Identifikaciya absorbcii spektra Sverhnovoi I tipa
31.01.2006 21:25 | Yu. P. Pskovskii/GAISh, Moskva
Ot redakcii: K 80-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Yu.P.Pskovskogo my publikuem na nashem servere ego zamechatel'nuyu rabotu "Identifikaciya absorbcii spektra Sverhnovoi I tipa", opublikovannuyu v Astronomicheskom zhurnale, t. 45,1968 g., kotoraya yavlyaetsya klassicheskoi rabotoi v oblasti izucheniya Sverhnovyh zvezd. V etoi rabote on pervym v mire otozhdestvil osnovnye linii spektra Sverhnovyh I tipa, chto pozvolilo teoretikam postroit' fizicheski obosnovannye modeli etogo moshnogo kosmicheskogo yavleniya. Do Yuriya Pavlovicha spektr Sverhnovyh I tipa bolee 80 let ostavalsya zagadkoi, tak kak on byl nepohozh na spektry vseh ostal'nyh nebesnyh ob'ektov iz-za bol'shih skorostei rasshireniya (do 30,000 km/s) i nizkoi plotnosti veshestva. Otdel'nye linii ushiryalis' (do soten angstrem v vidimoi oblasti) iz-za effekta Dopplera, blendirovalis' i sozdavali vidimost' kvazi-kontinuuma, kotoryi issledovateli prinimali za emissionnyi spektr i tshetno pytalis' otozhdestvit' linii. Genial'noe predpolozhenie ob absorbcionnom haraktere spektra, chto bylo sovsem neochevidno (sm. na primere spektra nizhe), pomoglo Yuriyu Pavlovichu poluchit' soglasovannoe otozhdestvlenie osnovnyh linii.
ASTRONOMIChESKI' ZhURNAL
1968 | 45, N 5 |
| |
UDK 523.84 |
Yu.P. PSKOVSKI'
IDENTIFIKACIYa ABSORBCII SPEKTRA SVERHNOVO' I TIPA
Predlozheno otozhdestvlenie minimumov v spektre Sverhnovoi I tipa pri absorbcionnom ih istolkovanii; Vsledstvie deformacii linii poglosheniya rasshireniem obolochki Sverhnovoi (minimum smeshaetsya v fioletovuyu storonu, umen'shaetsya glubina, asimmetrichno rasshiryayutsya kryl'ya) v spektre ee mozhno zametit' tol'ko sil'nye linii. Takimi liniyami v usloviyah chrezvychaino nizkoi plotnosti obolochki Sverhnovoi dolzhny byt' linii, chuvstvitel'nye k effektu svetimosti, a takzhe linii rasprostranennogo obil'no geliya. Posle otozhdestvleniya minimumov v krasnoi chasti s blendoi dubleta Si II i s D3-liniei geliya byl vychislen sdvig ostal'nyh minimumov v fioletovuyu storonu ot laboratornyh dlin voln, i obnaruzhilos', chto minimumy sovpali s sil'neishimi liniyami odnazhdy ionizovannyh elementov, shodnyh po potencialam pervoi ionizacii s Si II (Fe II, Mg II, Sa II, S II). Fioletovoe smeshenie minimumov otdel'nyh otozhdestvlenii kolebletsya ot -0.033 do -0.029 i v srednem ravno -0.0307±0.0003. Esli predpolozhit', chto smeshenie eto sostavlyaet 2/3 maksimal'nogo dopplerovskogo smesheniya vsledstvie rasshireniya obolochki, to poluchaetsya skorost' rasshireniya obolochki Sverhnovoi I tipa poryadka 13500 km/sek, shodnaya s takovoi u ostatka Sverhnovoi Tiho.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF ABSORPTION OF THE SPECTRUM OF THE TYPE I SUPERNOVA, by Yu.P. Pskovsky. - The identification of minima in the spectrum of the type I Supernova is proposed by their absorptional interpretation. Due to the deformation of absorption lines by a broadening of a supernova shell (minimum displaces to the violet side, depths decrease, wings widen assymmetrically), in the spectrum it is possible to notice only strong lines. Under the conditions of extraordinary low density of the supernova shell such lines must be those, sensitive to the luminosity effect as well as lines of helium widespread abundantly. After the identification of minima in the red part with a blend of a doublet Sill and with D3-helium line, a shift of the rest minima to the. violet side from laboratory wave lengths was calculated. It was found out that minima coincide with the strongest lines of once ionized elements, similar by potentials of the first ionization with Si II (Fe II, Mg II, Ca II, SII). The violet shift of minima of separate identifications fluctuates from -0.033 up to -0.029 and on the average it is equal to -0.0307±0.0003. If one supposes, that this shift makes up 2/3 of the maximal Doppler shift due to the shell broadening, then the velocity of the shell broadening of the type I Supernova turns out to be of the order of 13500 km/sec: it is similar with that of the remnant of Tycho supernova.1. Dve versii v rasshifrovke spektra Sverhnovoi I tipa. Popytki identifikacii detalei spektrov Sverhnovyh voshodyat eshe k ih pervym spektral'nym nablyudeniyam, odnako izvestnyi progress v etom napravlenii opredelilsya lish' posle polucheniya bol'shih serii spektrov i vvedeniya Minkovskim ih klassifikacii na tipy [1,2]. K I tipu byla otnesena dovol'no odnorodnaya po spektral'nym fotometricheskim harakteristikam gruppa Sverhnovyh, otlichavshayasya otsutstviem emissionnyh linii vodoroda i nalichiem shirokih maksimumov i minimumov v spektrah. Ko II tipu byli otneseny dovol'no razlichnye po svoistvam Sverhnovye, shodnye lish' v spektral'nom otnoshenii prisutstviem v nih emissionnyh linii vodoroda. Besspornoi identifikacii obrazovanii v spektre Sverhnovoi I tipa do sih por v sushnosti ne imeetsya. Istoricheski v etoi probleme slozhilis' dve versii, v ramkah kotoryh idut poiski resheniya. Po odnoi iz nih, spektr Sverhnovoi-I yavlyaetsya sovokupnost'yu emissionnyh obrazovanii, nalagayushihsya na nepreryvnyi spektr, po drugoi - v spektre Sverhnovoi-I predstavleny kak emissionnye linii, tak i absorbcionnye, kak eto imeet mesto v spektrah protyazhennyh obolochek zvezd.
V pol'zu emissionnogo proishozhdeniya maksimumov v spektrah Sverhnovyh-I govorilo ne tol'ko shodstvo etih polos s nablyudaemymi v spektrah novyh zvezd i goryachih zvezd tipa Vol'f-Raie, no i shodstvo ryada konkretnyh detalei. Naprimer, sil'neishaya polosa ryada ionizovannyh elementov 4650 Å, obychnaya v upomyanutyh zvezdah, predstavlena i v spektre Sverhnovoi-I sil'neishim maksimumom. Vazhnym dovodom gipotezy ob emissionnom haraktere spektra byla rabota Uippla i Pein-Gaposhkinoi [3]. Oni rasschitali intensivnosti vazhneishih emissionnyh linii naibolee rasprostranennyh elementov v neskol'kih sostoyaniyah ionizacii pri temperaturah 15000-100000° i skorosti rasshireniya obolochki 6000 km/sek. Poluchennye takim putem sinteticheskie spektry var'irovalis' po razlichnym proporciyam i sravnivalis' s nablyudaemymi spektrami Sverhnovyh po [1]. Po luchshemu soglasuyushemusya variantu byl sdelan vyvod, chto v Sverhnovyh malo vodoroda i anomal'no veliko soderzhanie zheleza. Sovpadenie sinteticheskih spektrov s nablyudaemymi bylo ochen' gruboe. Ryad maksimumov i minimumov tak i ne poluchil ob'yasneniya. No vse zhe eta rabota byla nekim argumentom v pol'zu emissionnogo haraktera spektra Sverhnovoi-I.
K absorbcionnoi gipoteze proishozhdeniya minimumov v spektre Sverhnovoi-I pervym, po-vidimomu, obratilsya D. Mak-Loflin v 1958 g., kogda on sdelal popytku rasshifrovat' minimumy v pekulyarnom spektre Sverhnovoi-I v NGC 4214 kak absorbcionnye linii Ne I i nekotoryh drugih ionizovannyh elementov, tipichnye dlya spektrov rannih klassov V. V spektre etoi Sverhnovoi naidennye linii byli smesheny v fioletovuyu storonu i deformirovany skorost'yu rasshireniya obolochki [4]. Takim obrazom, spektr odnoi iz Sverhnovyh-I, pravda pekulyarnyi, poluchil novoe istolkovanie. Mak-Loflin byl krupnym avtoritetom po novym zvezdam, i ego otkaz ot chisto emissionnogo tolkovaniya spektra Sverhnovoi-I byl znamenatelen. Rabota ego byla podvergnuta kritike Minkovskim [5], ukazavshim na neubeditel'nost' prostyh sovpadenii neglubokih minimumov s dlinami voln nekotoryh vtorostepennyh linii Ne I, poskol'ku drugih podtverzhdenii v pol'zu ih prisutstviya ne imelos'. V to vremya tipichnym ostatkom Sverhnovoi-I schitalas' Krabovidnaya tumannost' so skorost'yu rasshireniya 1116 km/sek. U Mak-Loflina zhe po smesheniyu linii poglosheniya poluchilas' skorost' rasshireniya poryadka 7500 km/sek, chto vyglyadelo chrezmernym. No teper' Menon [6] po ocenke nizhnei granicy rasstoyaniya do ostatka Sverhnovoi 1572 g., takzhe yavlyayusheisya vozmozhnym kandidatom v galakticheskie Sverhnovye I tipa, nashel nizhnyuyu ocenku skorosti rasshireniya ee obolochki okolo 9000 km/sek, chto shodno s rezul'tatom Mak-Loflina.
Tablica 1 | ||||||||
Ekvivalentnye shiriny linii | ||||||||
Nazvanie zvezdy |
Tip po MK |
6678 Å Ne I |
6553 Å N I |
6517 Å ? |
6371 Å Si II |
6347 Å Si II |
5876 Å Ne I |
Ssylka |
ε Ori | VO 1a | 1.03 | E | - | - | - | 1.30 | [11] |
φ′ Ori | B0 V | 0.83 | 3.19 | - | - | - | 1.11 | [11] |
HD 224 055 | V3 1a | 0.74 | 1.16 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.80 | [12] |
28 Cyg | B3 V | 0.92 | 3.26 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.69 | [12] |
5 Per | V5 1a | 0.80 | 0.66 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.70 | [13] |
π And | B5 V | 0.45 | 5.77 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.42 | [13] |
HD 21389 | AO 1a | 0.34 | E | - | 0.58 | 0.77 | 0.18 | [13] |
γ Tri | A0 V | 0.03 | 12.00 | - | 0.07 | 0.06 | - | [13] |
Tablica 2 | ||||||||
Element | κ eV | ln Nʘ | Ionizacionnoe sostoyanie |
Nomera sil'neishih mul'tipletov |
Glavnyh linii v nih, Å |
Primechanie | ||
N | 13.597 | 12.00 | II | - | - | Linii ne imeet | ||
Ne | 24.586 | 11.2? | I | 11 2 14 |
5876 3889 4472 |
Sil'neishaya | ||
O | 13.617 | 8.96 | - | - | - | Slabye linii | ||
Ne | 21.564 | 8.7? | - | - | - | — ″ — | ||
C | 11.259 | 8.72 | - | - | - | — ″ — | ||
N | 14.548 | 7.98 | - | - | - | — ″ — | ||
Si | 8.151 | 7.50 | II | 2 3 1 |
6371-6347 4131-4127 3856 |
Sil'neishie | ||
Mg | 7.645 | 7.40 | II | 4 | 4481 | Sil'neishaya | ||
S | 10.357 | 7.30 | II | 11 6 |
5665-5706 5510-5433 |
Gruppa linii umerennoi sily |
||
Fe | 7.897 | 6.57 | II | 42 74 38 27 |
5169, 5018, 4923 6456, 6248-6236, 6149-6148 4574 4352, 4233 |
Sil'neishie | ||
Na | 5.139 | 6.30 | II | - | - | Slabye linii | ||
Al | 5.985 | 6.20 | II | - | - | — ″ — | ||
Ca | 6.113 | 6.15 | II | 1 | 3968, 3934 | Sil'neishie |
Ris. 1. Registrogramma spektra Sverhnovoi v IS 4182 na 10-e sutki posle maksimuma bleska po [1]. Ukazany otozhdestvleniya minimumov, soglasno tabl. 3. |
Tablica 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
Nomera sverhnovyh |
119 | 119 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 86 | 86 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | λ0 | Nomer mul'ti- pleta |
(λ-λ0)/λ0 | |
t v sutkah | -15 | -5 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 29 | 40 | 57 | 79 | 117 | 136 | 158 | 184 | 214 | 225 | ||||
λ0, Å | |||||||||||||||||||
6480 | 1 | 2 | 1 | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6678.2 | He I | 46 | -0.030 |
6320 | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6517 | ? | ||
6250 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6456.4 | Fe II | 74 | -0.031 |
6160 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6371.3 6347.1 |
Si II Si II |
2 2 |
-0.032 |
6050 | - | - | - | - | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6247.6 6236.4 |
Fe II Fe II |
74 74 |
-0.033 |
5960 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6149.2 6147.7 |
Fe II Fe II |
74 74 |
-0.030 -0.029 |
5700 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 5875.6 | He I | 11 | |
5470 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | + | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5664.7 5660.0 5640.3 5606.1 |
S II S II S II S II |
11 11 13 11 |
|
5340 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5509.7 5473.6 |
S II S II |
6 6 |
|
5290 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | + | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5453.8 5432.7 |
S II S II |
6 6 |
|
5010 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | + | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 5169.0 | Fe II | 42 | -0.031 |
4860 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7 | + | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 5018.4 | Fe II | 42 | -0.031 |
4770 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | + | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | 4923.9 | Fe II | 42 | -0.032 |
4450 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | + | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4583.8 4522 |
Fe II Fe II |
38 38 |
-0.029 |
4340 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | + | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4471.7 4481.3 |
He I Mg II |
14 |
-0.030 -0.031 |
4220 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | + | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4351.8 | Fe II | 27 | -0.030 |
4100 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | + | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 4233.2 | Fe II | 27 | -0.031 |
4000 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4130.9 4128.1 |
Si II Si II |
3 3 |
-0.031 |
3850 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | + | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3968.5 | Ca II | 1 | -0.030 |
3810 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | + | + | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3933.7 | Ca II | 1 | -0.031 |
Gos. astronomicheskii in-t im. P.K. Shternberga |
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