The R.A.P.Project "Novosti na assemblere" Nemnogo statistiki Predydushii vypusk (N48) ANKa Dnya Slovar' astroterminov Spisok missii i teleskopov Obzory UFN Stat'i SOZh Novosti nedeli Kak otkryt' zazerkal'e s pomosh'yu gradusnika? ANKa Dnya 27.06.2003. Kakaya dolya solncepodobnyh zvezd imeet planety? Soderzhanie i bystryi perehod k razdelam obzora Stat'i nedeli "Luchshie iz luchshih" astro-ph/0307027 Lokalizaciya vspyshek kilometrovogo radioizlucheniya ot severnyh siyanii astro-ph/0307076 Pervaya registraciya millimetrovogo izlucheniya pyli ot diska vokrug burogo karlika astro-ph/0307077 Kompaktnye zvezdnye rentgenovskie istochniki v normal'nyh galaktikah Otdel'nye stat'i Samoreguliruemyi nagrev sverhnovymi v modelirovanii mezhzvezdnoi sredy Evolyuciya svetimosti galaktik Nablyudatel'nye ogranicheniya na haoticheskuyu inflyaciyu v "mire na brane" Pul'sary tipa Chernoi Vdovy: cena nerazborchivosti Lokalizaciya vspyshek kilometrovogo radioizlucheniya ot severnyh siyanii Razmezhevanie mezhdu Modificirovannoi gravitaciei i Temnoi energiei Opticheskaya interferometriya v astronomii Nablyudeniya samyh slabyh rentgenovskih dvoinyh na Chandre Modelirovanie obrazovaniya slivayushihsya troinyh sistem pri stolknoveniyah Skopleniya sverhzvezd v goluboi karlikovoi galaktike UM 462 Nablyudeniya neitral'nogo vodoroda vokrug neitronnoi zvezdy v ostatke sverhnovoi Puppis A Planeta na krugovoi orbite s periodom 6 let Nastoyashee i budushee temnoi energii Pervye sobytiya mikrolinzirovaniya v obzore MEGA Pervaya registraciya millimetrovogo izlucheniya pyli ot diska vokrug burogo karlika Kompaktnye zvezdnye rentgenovskie istochniki v normal'nyh galaktikah Detektirovanie gravitacionnyh voln s pomosh'yu mikrolinzirovaniya? Modelirovanie zvezdnyh populyacii v galaktikah skoplenii Polnyi Arhiv predydushih vypuskov. Arhiv statei, voshedshih v vypuski s 01 iyulya 2002 g. po 31 marta 2003 g. Razdely arhiva (s aprelya 2003 g.): kosmologiya, neitrino, kosmicheskie luchi i gamma-astronomiya, galaktiki, AYaG, kvazary, nasha Galaktika, mezhzvezdnaya sreda, zvezdy, sverhnovye, ostatki sverhnovyh, chernye dyry, neitronnye zvezdy, linzirovanie, Solnce, ekzoplanety, Solnechnaya sistema, akkreciya, tesnye dvoinye sistemy, gamma-vspleski, gravitacionnye volny, mehanizmy izlucheniya, chislennoe modelirovanie, dinamika, mehanika metody obrabotki dannyh, MGD, metody nablyudenii, budushie nablyudatel'nye proekty, prochee. Poleznye astronomicheskie ssylki. Korotkoe esse ob elektronnyh preprintah. Obzornye stat'i v astro-ph s 2001 g. Obsudit' na forume Scientific.RU Obsudit' na forume Zvezdocheta Avtory proekta Sergei Popov Mihail Prohorov Postav'te u sebya nashu knopku! Proekt razmeshen na saitah: Vy mozhet takzhe razmestit' na svoem saite nashu lentu obzorov Novostnye lenty Novosti astronomii ot PRAO Tekushie otkrytiya v FECh Novosti kosmonavtiki Novosti ot UFN Informnauka Perst Podpiska na rassylku obzorov na Subscribe.Ru Druzhestvennaya rassylka "Okno vo Vselennuyu" - chto vidno na nebe v etom mesyace

Obzory preprintov astro-ph Vypusk N49 astro-ph za 01 - 07 iyulya 2003 goda: izbrannye stat'i Referaty otdel'nyh statei astro-ph/0307013 Samoreguliruemyi progrev sverhnovymi v modelirovanii mezhzvezdnoi sredy (Self-regulating supernovae heating in interstellar medium simulations) Authors: Graeme R Sarson et al. Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures, to be published in: Magnetic fields and star formation: theory versus observations, eds: A. I. Gomez de Castro et al., Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht Modelirovanie mezhzvezdnoi sredy yavlyaetsya ochen' trudnoi zadachei. Kartina sushestvenno trehmernaya (dlya sravneniya, ochen' slozhnaya zadacha predskazaniya pogody taki uproshaetsya vozmozhnost'yu kvazidvumernogo podhoda - atmosfera v nekotorom smysle ploskaya). Vazhen uchet magnitnyh polei, turbulentnosti, himicheskih processov, razlichnyh istochnikov energii i mehanizmov ohlazhdeniya. Pri etom hochetsya maksimal'no ne zadavat' parametry rukami i "krepko derzhat' granicy", a reshit' bolee-menee samosoglasovannuyu zadachu. Kratkoe rezyume: zadacha ne reshena. No postoyanno delayutsya novye i novye sushestvennye shagi v etom napravlenii. Izyuminka dannoi raboty v tom, chto sverhnovye, dayushie bol'shoi vklad v energetiku mezhzvezdnoi sredy, raspredelny ne koe-kak i ne "kvadratno-gnezdovym" sposobom, a poyavlyayutsya tam, gde im i polozheno poyavlyat'sya: v plotnyh holodnyh oblakah, v kotoryh obrazuyutsya zvezdy-praroditeli sverhnovyh. Tak chto v etom smysle avtoram udalos' sdelat' sistemu samoreguliruyusheisya: temp sverhnovyh ne zadaetsya rukami, a poluchaetsya pri modelirovanii sam soboi. astro-ph/0307014 Evolyuciya plotnosti svetimosti galaktik vo Vselennoi (The cosmic evolution of the galaxy luminosity density) Authors: F. Calura, F. Matteucci Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal My vidim Vselennuyu blagodarya zvezdam. Kogda vy chitaete: "Otkryta samaya dalekaya galaktika...", to kak pravilo eto oznachaet, chto my vidim svet dalekih zvezd (aktivnye yadra - otdel'naya pesnya). Poetomu vo mnogom evolyuciya vselennoi v poslednie neskol'ko (poryadka 10) milliardov let - eto "evolyuciya galaktik, sostoyashih iz zvezd". Opisav evolyuciyu zvezdnogo naseleniya galaktik raznyh tipov na protyazhenii milliardov let, vy budete imet' kartinu evolyuciyu svetyashegosya veshestva vo Vselennoi. Poluchaetsya vpolne-vpolne grandiozno. V dannoi stat'e postroena kartina evolyucii plotnosti svetimosti galaktik na osnove devol'no detal'noi kartiny ih himicheskoi evolyucii. Eto vklyuchaet v sebya vspyshki zvezdoobrazovaniya, sliyaniya galaktik i mnogoe drugoe. Vse eto po vozmozhnosti privyazyvaetsya k nablyudeniyam (a vozmozhnostei seichas mnogo). Na rannih etapah evolyucii dominiruyut eliipticheskie galaktiki: oni dayut osnovnoi vklad v polnuyu "svetimost' Vselennoi" v opticheskom diapazone. Zatem bolee vazhnymi stanovyatsya krupnye spiral'nye galaktiki (tipa nashei). Kstati, nablyudaemoe umen'shenie plotnosti svetimosti galaktik ot z=1 do nashego vremeni ob'yasnyaetsya v ramkah dannoi modeli tem, chto spiral'nye galaktiki postepenno istoshayut rezervuary gaza.... astro-ph/0307017 Nablyudatel'nye ogranicheniya na haoticheskuyu inflyaciyu v "mire na brane" (Observational constraints on braneworld chaotic inflation) Authors: Andrew R Liddle, Anthony J Smith Comments: 5 pages RevTeX4 file with three figures incorporated Ochen' chasto kosmologiyu rannei Vselennoi predstavlyayut kak kakuyu-to smes' matematiki i filosofii (plyus nemnozhko religii po vkusu). Primerno tak ono i bylo let edak .... (avtory obzora togda eshe ne rodilis'). Seichas vse bol'shee i bol'shee znachenie priobretayut nablyudeniya. Modeli nado proveryat'! Imenno etim i zanimayutsya avtory dannoi stat'i. Konkretno, rech' idet o proverke haoticheskoi inflyacii v modeli Randall-Sandram (otmetim, chto fakticheski ideya, ispol'zovannaya Randall i Sandramom, byla ranee predlozhena Merabom Gogberashvili, sm. ob etom takzhe v obzore Rubakova (2001)). foto Lizy Randall okazalos' naiti gorazdo proshe, chem foto Ramana Sandrama, navernoe nam ponyatno pochemu... Avtory provodyat sravneniya predskazanii teorii dlya raznyh parametrov s dannymi WMAP i 2dF (ob etom obzore my pisali v proshlom vypuske). Rezul'taty govoryat o tom, chto parametry kvadratichnogo potenciala mogut byt' sil'no ogranicheny uzhe sushestvuyushimi dannymi. Po suti avtory hotyat skazat', chto v prostom variante takaya teoriya uzhe nachinaet protivorechit' nablyudeniyam. Chuvstvuetsya, chto s zapuskom sputnika Plank teoretikam stanet eshe slozhnee... astro-ph/0307023 Pul'sary tipa Chernoi Vdovy: cena nerazborchivosti (Black Widow Pulsars: the Price of Promiscuity) Authors: A.R. King, M.B. Davies, M.E. Beer Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, MNRAS in press Pul'sar Chernaya vdova - eto tesnaya dvoinaya sistema, sostoyashaya iz neitronnoi zvezdy (millisekundnogo radiopul'sara) i malomassivnogo kompan'ona. Pul'sar isparyaet svoego soseda (sosedku) - otsyuda i nazvanie. Dolya takih sistem gorazdo vyshe sredi zvezd sharovyh skoplenii, chem sredi zvezd polya Galaktiki. Znachit, v skopleniyah deistvuet kakoi-to dopolnitel'nyi mehanizm ih formirovaniya. Skoree vsego - eto zahvat. Prichem ne prosto zahvat. Neitronnaya zvezda, sostavlyayushaya shirokuyu paru s belym karlikom, "menyaet" starogo kompan'ona na novyi. T.o. "gulyayushaya" po skopleniyu zvezda vstupaet "v gravitacionnuyu svyaz'" s opasnoi neitronnoi zvezdoi, a potom .... Otsyuda "cena nerazborchivosti" v zagolovke stat'i. astro-ph/0307027 Lokalizaciya vspyshek kilometrovogo radioizlucheniya ot severnyh siyanii. I. (Locations of Auroral Kilometric Radiation Bursts Inferred From Multi-Spacecraft Wideband Cluster VLBI Observations I: Description of Technique and Initial Results) Authors: R.L. Mutel et al. Comments: 31 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication 19 June 2003 in JGR Space Physics. accepted for publication Inogda polyarnye siyanie soprovozhdayutsya vspyshkami sverhnizkochastotnogo radioizlucheniya (s dlinoi voln poryadka kilometrov). Otkuda idet eto izluchenie? Do sih por otveta na etot vopros ne bylo, poskol'ku nablyudat' radioizluchenie na stol' dlinnyh volnah, a tem bolee opredelyat' polozhenie ego istochnika ochen' tyazhelo. Dlya etoi celi byla ispol'zovana ustanovka Cluster Wideband Data, sostoyashaya iz shesti priemnikov, raznesennyh na bol'shoe rasstoyanie. V 2002 i nachale 2003 godov instrument pronablyudal 1700 individual'nyh vspyshek avroral'nogo radioizlucheniya. Pervye rezul'taty nablyudenii pokazyvayut, chto istochniki radioizlucheniya imeyut razmery ~1000-2000 km i peremeshayutsya vdol' linii magnitnogo polya. Illyustraciya k lokalizacii istochnika vspyshek V dannoi stat'e privedeny, takzhe, tehnicheskie harakteristiki ustanovki. astro-ph/0307034 Razmezhevanie mezhdu modificirovannoi gravitaciei i temnoi energiei (Differentiating between Modified Gravity and Dark Energy) Authors: Arthur Lue, Roman Scoccimarro, Glenn Starkman Comments: 15 pages revtex. 1 figure Avtory kriticheski rassmatrivayut ideyu o tom, chto uskorennoe rasshirenie Vselennoi mozhet byt' svyazano ne s temnoi energiei, a s modificirovannoi gravitaciei. Interesnoe zaklyuchenie, k kotoromu oni prihodyat, sostoit v tom, chto v sluchae modificirovannoi gravitacii (ob'yasnyayushei nablyudaemoe uskorenie) budut zametnye effekty na masshtabah sushestvenno men'shih Habblovskogo (vplot' do Solnechnoi sistemy). Krome togo, rost kosmologicheskih vozmushenii plotnosti v sluchae modificirovannoi gravitacii budet bolee medlennym. Nablyudeniya samogo blizhaishego budushego (dannye po kosmologicheskim sverhnovym i krupnomasshtabnoi strukture - dlya vozmushenii, dve missii k Merkuriyu - dlya Solnechnoi sistemy) dadut ili ochen' ser'eznye (ubiistvennye?) ogranicheniya na modificirovannuyu gravitaciyu kak ob'yasnenie uskoreniya rasshireniya Vselennoi, ili zhe dadut "polozhitel'nyi effekt" - t.e. budut zaregistrirovany predskazannye MG effekty. obzor astro-ph/0307036 Opticheskaya interferometriya v astronomii (Optical Interferometry in Astronomy) Authors: John D. Monnier Comments: Long Review Article. 86 pages. 31 figures. Arxiv submission size restrictions necessitated heavy compression of figures. Higher quality figures at http://www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/~monnier/Research.html (See http://www.iop.org for final manuscript and copyright notice) Journal-ref: 2003, Reports on Progress in Physics, 66, 789-857 V poslednih vypuskah my neodnokratno pisali o rezul'tatah, poluchennyh s pomosh'yu interferometricheskoi sistemy VINCI/VLTI. Rabotaet para gigantskih teleskopov im. Keka. Est' mnozhestvo bolee melkih interferometrov v opticheskom diapazone. Vsemu etomu i posvyashen bol'shoi obzor Dzhona Mon'e. Obsuzhdaetsya vse: ot tehnicheskih aspektov do poslednih nauchnyh rezul'tatov i planov po sozdaniyu kosmicheskih interferometrov v optike. astro-ph/0307045 Nablyudeniya samyh slabyh rentgenovskih dvoinyh na Chandre (Chandra Observations of the Faintest Low-Mass X-ray Binaries) Authors: Colleen. A. Wilso et al. Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures. Accepted by ApJ Sputnik Chandra pronablyudal vosem' slabyh maloizuchennyh rentgenovskih istochnikov, kotorye (po vsei vidimosti) yavlyayutsya tesnyhmi dvoinymi sistemami. Eto vazhno, t.k. Channdra (v sluchae obnaruzheniya ob'ekta) daet ochen' tochnye koordinaty, i togda mozhno iskat' dannyi ob'ekt v drugih diapazonah (optika, IK,...). Iz vos'mi istochnikov Chandra uvidel pyat'. Neobnaruzhenie ostal'nyh mozhet byt' svyazano s ih tranzientnym (vspyshechnym) harakterom. astro-ph/0307061 Modelirovanie obrazovaniya slivayushihsya troinyh sistem pri stolknoveniyah (Modelling Collision Products of Triple-Star Mergers) Authors: James C. Lombardi et al. Comments: 20 pages, submitted to MNRAS V plotnyh yadrah sharovyh skoplenii naryadu s blizkimi proletami odinochnyh zvezdy nachinayut igrat' stolknoveniya odinochnyh zvezd s dvoinymi sistemami i vzaimnye stolknoveniya dvoinyh sistem. Takie stolknoveniya mogut privodit' ne tol'ko k obrazovaniya slivayushihsya dvoinyh sistem, no i k sistemam v kotoryh proishodit posledovatel'noe poparnoe sliyanie treh ili dazhe chetyreh zvezd. Obrazovavshiesya podobnym putem zvezdy mogut imet' sushestvennye himicheskie i evolyucionnye osobennosti. Obrazovanie podobnyh sistem i processy sliyaniya v nih yavlyayutsya osnovnoi temoi dannoi stat'i i rassmotreny dostatochno podrobno. astro-ph/0307062 Skopleniya sverhzvezd v goluboi karlikovoi galaktike UM 462 (Super Star Clusters in the Blue Dwarf Galaxy UM 462) Authors: Leonardo Vanzi Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures Opticheskie nablyudeniya goluboi karlikovoi kompaktnoi galaktiki UM 462 vyyavili v nei neskol'ko yarkih kompaktnyh istochnikov. Bolee detal'noe izuchenie pokazalo, chto eto ochen' molodye zvezdnye skopleniya s vozrastami ot neskol'kih millionov do neskol'kih desyatkov millionov let, takie vozrasta sootvetstvuyut vremenam zhizni massivnyh zvezd (M>6-20Mo). Summarnyi temp zvezdoobrazovaniya v etih skopleniyah sostavlyaet 0.05Mo/god, chto ochen' mnogo (osobenno uchityvaya, chto galaktika UM 462 - karlikovaya). Pohozhe, chto skopleniya raspolozheny na granicah struktur, obrazovavshihsya v predydushei vspyshke formirovaniya zvezd. Negativnoe izobrazhenie galaktiki UM 462. Linii - napravleniya spektroskopicheskih izmerenii. astro-ph/0307065 Nablyudeniya neitral'nogo vodoroda vokrug radiotihoi neitronnoi zvezdy RX J0822-4300 v Puppis A (Observations of the neutral hydrogen surrounding the radio quiet neutron star RX J0822-4300 in Puppis A) Authors: E. M. Reynoso et al. Comments: 8 pages, 2 ps/eps figures, plus 1 gif figure and 4 jpg figures, MNRAS, in press. Full postscript version with all 7 figures is available at http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~simonj/puppis.ps.gz Po nablyudeniyam na ATCA (Australia Telescope Compact Array) obnaruzhena bipolyarnaya struktura vokrug odinochnoi radiotihoi neitronnoi zvezdy v ostatke sverhnovoi Puppis A. Vozmozhno, chto eto dva dzheta, vybrasyvaemye kompaktnym ob'ektom. Krome togo, avtoram udalos' utochnit' rasstoyanie do ostatka sverhnovoi - 2.2 kpk. astro-ph/0307066 Planeta na krugovoi orbite s periodom 6 let (A Planet in a Circular Orbit with a 6 Year Period) Authors: Brad D. Carter et al. Comments: 12 pages Otkryta planeta s massoi bolee dvuh mass Yupitera na krugovoi orbite s periodom 6 let, chto sootvetstvuet rasstoyaniyu 3.3 a.e. T.e. eto ne "goryachii yupiter", a nechto, vpolne pohozhee na nash "nastoyashii" Yupiter. Otkryt' takuyu planetu trudno s nablyudatel'noi tochki zreniya, poetomu ih izvestno dovol'no malo. V skorom vremeni (neskol'ko let) avtory obeshayut sushestvennoe uluchshenie situacii: obzoram stanut dostupny yupitery i saturny (t.e. planety na krugovyh orbitah s periodami poryadka 100 let). Budem zhdat' ... astro-ph/0307071 Nastoyashee i budushee temnoi energii (Dark Energy Present and Future) Author: Paul H. Frampton Comments: 9 pages latex. Talk at Fourth Tropical Workshop, Cairns, Australia, June 2003 Bez vsyakih ob'yasnenii prosto citiruyu avtora: My rassmotreli kosmologicheskie dannye (anizotropiyu relikta, sverhnovye tipa Ia i krupnomasshtabnuyu strukturu) i prishli k vyvodu, chto v ramkah prostoi lineinom modeli uravneniya sostoyaniya temnoi energii nashu Vselennuyu ozhidaet odin iz treh vozmozhnyh variantov budushego: beskonechnoe rasshirenie v konechnyi moment vremeni ne ranee 7 mlrd. let ot segodnyashnego dnya [podrobnee sm. "Bol'shoi razryv"]; beskonechnoe uskorennoe rasshirenie Vselennoi pri dominirovanii temnoi energii; dissipaciya temnoi energii v budushem, posle chego Vselennaya budet beskonechno rasshiryat'sya po fridmanovskomu zakonu a(t)~t2/3. C vyvodami avtora mozhno sporit' ili somnevat'sya v ih tochnosti, no stol' "raznoobraznoe" budushee govorit o tom, skol' eshe veliki neopredelennosti v dannoi oblasti nauki. astro-ph/0307072 Pervye sobytiya mikrolinzirovaniya v obzore MEGA (First Microlensing Events From The MEGA Survey) Authors: Jelte T.A. de Jong et al. Comments: 16 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics V dannom obzore provoditsya poisk mikrolinzirovaniya v napravlenii Tumannosti Andromedy. Stoit otmetit', chto eshe 10 let nazad poiski linzirovaniya ot M31 velis' v Rossii dazhe bez PZS matric - na fotoplastinkah ( Sazhin, Shul'ga, Gorbat'ko). Avtory predstavlyayut pervye rezul'taty obzora MEGA. Zaregistrirovano 14 sobytii. Eto nemnogo, no predvaritel'no mozhno skazat', chto dannye soglasuyutsya s prisutstviem znachitel'noi populyacii kompaktnyh ob'ektov v galo M31. astro-ph/0307076 Pervaya registraciya millimetrovogo izlucheniya pyli ot diska burogo karlika (First Detection of Millimeter Dust Emission from Brown Dwarf Disks) Authors: R. Klein et al. Comments: 5 pages, accepted for ApJL Predstavleny rezul'taty pervogo glubokogo obzora po poisku millimetrovogo izlucheniya ot korichnevyh (buryh) karlikov. Zaregistrirovano izluchenie, kotoroe interpretiruetsya kak izluchenie holodnoi pyli v diske, okruzhayushem karlika. Massa pyli ocenivaetsya v neskol'ko mass Zemli. obzor astro-ph/0307077 Kompaktnye zvezdnye retgenovskie istochniki v normal'nyh galaktikah (Compact Stellar X-ray Sources in Normal Galaxies) Authors: G. Fabbiano, N. E. White Comments: 35 pages and 14 figs. Draft of Chapter for the "Compact Stellar X-ray Sources" book in preparation for Cambridge University Press (eds., W. Lewin & M. van der Klis) Glava iz knigi, opisyvayushaya sovremennye dannye po rentgenovskim istochnikam v blizkih galaktikah. Blagodarya Chandre i HMM-N'yuton my znaem sotni rentgenovskih istochnikov v desyatke blizkih galaktik (v konce goda pro eto budet stat'ya v Zemle i Vselennoi). Sredi nih est' ochen' interesnye ob'ekty, naprimer, sverhmoshnye (superluminous) istochniki. Obo vsem etom zooparke rasskazyvaetsya v obzore. Est' neskol'ko krasivyh cvetnyh illyustracii. astro-ph/0307089 Registraciya gravitacionnyh voln s pomosh'yu mikrolinzirovaniya? (Gravitational Wave detection through microlensing?) Authors: R. Ragazzoni, G. Valente, E. Marchetti Comments: 12 pages, 7 figures, to appear in Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc V stat'e obsuzhdayutsya tonkie gravitacionnye effekty, voznikayushie pri prohozhdenii linzirovannyh luchei (ili luchei, kotorye ispytayut linzirovanie) vblizi dvoinoi sistemy, kotoraya, estestvenno, yavlyaetsya istochnikov gravitacionnyh voln. Avtory pokazyvayut, chto, esli luch prohodit dostatochno blizko ot dvoinoi, to mogut voznikat' potencial'no nablyudaemye effekty. Pravda, veroyatnost' etoochen' mala (luchu nado proiti ochen' blizko, a zvezdy, kak izvestno, razbrosany dovol'no redko). Edinstvennoi horoshei vozmozhnost' yavlyaetsya linzirovanie na tret'em komponente kratnoi sistemy. miniobzor astro-ph/0307091 Modelirovanie zvezdnyh populyacii galaktik skoplenii (Modeling stellar populations in cluster galaxies) Authors: Bianca M. Poggianti Comments: Invited review, 14 pages, 6 figures, to be published in Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 3: Clusters of Galaxies: Probes of Cosmological Structure and Galaxy Evolution, eds. J. S. Mulchaey, A. Dressler, & A. Oemler (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press) V ochen' dalekih galaktikah my ne mozhem izuchat' otdel'nye zvezdy. Zato mozhno poluchat' integral'nye harakteristiki. Naprimer, spektr vsei galaktiki vcelom. Eto zdorovo pomogaet pri izuchenii zvezdnogo sostava. Sootvetstvenno mozhno pytat'sya poluchit' informaciyu o tempe zvezdoobrazovaniya, a znachit i o evolyucii dalekih galaktik. Imenno etomu posvyashen dannyi obzor. Vernut'sya k nachalu stranicy

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