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Solnce

31 maya 2003 goda proizoidet solnechnoe zatmenie 31 maya 2003 goda proizoidet solnechnoe zatmenie
22.05.2003 10:59 | S. Yu. Shanov

Luna zakryvaet Solnce! Obitateli Zemli byli i budut ochevidcami etogo udivitel'nogo nebesnogo yavleniya. Blizhaishie solnechnye zatmeniya, vidimye v Rossii, proizoidut 31 maya 2003, 14 oktyabrya 2004 i 3 oktyabrya 2005 g.g.. Nesmotrya na to, chto pervoe i tret'e zatmeniya v nekotoryh mestah Zemli budut vidny kak kol'ceobraznye, vo vseh etih sluchayah na territorii nashei strany budut proishodit' tol'ko chastnye zatmeniya Solnca. Vdobavok, vidny oni budut vezde po raznomu: 31 maya 2003 goda - na vsei territorii Rossii, krome Primorskogo kraya; 14 oktyabrya 2004 goda - v Sibiri i na Dal'nem Vostoke, a 3 oktyabrya 2005 goda - v Evropeiskoi chasti nashei strany. Vremya nachala, konca i maksimal'naya velichina zatmenii, v razlichnyh naselennyh punktah, takzhe budut razlichnymi.

Chastnoe solnechnoe zatmenie 31 maya 2003 goda nad Rossiei

Naselennyi punkt  L
 
o   ' 
F
o  '
Nachalo
zatmeniya
Po Maksimum
zatmeniya
Fm
%
Konec
zatmeniya
Po
Abakan 91 26 53 43 6:40:16 289 7:40:56 31.5 8:45:50 24
Aginskoe 114 32 51 06 7:39:03 318 8:12:58 6.1 8:47:17 0
Anadyr' 177 31 64 44 8:22:31 294 9:22:18 41.8 10:18:49 45
Arhangel'sk 40 34 64 32 6:38:50 261 7:42:12 79.9 8:49:21 60
Astrahan' 48 03 46 21 6:06:54 270 7:05:22 62.4 8:08:57 46
Barnaul 83 45 53 21 6:30:17 284 7:32:30 38.2 8:39:44 29
Belgorod 36 35 50 36 6:16:50 264 7:15:32 74.3 8:18:41 55
Berezniki 56 48 59 24 6:28:07 267 7:32:37 67.4 8:41:58 51
Biisk 85 12 52 32 6:30:44 286 7:31:55 35.6 8:38:02 27
Bratsk 101 36 56 09 6:58:43 294 7:58:48 27.2 9:01:39 23
Brest 23 43 52 06 6:25:23 260 7:22:38 82.4 8:23:32 61
Bryansk 34 23 53 15 6:21:41 262 7:20:56 77.6 8:24:26 58
Velikii Novgorod 31 16 58 32 6:31:07 260 7:31:28 82.2 8:35:41 61
Vitebsk 30 11 55 11 6:26:24 261 7:25:36 81.1 8:28:44 60
Vladikavkaz 44 41 43 02 6:03:20 271 6:59:55 61.4 8:01:22 46
Vladimir 40 25 56 09 6:24:09 263 7:25:16 75.9 8:30:50 56
Volgograd 44 31 48 44 6:11:17 267 7:10:23 67.4 8:14:24 50
Vologda 39 54 59 13 6:29:28 262 7:31:24 78.0 8:37:34 58
Vorkuta 64 03 67 30 6:45:08 267 7:52:17 68.9 9:03:10 53
Voronezh 39 12 51 40 6:17:25 264 7:16:52 73.5 8:20:54 54
Vyatka 49 39 58 36 6:26:42 265 7:29:58 71.6 8:37:56 53
Gomel' 30 59 52 26 6:22:00 262 7:20:28 78.9 8:23:00 59
Gorno-Altaisk 85 57 51 57 6:30:51 287 7:31:17 33.9 8:36:35 25
Grodno 23 50 53 40 6:27:26 260 7:25:10 83.3 8:26:33 62
Groznyi 45 42 43 18 6:03:21 271 7:00:09 60.9 8:01:53 45
Dudinka 86 11 69 24 6:57:54 274 8:07:03 59.0 9:18:54 48
Ekaterinburg 60 37 56 51 6:23:47 270 7:27:56 62.5 8:37:17 47
Ivanovo 40 58 57 00 6:25:25 263 7:26:53 76.1 8:32:46 57
Izhevsk 53 12 56 50 6:23:18 267 7:26:32 67.9 8:34:45 51
Irkutsk 104 15 52 17 7:04:26 302 7:55:37 17.0 8:48:59 12
'oshkar-Ola 47 54 56 38 6:23:23 265 7:25:48 71.5 8:33:00 53
Kazan' 49 07 55 48 6:21:46 266 7:24:06 70.0 8:31:19 52
Kaliningrad 20 30 54 42 6:30:43 259 7:28:16 85.4 8:29:15 64
Kaluga 36 17 54 32 6:22:54 262 7:22:51 77.3 8:27:08 57
Kemerovo 86 02 55 22 6:35:36 284 7:39:04 39.1 8:47:15 30
Kostroma 40 56 57 46 6:26:44 263 7:28:24 76.6 8:34:28 57
Krasnodar 38 59 45 02 6:08:07 267 7:05:00 67.7 8:06:30 50
Krasnoyarsk 92 55 56 00 6:44:51 288 7:47:30 34.1 8:54:08 27
Kudymkar 54 40 59 00 6:27:16 267 7:31:22 68.6 8:40:18 51
Kurgan 65 20 55 27 6:22:15 272 7:26:18 57.4 8:35:45 43
Kursk 36 12 51 43 6:18:38 263 7:17:40 75.4 8:21:05 56
Kyzyl 94 26 51 43 6:43:18 294 7:40:06 25.1 8:40:41 19
Lipeck 39 35 52 36 6:18:43 264 7:18:33 74.0 8:22:57 55
Magadan 150 49 59 33 8:21:45 308 9:14:18 21.4 10:04:17 27
Magnitogorsk 59 02 53 25 6:17:26 270 7:20:06 60.6 8:28:12 45
Maikop 40 06 44 36 6:07:04 268 7:03:55 66.5 8:05:24 49
Mahachkala 47 29 42 58 6:02:25 272 6:59:11 59.2 8:00:58 44
Minsk 27 34 53 54 6:25:47 261 7:24:10 81.7 8:26:24 61
Mogilev 30 20 53 54 6:24:26 261 7:23:15 80.2 8:26:05 60
Moskva 37 37 55 45 6:24:21 262 7:24:54 77.3 8:29:47 57
Murmansk 33 06 68 59 6:48:30 260 7:51:43 84.3 8:58:00 64
Naberezhnye chelny 52 25 55 43 6:21:20 267 7:24:06 67.6 8:31:53 50
Nazran' 44 47 43 13 6:03:32 270 7:00:13 61.6 8:01:47 46
Nal'chik 43 36 43 29 6:04:16 270 7:00:59 62.8 8:02:31 47
Nar'yan-Mar 53 04 67 39 6:44:01 264 7:49:48 74.9 8:59:15 57
Neryungri 124 50 56 40 7:48:42 309 8:38:05 14.8 9:26:58 15
Nizhnevartovsk 76 34 60 57 6:37:14 275 7:44:04 54.5 8:55:30 42
Nizhnii Novgorod 43 57 56 18 6:23:31 264 7:25:14 73.8 8:31:34 55
Nizhnii Tagil 60 00 57 55 6:25:40 269 7:30:06 63.9 8:39:39 48
Nikolaevsk-na-Amure 140 43 53 09 8:44:09 331 9:08:04 3.3 9:31:29 2
Novokuzneck 87 10 53 45 6:34:40 286 7:36:32 35.6 8:43:07 27
Novosibirsk 82 55 55 01 6:31:56 282 7:35:33 41.4 8:44:10 32
Noril'sk 88 11 69 21 6:59:03 275 8:08:17 58.0 9:20:05 47
Omsk 73 23 54 58 6:24:45 277 7:28:52 50.0 8:38:24 38
Orel 36 05 52 58 6:20:34 263 7:19:59 76.4 8:23:46 57
Orenburg 55 07 51 47 6:14:29 270 7:16:04 62.2 8:23:02 46
Orsk 58 34 51 12 6:13:38 271 7:15:17 58.8 8:22:27 43
Palana 159 57 59 05 8:31:32 308 9:23:25 23.0 10:12:27 30
Pevek 170 19 69 42 8:06:54 288 9:10:43 48.5 10:11:38 49
Penza 45 01 53 11 6:18:05 265 7:18:56 70.9 8:24:37 52
Perm' 56 15 58 00 6:25:28 267 7:29:29 66.7 8:38:28 50
Petrozavodsk 34 21 61 47 6:35:25 260 7:37:09 82.0 8:42:40 61
Petropavlovsk-
Kamchatskii
158 39 53 01 8:59:33 326 9:32:16 8.1 10:03:40 14
Pskov 28 20 57 49 6:31:12 260 7:30:53 83.4 8:34:19 62
Rostov-na-Donu 39 43 47 15 6:10:48 266 7:08:41 69.4 8:11:14 51
Ryazyan' 39 42 54 37 6:21:52 263 7:22:23 75.3 8:27:24 56
Salehard 66 36 66 32 6:43:50 268 7:51:08 66.7 9:02:19 52
Samara 50 13 53 13 6:17:13 267 7:18:48 67.2 8:25:28 50
Sankt-Peterburg 30 20 59 55 6:33:41 260 7:34:17 83.3 8:38:36 62
Saransk 45 11 54 11 6:19:42 265 7:20:54 71.5 8:26:55 53
Saratov 45 59 51 31 6:15:11 266 7:15:33 68.8 8:20:53 51
Serov 60 36 59 35 6:28:53 269 7:33:56 64.9 8:43:53 49
Smolensk 32 03 54 47 6:24:59 261 7:24:21 79.9 8:27:47 59
Stavropol' 41 59 45 03 6:06:55 268 7:04:10 65.6 8:06:11 49
Surgut 73 25 61 15 6:36:07 273 7:42:53 57.2 8:54:17 44
Syktyvkar 50 49 61 40 6:32:19 265 7:36:35 72.9 8:45:17 55
Tambov 41 26 52 43 6:18:18 264 7:18:27 72.9 8:23:17 54
Tver' 35 54 56 51 6:26:43 262 7:27:19 79.0 8:32:07 59
Tiksi 128 51 71 38 7:33:54 284 8:42:18 48.9 9:49:48 45
Tol'yatti 49 24 53 32 6:17:52 267 7:19:26 68.1 8:26:04 50
Tomsk 85 00 56 30 6:36:12 282 7:40:38 41.8 8:49:47 33
Tula 37 35 54 12 6:21:54 263 7:21:58 76.4 8:26:25 57
Tura 100 14 64 17 7:02:41 283 8:10:26 43.6 9:20:29 37
Tyumen' 65 33 57 09 6:25:25 272 7:30:09 58.9 8:40:08 44
Ulan-Ude 107 38 51 49 7:13:58 307 8:00:36 13.1 8:48:45 8
Ul'yanovsk 48 20 54 18 6:19:18 266 7:21:01 69.4 8:27:40 51
Ust'-Ilimsk 102 45 57 58 7:01:28 292 8:03:34 30.0 9:08:11 26
Ust'-Ordynskii 104 45 52 48 7:05:23 302 7:57:25 17.7 8:51:37 13
Ufa 56 00 54 45 6:19:35 269 7:22:27 64.2 8:30:33 48
Uhta 53 44 63 33 6:35:55 265 7:41:03 72.2 8:50:27 55
Uelen -169 48 66 09 8:21:27 289 9:21:45 49.8 10:18:56 51
Hanty-Mansiisk 69 01 61 00 6:33:47 271 7:40:08 60.1 8:51:14 46
Cheboksary 47 16 56 08 6:22:37 265 7:24:46 71.5 8:31:43 53
Chelyabinsk 61 25 55 10 6:20:51 271 7:24:27 60.3 8:33:25 45
Cherkessk 42 03 44 14 6:05:49 269 7:02:43 64.7 8:04:22 48
Chita 113 22 52 03 7:31:13 313 8:11:55 9.2 8:53:19 5
Elista 44 16 46 19 6:07:52 268 7:05:56 65.3 8:08:54 48
Yakutsk 129 44 62 02 7:45:27 299 8:45:51 27.0 9:45:00 29
Yaroslavl' 39 53 57 37 6:26:45 262 7:28:13 77.1 8:34:02 57
 

Prinyatye oboznacheniya:
L i F - geograficheskaya dolgota i shirota naselennogo punkta
Fm - naibol'shaya velichina zatmeniya (v procentah)
Po - pozicionnye ugly kontaktov solnechnogo i lunnogo diskov v nachale i v konce chastnogo zatmeniya; otschityvayutsya ot severnoi tochki solnechnogo diska protiv vrasheniya chasovoi strelki
Momenty nachala, maksimuma i konca zatmeniya sootvetstvuyut moskovskomu letnemu vremeni.

Kak rasschitat' moment solnechnogo zatmeniya dlya proizvol'nogo punkta?

Esli neobhodimo rasschitat' obstoyatel'stva vidimosti zatmeniya v kakom-libo proizvol'nom naselennom punkte s geograficheskimi koordinatami L i F, dlya nachala vyberite iz tablicy tri naselennyh punkta, raspolozhennye kak mozhno blizhe k proizvol'nomu punktu. Samyi blizhnii iz etih treh punktov oboznachim kak pervyi i opredelim dlya nego differencial'nye popravki A i V. Dlya nachala naidem raznosti geograficheskih dolgot, shirot (v gradusah i dolyah gradusa) i raznosti momentov zatmeniya (v sekundah vremeni) mezhdu vtorym i pervym, i tret'im i pervym punktami:

DL2 = L2 - L1       DF2 = F2 - F1       DT2 = T2 - T1
DL3 = L3 - L1       DF3 = F3 - F1       DT3 = T3 - T1

Moment zatmeniya v proizvol'nom punkte opredelyaetsya po formule, v kotoroi vtoroe i tret'e slagaemye predstavlyayut soboi popravku vyrazhennuyu v sekundah vremeni:

T = T1 + A(L-L1) + B(F-F1)

Kak nablyudat' Solnce?

Kazhdyi raz, kogda proishodit solnechnoe zatmenie ili prohozhdenie planety po disku Solnca milliony lyudei ustremlyayut svoi vzory na dnevnoe svetilo. I kazhdyi raz, nesmotrya na mnogochislennye preduprezhdeniya, chto smotrya na Solnce mozhno oslepnut', nahodyatsya neschastnye zaglyadyvayushie v okulyary zritel'nyh trub i prevrashayushie svoi glaza v varenyi belok! :-(

Esli Vy planiruete nablyudat' solnechnoe zatmenie v binokl', podzornuyu trubu ili teleskop, neobhodimo sproecirovat' izobrazhenie Solnca na belyi list bumagi ili, naprimer,na maiku togo zhe cveta, kak eto sdelal lyubitel' astronomii Ul'yanovska Dmitrii Borodin 11 avgusta 1999 goda.

Navodit' teleskop na Solnce sleduet po teni, kotoruyu teleskop otbrasyvaet na zemlyu. Povorachivaya teleskop, dobivaites' chtoby ten' stala krugloi. Kogda truba teleskopa ustanovitsya parallel'no solnechnym lucham, izobrazhenie Solnca poyavitsya v pole zreniya. Posle etogo, glyadya na sproecirovannoe izobrazhenie Solnca, otreguliruite rezkost' i zashitite izobrazhenie ot rasseyannogo solnechnogo sveta.

Esli Vy planiruete nablyudeniya nevooruzhennym glazom, zaranee pripasite steklo ot maski svarshika, gusto zakopchennoe steklo ili zasvechennuyu i zatem proyavlennuyu fotoplenku. Takzhe okazyvaetsya, chto v kachestve fil'tra mozhno primenit'... disketu, tochnee plenku magnitnogo diska, izvlechennogo iz korpusa-oblozhki.

Popytaites' poimat' momenty nachala i konca zatmeniya

Pri nablyudeniyah solnechnogo zatmeniya vsegda interesno otmetit' momenty nachala i konca zatmeniya. Vvidu razlichnyh geograficheskih koordinat, dazhe v predelah odnogo goroda, razlichiya mezhdu raschetnymi i nablyudaemymi momentami mogut sostavlyat' desyatki sekund! Odnako, pri strogih vychisleniyah, s ispol'zovaniem tochnyh geograficheskih koordinat tochki nablyudeniya, takoe razlichie bylo by strannym obstoyatel'stvom.

Tochnost', s kotoroi Vy opredelite vremya kontakta, zavisit ne tol'ko ot bystroty reakcii nablyudatelya i otregulirovannogo mehanizma, no i ot celenapravlennogo nablyudeniya toi tochki solnechnogo diska, gde dolzhno proizoiti soprikosnovenie s Lunoi. Obratite vnimanie, chto pozicionnye ugly kontaktov solnechnogo i lunnogo diskov (P) otschityvayutsya ot severnogo polyusa mira. V ryade sluchaev vygodno znat' ugol kontakta, kotoryi otschityvaetsya ot verhnego kraya diska Solnca. Etot ugol mozhno opredelit' po formule:

     

gde F - shirota mesta nablyudeniya, t i d - chasovoi ugol i sklonenie Solnca.

Krome togo, sleduet pomnit', chto pri nablyudenii v teleskop izobrazhenie Solnca mozhet byt' perevernutym, a pri nablyudenii na solnechnom ekrane - zerkal'nym. Pozabudete ob etom, i zatmenie nachnetsya ne tam, gde Vy ozhidali.

Chto mozhno uvidet' na Solnce?

Vo vremya chastnogo solnechnogo zatmeniya dazhe nevooruzhennym glazom netrudno zametit', chto usherb na Solnce vyglyadit bolee rezkim i kontrastnym, nezheli kraya samogo Solnca. Prichina etogo yavleniya sostoit v tom, chto Luna prakticheski lishena atmosfery, a nad yarkoi vidimoi poverhnost'yu Solnca - fotosferoi, prostirayutsya vneshnie, menee yarkie i potomu nevidimye pri obychnyh usloviyah sloi - hromosfera i korona, v kakoi-to mere oni oslablyayut potok izlucheniya idushii ot fotosfery i osobenno ot kraev diska Solnca.

Esli Vy nablyudaete solnechnoe zatmenie v teleskop, obratite vnimanie na nerovnosti lunnogo kraya (vse eto lunnye gory i kratery). Sluchaetsya, chto Luna "napolzaet" na solnechnye pyatna i fakely. Pri etom, ona pokryvaet ih ne sovsem obychno. Kak tol'ko Luna priblizhaetsya vplotnuyu k kakomu-libo pyatnu, mezhdu pyatnom i Lunoi voznikaet podobie mostika.

Chto proishodit vokrug nas?

Okazyvaetsya, chto do izobreteniya teleskopa lyudi nablyudali Solnce i solnechnye zatmeniya, v chastnosti, kak budto by s teleskopom! Rech' idet ob hitroumnom prisposoblenii izvestnom kak kamera obskura. V klassicheskom variante kamera obskura predstavlyaet soboi temnoe pomeshenie v kotoroe skvoz' sravnitel'no uzkoe otverstie pronikaet pryamoi solnechnyi svet. Esli takoi solnechnyi luchik padaet, k primeru, na stenu, to my uvidim tam izobrazhenie Solnca! Prichem, ono budet tem krupnee, chem bol'she rasstoyanie mezhdu otverstiem i stenoi.

V estestvennyh usloviyah kameroi obskura mozhet okazat'sya listva derev'ev. Fotografiya s mnogochislennymi izobrazheniyami chastnogo zatmeniya Solnca, kotorye pytaetsya pokazat' Ivan Purtov, byla poluchena lyubitelyami astronomii Ul'yanovska 11 avgusta 1999 goda. Po opytu nablyudenii etogo zatmeniya mozhno dobavit', chto dazhe prodelav nebol'shoe otvetstie v kartone i propustiv skvoz' nego solnechnyi svet na list bumagi, mozhno poluchit' izobrazhenie Solnca. Ono poluchitsya nebol'shim, zato ne nuzhno nikakogo pomesheniya!

Kogda Luna zakryvaet Solnce na polovinu i bolee, stanovitsya zametnym oslablenie dnevnogo sveta. Osveshenie zatmivshegosya Solnca pohozhe na osveshenie fonarya - tochechnogo istochnika sveta, i teni, otbrasyvaemye predmetami, stanovyatsya bolee rezkimi i kontrastnymi. Sushestvennaya raznica vidna po dvum fotografiyam teni Dmitriya Borodina. Pervyi snimok byl sdelan v maksimume zatmeniya 11 avgusta 1999 goda (velichina zatmeniya 61 procent), vtoroi - srazu posle zatmeniya.

Chitaite takzhe: Polnye solnechnye zatmeniya nad Rossiei


Publikacii s klyuchevymi slovami: Solnechnoe zatmenie - kamera-obskura - nablyudeniya Solnca
Publikacii so slovami: Solnechnoe zatmenie - kamera-obskura - nablyudeniya Solnca
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