. takzhe nedavnii obzor High-Energy Neutrino Astronomy.
Vypusk 66. 19-26 yanvarya 2004
Authors: Dan Hooper Comments: 10 pages. Based on review talk given at the 2004 Cracow Epiphany Conference on Astroparticle Physics V nekotorom smysle sovremennaya fizika elementarnyh chastic nahoditsya v sostoyanii krizisa (zastoya), vyzvannogo nevozmozhnost'yu ekstensivnogo razvitiya: stroit' novye uskoriteli, kotorye na poryadki prevoshodili by predydushie po energii, ochen' dorogo. Poetomu fiziki vse chashe smotryat v nebo ne tol'ko s mol'boi o pomoshi, no i v poiskah vysokoenergichnyh chastic. Pomnite:"Vselennaya - eto uskoritel' dlya bednyh". V dannoim obzore avtor rassmatrivaet vopros o tom, chto mogut dat' nablyudeniya kosmicheskih neitrino vysokih energii dlya issledovanii rasshirenii Standartnoi modeli (o standartnoi modeli sm. obozrenie Igorya Ivanova).
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