28 avgusta 2003 - rekordnoe protivostoyanie Marsa28.08.2003 13:42 | M. E. Prohorov/GAISh, Moskva
Esli avgustovskim vecherom, vskore posle zahoda Solnca, vy poglyadite na vostok, to uvidite ochen' yarkuyu krasnovatuyu "zvezdu". Po yarkosti ee mozhno bylo by prinyat' za Veneru, no vecherom Venery na vostoke ne byvaet. Eto Mars, a stol' yarkii on potomu, chto seichas idet protivostoyanie Zemli i Marsa, prichem ne prostoe.
Primerno kazhdye dva goda Zemlya i Mars, dvigayas' po svoim orbitam, sblizhayutsya drug s drugom. Podobnye sblizheniya nazyvayutsya protivostoyaniyami. Ocherednoe protivostoyanie proizoidet v konce avgusta 2003 goda. Esli by orbity Zemli i Marsa byli krugovymi i lezhali strogo v odnoi ploskosti, to protivostoyaniya proishodili by strogo periodicheski (mezhdu nimi by prohodilo chut' bol'she dvuh let) i Mars priblizhalsya by k Zemle vsegda na odno i to zhe rasstoyanie. Odnako eto ne tak. Hotya ploskosti orbit planet dostatochno blizki i orbita Zemli pochti krugovaya, no ekscentrisitet marsianskoi orbity dostatochno velik. Poskol'ku interval mezhdu protivostoyaniyami ne sovpadaet ni s zemnym, ni s marsianskim godom, to maksimal'noe sblizhenie planet proishodit v raznyh tochkah ih orbit. Esli protivostoyanie sluchaetsya vblizi afeliya orbity Marsa (eto prihoditsya na zimu v severnom polusharii Zemli), to rasstoyanie mezhdu planetami okazyvaetsya dostatochno veliko - okolo 100 mln. km. Protivostoyaniya vblizi perigeliya marsianskoi orbity (kotorye proishodyat v konce leta) gorazdo bolee tesnye. Esli Mars i Zemlya sblizhayutsya na rasstoyanie men'shee 60 mln. km, to podobnye protivostoyaniya nazyvayut velikimi. Oni sluchayutsya kazhdye 15 ili 17 let i vsegda ispol'zovalis' astronomami dlya intensivnyh nablyudenii krasnoi planety. (Istorii nablyudenii Marsa posvyashena podrobnaya stat'ya V.G.Surdina.)
Odnako protivostoyanie 2003 goda okazyvaetsya ne prosto velikim, a velichaishim, sobytiem, podobnogo kotoromu ne bylo neskol'ko tysyach let!
Davaite rassmotrim eto sobytie po-podrobnee.
Chto proishodit vo vremya protivostoyaniya
Po opredeleniyu protivostoyaniem nazyvaetsya takaya konfiguraciya (vzaimnoe raspolozhenie) Solnca, Zemli i planety, kogda eklipticheskaya shirota planety, otlichaetsya ot shiroty Solnca na 180o. Yasno, chto takaya situaciya vozmozhna tol'ko dlya vneshnih planet. Esli sproecirovat' planetu na ploskost' ekliptiki (a Zemlya i Solnce vsegda nahodyatsya v etoi ploskosti), to v moment protivostoyaniya centry vseh treh tel okazhutsya na odnoi pryamoi (Zemlya mezhdu Solncem i planetoi). V moment protivostoyaniya dostigaetsya maksimal'naya faza Marsa, nastupaet "polnomarsie" (etot iskusstvennyi termin vveden po analogii s polnoluniem). Otlichie fazy Mars ot edinicy svyazano tol'ko s tem, chto on dvizhetsya ne v ploskosti ekliptiki.
Poskol'ku orbity Marsa i Zemli ne krugovye, a ih ploskosti ne sovpadayut, to moment protivostoyaniya blizok, no ne sovpadaet s momentom maksimal'nogo sblizheniya planet. S rasstoyaniem mezhdu planetami odnoznachno svyazan vidimyi uglovoi razmer Marsa, kotoryi dostigaet maksimuma pri naibol'shem sblizhenii.
Blesk (vidimaya zvezdnaya velichina) Marsa zavisit kak ot ego udaleniya ot Zemli, tak i ot fazy. Takim obrazom etot moment takzhe budet blizok k protivostoyaniyu, no v obshem sluchae ne budet sovpadat' ni s nim, ni s momentom maksimal'nogo sblizheniya planet.
Eshe dva vazhnyh sobytiya - prohozhdenie Marsa cherez perigelii svoei orbity i prohozhdenie Zemli cherez tochku blizhaishuyu k perigeliyu orbity Marsa. Zemlya prohodit blizhaishuyu k perigeliyu orbity Marsa tochku vsegda v odno i to zhe vremya goda - primerno 28 avgusta. Slovo primerno zdes' poyavilos' iz-za togo, chto zemnoi god ne kraten sutkam, poetomu data prohozhdeniya etoi tochki menyaetsya ot goda k godu v predelah sutok. V 2003 godu mars proidet svoi perigelii 30 avgusta. Chem blizhe k perigeliyu orbity Marsa okazyvayutsya planety v protivostoyanii, tem sil'nee oni sblizhayutsya i tem bolee velikim budet protivostoyanie. Privedennyi nizhe risunok sluzhit etomu illyustraciei.
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| Protivostoyaniya Marsa s 1997 g. po 2010 g. Vdol' orbity Zemli (vnutrennyaya okruzhnost') ukazany mesyacy ee prohozhdeniya po dannomu uchastku. U orbity Marsa (naruzhnaya okruzhnost') ukazany tochki perigeliya (R) i afeliya (A). Na liniyah, soedinyayushih planety v moment protivostoyaniya, ukazan god i minimal'noe rasstoyanie do Marsa v astronomicheskih edinicah. (Risunok vzyat iz stat'i V.G.Surdina). |
Protivostoyaniya i velikie protivostoyaniya za "poslednie gody"
Pered vami chast' kataloga protivostoyanii Marsa. Za 52 goda ih proizoshlo i proizoidet 25. Chetyre iz nih (1971, 1988, 2003 i 2018 gg.) byli velikimi protivostoyaniyami. Velikie protivostoyaniya v tablice podcherknuty.
V pervyh treh kolonkah etoi tablicy privedeny daty i vremya protivostoyanii, v chetvernoi kolonke - maksimal'naya zvezdnaya velichina Marsa, a v ostal'nyh kolonkah - data i vremya maksimal'nogo sblizheniya planet, minimal'noe rasstoyanie mezhdu nimi (v astronomicheskih edinicah i v millionah kilometrov i vidimyi uglovoi diametr Marsa. Kak vy vidite momenty protivostoyanii i maksimal'nyh sblizhenii planet nemnogo ne sovpadayut.
Protivostoyanie Maks.blesk Naibol'shee sblizhenie
rasstoyanie diametr
god Data UT zv.vel. Data UT A.E. mln.km ugl.sek
1969 May 31 15:50 Jun 9 0.486 71.7 19.6
1971 Aug 10 06:52 -2.9 Aug 12 0.3757 56.2 24.9
1973 Oct 25 03:28 Oct 17 0.441 65.2 21.5
1975 Dec 15 13:59 Dec 8 0.570 84.6 16.6
1978 Jan 22 00:11 Jan 19 0.654 97.7 14.3
1980 Feb 25 05:43 -1.2 Feb 26 0.677 101.3 13.8
1982 Mar 31 10:14 0.637 14.8
1984 May 11 08:52 0.537 17.3
1986 Jul 10 05:27 0.406 60.0 23.0
1988 Sep 28 03:32 -2.8 Sep 22 03 0.39314 58.81 23.81
1990 Nov 27 20:35 -2.1 Nov 20 03:50 0.51692 77.33 18.11
1993 Jan 7 22:43 -1.4 Jan 3 13:33 0.62609 93.66 14.95
1995 Feb 12 02:32 -1.2 Feb 11 14:20 0.67569 101.08 13.85
1997 Mar 17 07:55 -1.3 Mar 20 16:51 0.65938 98.64 14.20
1999 Apr 24 17:38 -1.7 May 1 17:28 0.57846 86.54 16.18
2001 Jun 13 17:59 -2.3 Jun 21 22:57 0.45017 67.34 20.79
2003 Aug 28 17:59 -2.9 Aug 27 09:52 0.37272
55.76 25.11
2005 Nov 7 07:59 -2.3 Oct 30 03:26 0.46406 69.42 20.17
2007 Dec 24 19:47 -1.7 Dec 18 23:47 0.58935 88.17 15.88
2010 Jan 29 -1.3 Jan 27 0.664 99.3 14.1
2012 Mar 3 -1.2 Mar 5 0.674 100.8 13.9
2014 Apr 8 -1.5 Apr 14 0.621 92.4 15.2
2016 May 22 -2.1 May 30 0.509 75.3 18.6
2018 Jul 27 -2.8 Jul 31 0.386 57.6 24.3
2020 Oct 13 -2.6 Oct 6 0.419 62.2 22.6
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Iz vseh protivostoyanii, privedennyh v dannoi tablice, protivostoyanie Marsa 2003 goda budet samym sil'nym. Planety sblizyatsya menee chem na 56 mln. km, uglovoi diametr Marsa prevysit 25", a blesk pochti dostignet -3m. No nado skazat', chto eti velichiny vsego na neskol'ko procentov prevyshayut dostigavshiesya v drugih velikih protivostoyaniyah, osobenno v sobytii 1971 goda (takoe otlichie vryad li mozhno bylo by zametit' glazom, dazhe esli smotret' cherez teleskop).
Eshe bolee naglyadno malost' etih razlichii vidna na bOl'shih promezhutkah vremeni: Protivostoyaniya 1845 i 1924 godov byli lish' chut' slabee, chem to, chto sluchitsya v 2003 g.
| Velikie protivostoyaniya Marsa s 1830 g. po 2035 g. Rasstoyanie ot Zemli do Marsa ukazano v astronomicheskih edinicah. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Velichaishie iz velichaishih
Esli zhe interesovat'sya samymi sil'nymi sblizheniyami Marsa i Zemli, kartina okazyvaetsya ochen' interesnoi.
(krasnym pokazany sblizheniya bolee sil'nye, chem v 2003 g.)
god protivost. sblizh. mln.km A.E. |
756 Jul 28 Jul 27 55.90 0.37369 835 Aug 2 Aug 1 55.90 0.37391 1040 Jul 27 Jul 27 55.92 0.37382 1119 Aug 1 Jul 31 55.859,488 0.37339761 1198 Aug 5 Aug 3 55.87 0.37346 1277 Aug 9 Aug 7 55.96 0.37409 1482 Aug 3 Aug 3 55.808,594 0.37305741 1561 Aug 7 Aug 7 55.837,780 0.37325251 1640 Aug 21 Aug 20 55.87 0.37347 1687 Aug 8 Aug 9 56.00 0.37434 1719 Aug 27 Aug 25 55.951,099 0.37401 1766 Aug 13 Aug 13 55.838,948 0.37326031 1845 Aug 18 Aug 18 55.803,163 0.37302110 1924 Aug 23 Aug 22 55.776,939 0.37284581 2003 Aug 28 Aug 27 55.758,006 0.37271925 2050 Aug 14 Aug 15 55.96 0.37405 2082 Sep 1 Aug 30 55.883,780 0.37356 2129 Aug 19 Aug 19 55.841,268 0.37327582 2208 Aug 24 Aug 24 55.769,117 0.37279352 2287 Aug 29 Aug 28 55.688,405 0.37225400 2366 Sep 02 55.708,568 0.37238878 2445 Sep 05 55.794,535 0.37296343 2492 Aug 24 55.832,521 0.37321735 2571 Aug 30 55.707,590 0.37238224 2650 Sep 03 55.651,582 0.37200785 2729 Sep 08 55.651,099 0.37200418 2808 Sep 11 55.695,623 0.37230224 2855 Aug 31 55.815,632 0.37310445 2887 Sep 16 55.788,120 0.37292055 2934 Sep 05 55.676,249 0.37217270 |
| (Dannye vzyaty s saita www.seds.org) |
Vot drugaya tablica, v kotoroi te zhe velichiny privedeny v drugom poryadke - po mere uvelicheniya minimal'nogo rasstoyaniya mezhdu Zemlei i Marsom. Obrashaem vashe vnimanie, chto v istoricheskoe vremya (za 5000 let) ne bylo ni odnogo sblizheniya stol' zhe sil'nogo, kak to, chto proizoidet 28 avgusta 2003 g., a sem' eshe bolee sil'nyh sblizhenii proizoidut v blizhaishie neskol'ko sot let. [Rassmotrennyi interval vremeni opredelyaetsya tochnost'yu sovremennoi teorii dvizheniya Marsa. V bolee dalekom proshlom imeyushiesya formuly nachinayut davat' rezul'taty kotorye uzhe nel'zya sravnivat' s ostal'nymi "rekordami".]
| Dvadcat' naibol'shih sblizhenii Marsa s Zemlei s 3000 g. do nashei ery po 3000 g. nashei ery. (Raschety vypolnil E.M.Standish (JPL), dannye opublikovany v novostnoi gruppe DOME-L.) |
1. 0.37200418 55.651,033 2729 SEP 08 2. 0.37200785 55.651,582 2650 SEP 03 3. 0.37217270 55.676,243 2934 SEP 05 4. 0.37225400 55.688,405 2287 AUG 28 5. 0.37230224 55.695,623 2808 SEP 11 6. 0.37238224 55.707,590 2571 AUG 30 7. 0.37238878 55.708,568 2366 SEP 02 8. 0.37271925 55.758,006 2003 AUG 27 9. 0.37279352 55.769,117 2208 AUG 24 10. 0.37284581 55.776,939 1924 AUG 22 11. 0.37292055 55.788,120 2887 SEP 16 12. 0.37296343 55.794,535 2445 SEP 05 13. 0.37302110 55.803,163 1845 AUG 18 14. 0.37305741 55.808,594 1482 AUG 03 15. 0.37310445 55.815,632 2855 AUG 31 16. 0.37321735 55.832,521 2492 AUG 24 17. 0.37325251 55.837,780 1561 AUG 07 18. 0.37326031 55.838,948 1766 AUG 13 19. 0.37327582 55.841,268 2129 AUG 19 20. 0.37339761 55.859,488 1119 JUL 31 |
Podrobnosti protivostoyaniya 2003 goda
Protivostoyanie Marsa v 2003 godu proizoidet 28 avgusta v 17:59 UT (po vsemirnomu vremeni). Maksimal'noe sblizhenie planet proizoidet chut' ran'she - 27 avgusta v 9:52 UT. Pri etom rasstoyanie mezhdu nimi umen'shitsya do 0.373 astronomicheskoi edinicy (55.8 mln. km). Uglovoi razmer Marsa dostignet 25.11", a maksimal'naya zvezdnaya velichina Marsa budet dostigat' -2.9m. Izmenenie uglovogo razmera Marsa i ego bleska pokazany na grafike.
Blesk i vidimyi uglovoi razmer Marsa v 2003 godu.
(Grafik postroen po efemeridam Arizonskogo universiteta.)
Protivostoyanie 2003 goda proishodit ochen' blizko k perigeliyu marsianskoi orbity: Mars prohodit etu tochku 30 avgusta, a Zemlya prohodit blizhaishuyu tochku orbity 28 avgusta. Poetomu sblizhenie planet okazyvaet stol' sil'nym, odnako ostaetsya eshe vozmozhnost' dlya "pobitiya" etogo rekorda, chto i proizoidet rovno cherez 284 goda.
Dlya sravneniya privedem podobnyi grafik dlya predydushego "ordinarnogo" protivostoyaniya 2001 goda. Zamet'te, chto v 2001 godu momenty protivostoyaniya i naibol'shego sblizheniya razdelyala nedelya.
Nemnogo o nablyudeniyah
V avgusta Mars voshodit srazu posle zahoda Solnca i viden vsyu noch' v sozvezdii Vodoleya. V sentyabre vidimost' planety budet tozhe ochen' horoshei, postepenno peremeshayas' na pervuyu polovinu nochi. V konce sentyabrya blesk Marsa umen'shitsya do -2.2m, uglovoi razmer do 21", a popyatnoe dvizhenie planety, dlivsheesya ves' avgust i sentyabr', smenit'sya pryamym.
Dvizhenie Marsa vo vtoroi polovine 2003 goda.
Dazhe vo vremya velikogo protivostoyaniya Mars trudnaya cel' dlya nablyudenii. Primerno tak on budet viden v lyubitel'skii teleskop.
Vid Marsa v lyubitel'skii teleskop: sleva - instrument s uvelicheniem 400h
(pole zreniya 7'), sprava - 200-kratnyi teleskop (pole 14').
Yasnogo neba i udachi v nablyudeniyah!
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Publikacii s klyuchevymi slovami:
Mars - protivostoyanie - velikoe protivostoyanie Marsa
Publikacii so slovami: Mars - protivostoyanie - velikoe protivostoyanie Marsa | |
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