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Obzor v poiskah "nichto": monitoring milliona sverhgigantov dlya obnaruzheniya neudavshihsya sverhnovyh Magnitar 1E 1547.0-5408: radiospektr, polyarimetriya i taiming >Glubokii analiz nullinga pul'sarov na teleskope v Aresibo otkryvaet eshe bol'she sluchaev pereiodicheskogo povedeniya Ekstremal'no moshnaya rengenovskaya vspyshka, oboznachayushaya rozhdenie normal'noi sverhnovoi
Otdel'nye stat'i
Iz razdela physics
Polnyi Arhiv predydushih vypuskov. Arhiv statei, voshedshih v vypuski s 01 iyulya 2002 g. po 31 marta 2003 g.
Arhiv na 14.04.2006
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Referaty otdel'nyh statei
Authors: David H. Cohen Comments: 9 pages; color figures. To appear in IAU Symposium 250, "Massive Stars as Cosmic Engines," Kauai, HI, December 2007; eds. Bresolin, Crowther, & Puls, Cambridge University Press, 2008. Na raznyh stadiyah svoei zhizni massivnye O-zvezdy yavlyayutsya istochnikami rentgenovskogo izlucheniya, no prichiny dlya nego razlichny. Avtor na primere nablyudaemyh ob'ektov rassmatrivaet mehanizmy, privodyashie k rentgenovskomu izlucheniyu massivnyh zvezd, i obsuzhdaet ego svoistva. Krome togo, rentgenovskie dannye ispol'zuyutsya dlya ocenki tempa poteri massy zvezdoi. Avtor polagaet, chto standartnye ocenki poter' zavysheny.
Authors: J.L. Christiansen et al. Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS Kak eto chasto byvaet, pri obshirnyh poiskovyh rabotah poluchaetsya mnogo pobochnyh rezul'tatov. Vot i v programme poiska ekzoplanet, osushestvlyavsheisya uchenymi universiteta Novogo Uelsa (Avstraliya), est' takoi "pobochnyi produkt" - dannye po peremennym zvezdam. Avtory predstavlyayut katalog iz 850 peremennyh zvezd, 659 iz kotoryh otsutstvuyut v OKPZ, a takzhe v katalogah zvezd, zapodozrennyh v peremennosti.
Authors: E. Athanassoula Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures, invited review for IAU Symposium 245 "Galactic bulges", M. Bureau et al. eds Avtor vo-pervyh, opisyvaet baldzhi raznyh tipov, vo-vtoryh, daet obshuyu kartinu fenomenologii galakticheskih baldzhei (raznye tipy mogut sosushestvovat'), nakonec, rassmatrivaetsya vopros o modelirovanii formirovaniya baldzhei.
Authors: Jarrett L. Johnson, Thomas H. Greif, Volker Bromm Comments: 12 pages, 9 figures, proceedings of the IAU Symposium 250 "Massive stars as cosmic engines" Neplohoi obzor po prakticheski vsem aspektam, svyazannym s poyavleniem, proyavleniyami pervyh zvezd, a takzhe s ih vkladom v himicheskuyu evolyuciyu. Esli ne interesuyut detali, a vazhno uznat' obshuyu kartinu, to etu stat'yu mozhno smelo rekomendovat'.
Authors: Eli Dwek, Richard G. Arendt Comments: Submitted to The Astrophysical Journal - 31 pages including 12 figures S odnoi storony, v stat'e ne soderzhitsya kakogo-to superotkrytiya. S drugoi - prosto interesno bylo razobrat'sya. Neskol'ko let nazad po nablyudeniyam na kosmicheskoi infrakrasnoi observatorii imeni Spitcera bylo otkryto infrakrasnoe eho v ostatke sverhnovoi Kassiopeya A. Chto imeetsya v vidu? Imeetsya v vidu sleduyushee. Uvideli bystro peremeshayushiesya detali, kotorye srazu zhe identificirovali kak "solnechnye zaichiki". Central'naya vspyshka daet "bliki" na oblakah pyli (sobstvenno, v etih "zaichikah" my vidim teplovoe izluchenie pyli, do kotoroi doshlo zhestkoe izluchenie). Sut' yavleniya yasna, no inetersno zhe razorat'sya v tom, chto za izluchenie pereizluchaetsya.
V 2005 gody byla vyskazana gipoteza (ne prosto vyskazana, konechno, a podderzhana model'yu, nablyudeniyami, i opublikovana v Science) o tom, chto vspyshka proizoshla primerno v 1950 godu (napomnyu, chto samomu ostatku okolo 320 let. Zaodno ogovoryus', chto konechno vzryv sverhnovoi ne "proizoshel" 320 let nazad, a svet ot nego doshel do nas 320 let nazad, tozhe otnositsya i k drugim vremennym privyazkam). Gipoteza byla osnovana na analize dannyh ob IK eho. Sootvetstvenno, trebovalos', chtoby spustya pochti 300 let posle vspyshki sverhnovoi ostavshiisya kompaktnyi ob'ekt dal moshnuyu vspyshku (kstati, napomnyu, chto central'nyi kompaktnyi ob'ekt v etom ostatke dovol'no zagadochen. V rentgene nablyudaetsya nechto, chto s odnoi storony pohozhe na ostyvayushuyu neitronnuyu zvezdu, a s drugoi imeet ochen' malen'kuyu izluchayushuyu poverhnost' pri otsutstvii pul'sacii). V novoi rabote avtory zanovo analiziruyut dannye po IK eho. Itogom raboty stalo zaklyuchenie o tom, chto vse mozhno ob'yasnit' bez vspyshki v 1950 godu. T.e., vse "zaichiki" porozhdeny fotonami, ispushennymi v moment vzryva sverhnovoi (tochnee, v moment vyhoda udarnoi volny iz zvezdy - otsyuda i zagolovok stat'i). Te "zaichiki", kotorye v proekcii vidny blizko k centru sverhnovoi prosto, po mneniyu avtorov, nahodyatsya "s toi storony" ostatka. Znachit, ne nado pridumyvat', chto sluchilos' v Kassiopee A 57 let nazad (a zhal', mozhno bylo krasivyi ogorod gorodit'. Naprimer, mog sluchitsya perehod kompaktnogo ob'ekta v kvarkovuyu zvezdu, chto zaodno ob'yasnyalo by i maluyu izluchayushuyu ploshad').
Authors: S. Vaughan, P. Uttley Comments: 13 pages, 6 figures, in "Noise and Fluctuations" Proc. SPIE vol. 6603 Akkreciya na neitronnye zvezdy i chernye dyry idet ne rovnym spokoinym potokom. Est' turbulentnye dvizheniya, razlichnye neustoichivosti i tp. Vse eto otrazhaetsya na krivoi bleska istochnika, na taiminge i td. Razumeetsya, astronomy "oborachivayut" zadachu: po taimingu, po nablyudeniyam fluktuacii svetimosti i drugim menyayushimsya harakteristikam oni pytayutsya uznat' chto-to novoe o processe akkrecii. O nekotoryh novostyah v takih issledovaniyah mozhno uznat' ih obzora. Sm. takzhe stat'yu arxiv:0802.0376, posvyashennuyu analogichnomu voprosu, no tol'ko isklyuchitel'no dlya sistem s chernymi dyrami.
Authors: Alexander Dietz, for the LIGO Scientific Collaboration Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures, contributed talk, submitted to the proceedings of Gamma Ray Bursts 2007, Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 5-9 2007 Opisano, kak seichas rabotayut detektory LIGO, a takzhe, kak v dannyh etih detektorov iskali signaly v momenty, opredelyaemye nablyudeniyami gamma-vspleskov. Nichego ne naideno, no predely uzhe ves'ma interesnye. V osnovnom rech' idet o predele na korotkii vsplesk GRB 070201, kotoryi proeciruetsya na M31. Esli mestom vspleska i v samom dele byla Tumannost' Andromedy, to LIGO absolyutno tochno isklyuchaet, chto vspyshka byla porozhedna sliyaniem kompaktnyh ob'ektov.
Authors: S. Rosswog, D.J. Price Comments: 28 pages, 8 Figures; submitted to Springer Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering Avtory opisyvayut novyi metod chislennogo modelirovaniya, pozvolyayushii uchityvat' magnitnye polya pri trehmernyh raschetah samogravitiruyushih sistem.
Authors: C.S. Kochanek et al. Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, submitted to ApJ Teoretiki predskazyvayut, chto est' tip kollapsa, ne soprovozhdayushiisya yarkoi vspyshkoi. Takie sobytiya nazyvayut "neudavshimisya sverhnovymi". Byla zvezda - i vdrug BAC! - pustoe mesto (konechno, ostaetsya kompaktnyi ob'ekt, no ego s bol'shogo rasstoyaniya my ne vidim. V stat'e predlagaetsya krasiveishaya ideya. Iskat' takie sobytiya, provodya monitoring bol'shogo kolichestva yarkih sverhgigantov v blizkih galaktikah. Ocenki pokazyvayut, chto raz v god mozhno nadeyat'sya (esli byt' optimistom), chto odin iz nih "ischeznet".
Obsudit' v ZhZh-soobshestve
ru_astroph
Authors: F. Camilo et al. Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ (7 pages, including 6 figures) Avtory pronablyudali radioizluchenie ot odnogo iz anomal'nyh rentgenovskih pul'sarov. Voobshe, stacionarnoe radioizluchenie dlya magnitarov netipichno. Sobstvenno, ono izvestno eshe tol'ko ot odnogo ob'ekta - AXP J1810-197, da i to tam ono vozniklo posle vspyshki. U 1E 1547.0-5408 radioizluchenie stabil'no. Sam istochnik nahoditsya v ostatke sverhnovoi i obladaet dovol'no udivitel'nymi svoistvami. Naprimer, radiospektr prakticheski ploskii ot 1 do 40 GGc. Proizvodnaya perioda u nego rastet (t.e. istochnik zamedlyaetsya vse bystree), hotya rentgenovskaya svetimost' pri etom umen'shalas'. Teper' ona dazhe nachala rasti, no kakih-to yavnyh izmenenii v tempe evolyucii proizvodnoi perioda ne sluchilos'. V obshem, interesnyh dannyh navalom, a kartina yasnee ne stanovitsya.
Authors: Dimitri A. Gadotti Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures; invited review to be published in "Chaos in Astronomy", G. Contopoulos, P.A. Patsis (eds.) Dana bol'sha svodka dannyh po galaktikam s barami, po ih svoistvam i tp. Nablyudeniya idut - kolichestvo dannyh rastet, a neponyatnosti ostayutsya. O nih tozhe upominaetsya v obzore.
Authors: Thierry Appourchaux et al. Comments: 26 pages, 11 figures, shortened from the original cosmic vision proposal, submitted to Experimental Astronomy Podrobno opisan proekt sputnika, kotoryi mog by dostatochno tochno izmeryat' effekty OTO v solnechnoi sisteme, davat' horoshie ogranicheniya na variaciyu postoyannoi tyagoteniya, a takzhe pytat'sya iskat' effekty, svyazannye s temnoi energiei. Proekt predpolagaet vozmozhnost' razvitiya. T.e., za ASTROD I mozhet posledovat' ASTROD II ili dazhe ASTROD III. Pravda, ya dumayu, chto "eto fantastika": nikto v blizhaishee vremya ne stanet finansirovat' takie eksperimenty.
Authors: F. K. Roepke Comments: 10 pages, 1 figure; in "Modelling and Simulation in Science", Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Data Analysis in Astronomy "Livio Scarsi", Erice, Italy 15 - 22 April 2007 (World Scientific, 2008) Inogda pri chislennom modelirovanii uchenye stalkivayutsya s zadachami, gde nado odinakovo podrobno propisyvat' ochen' raznye masshtaby. Eto oznachaet, chto ni o kakoi ravnomernoi setke rechi net. Bolee togo, inogda i neravnomernuyu setku prihoditsya dvigat', poskol'ku ob'ekt, rassmatrivaemyi v zadache, "dyshit". Horoshim primerom takih modelei yavlyaetsya vzryv sverhnovoi. Avtor dostatochno prostym, prozrachnym, yazykom opisyvaet osnovnye svoistva takih modelei.
Authors: Dan Hooper, Edward A. Baltz Comments: 25 pages, 5 figures, Review intended for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Horoshii professional'nyi obzor. Zatronuty vse osnovnye voprosy: kak v teorii (beglo, no dostatochno), tak i v eksperimente. Rasskazyvaetsya i o laboratornyh poiskah chastic, i o gamma-nablyudeniyah, i ob uskoritel'nyh eksperimentah. Obzor rasschitan na specialistov.
Authors: J. L. Bibby et al. Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for MNRAS Letters Vse pomnyat gipervspyshku odnogo iz istochnikov myagkih povtoryayushihsya gamma-vspleskov (MPG), nablyudavshuyusya 27 dekabrya 2004 goda. Razumeetsya, tochnaya ocenka energetiki vspyshki trebuet tochnogo znaniya rasstoyaniya do istochnika. Ono neizvestno. Tradicionno ispol'zuetsya znachenie 15 kpk. V takom sluchae istochnik nahoditsya za centrom Galaktiki primerno na takom zhe udalenii, kak i Solnce. Takaya vysokaya ocenka rasstoyaniya poluchena po dannym CO nablyudenii, a takzhe po dannym o kinematicheskih svoistvah odnoi iz yarkih (LBV) zvezd v skoplenii, v kotorom, kak polagayut, nahoditsya magnitar. Est' i drugie ocenki, kotorye pridvigayut MPG blizhe k nam. V stat'e avtory snova pytayutsya ocenit' rasstoyanie do zvezdnogo skopleniya, ispol'zuya spektroskopicheskie dannye. T.e., ideya sostoit v tom, chtoby po spektram tochno opredelit' spektral'nye klassy zvezd. Nu a zatem mozhno budet sdelat' ocenku rasstoyaniya do nih. Avtory poluchayut velichinu 7-10 kpk. Esli eta ocenka verna, to energetika vspyshki stanovitsya men'she v 3-4 raza. Pochemu eto tak vazhno? Potomu chto, osnovyvayas' na ocenke energetiki etoi vspyshki mnogie avtory pytalis' ocenit' nablyudaemost' takih vspyshek v blizkih galaktikah. Esli svetimost' vspleska byla v 4 raza men'she, chem obsheprinyataya ocenka, to sil'no smyagchaetsya paradoks otsutstviya mnogchislennyh analogichnyh yavlenii ot vnegalakticheskih MPG v dannyh gamma-detektorov (naprimer, BATSE).
Authors: Jeffrey Herfindal, Joanna Rankin Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, uses mn2e.cls Nulling - eto propadanie impul'sa pul'sara. Takoe yavlenie nablyudaetsya u mnogih ob'ektov: prishlo vremya uvidet' pul's, a nichego net, nul'. Propushennye impul'sy vstrechayutsya primerno u poloviny pul'sarov i u nekotoryh sostavlyayut do 70 procentov impul'sov. U kakih-to pul'sarov impul'sy propuskayutsya po odinochke, kakie-to mogut zamolkat' na chasy. Pochemu tak proishodit neyasno, chto ne udivitel'no, poskol'ku net sobstvenno teorii pul'sarnogo izlucheniya (tochnee, est' neskol'ko konkuriruyushih modelei, vse iz kotoryh imeyut svoi problemy). Tem vremenem, nablyudeniya podkidyvayut novye zagadki. Okazyvaetsya, chto u nekotoryh pul'sarov v poyavlenie nullinga est' nekotoraya regulyarnost'. Tak naprimer nedavno poyavilas' stat'ya arxiv:0802.0247, v kotoroi opisyvalos' kvaziperiodicheskoe poyavlenie "nulei" u pul'sara PSR J1819+1305. Ranee periodicheskii nulling byl otkryt u PSR B1133+16. V novoi stat'e privedeny dannye po eshe neskol'kim ob'ektam. Vse nablyudeniya, opisannye v stat'e, provodilis' v Aresibo na 327 MGc. Pokazano, chto eshe neskol'ko pul'sarov pokazyvayut "kvaziperiodicheskih nulling", prichem harakternyi period poryadka 40-80 periodov obrasheniya.
Authors: P. N. Best, the LOFAR-UK Consortium Comments: 6+86 pages. To constrain file-size, many figures are reduced resolution or attached as separate jpg files. Bol'shoi otchet, posvyashennyi uchastiyu britanskih issledovatel'skih grupp v proekte nizkochastotnogo radioteleskopa LOFAR. Bol'shaya chast' materiala posvyashena nauchnym zadacham, motivaciyam i ozhidaemym rezul'tatam, t.e. nauchnym planam, kotorye svyazyvayut s LOFAR. Versiya s risunkami v vysokom razreshenii dostupna zdes'.
Authors: Harsha Sanjeev Kumar, Samar Safi-Harb Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal (Letters) Interesnaya stat'ya s dostatochno epicheskim nazvaniem. Sut' vot v chem. PSR J1846-0258 - obladaet odnim iz samyh sil'nyh dlya radiopul'sarov magnitnym polem (pole, konechno, opredelyaetsya prosto po tempu zamedleniya pul'sara). On nahoditsya v ostatke sverhnovoi Kes 75. Avtory predstavili rentgenovskie dannye za 6 let. Za eto vremya potok rentgenovskogo izlucheniya vyros v 6 raz. Rost byl ne monotonnym, skoree mozhno govorit' o periode aktivnosti v 2006 g (sm. nizhe). Dlya radiopul'sarov eto sovershenno netipichno. Zato tipichno dlya magnitarov. T.o., razmyvaetsya eshe odna granica, razdelyayushaya podklasyy neitronnyh zvezd. Seichas uzhe vsem yasno, chto AXP i SGR - bliznecy-brat'ya. Nekotorye RRATs ochen' pohozhi na nekotorye radiopul'sary, a drugie (po drugim, ne radio, a rentgenovskim svoistvam) pohozhi na Velikolepnuyu semerku. Odin iz tranzientnyh AXP do nachala perioda aktivnosti klassificirovalsya kak central'nyi kompaktnyi istochnik v ostatke sverhnovoi (CCO). Hotya pri etom est' i bezuslovno otdel'nye tipy neitronnyh zvezd, tochno ne takie kak drugie (naprimer, slabozamagnichennye CCO c dostatochno dlinnym - sotni millisekund - nachal'nym periodom). Tak chto kartina astrofizicheskih proyavlenii neitronnyh zvezd stanovitsya vse slozhnee i pri etom postoyanno vidoizmenyaetsya. Tut zhe poyavilas' i vtoraya stat'ya na etu temu. Prichem ona napisana dlya Science. Eti avtory uzhe raportuyut o nablyudeniyah magnitaro-podobnyh vspyshek ot pul'sara v Kes 75. Krome togo, oni privodyat bolee detal'nye dannye o periode aktivnosti v 2006 godu.
Authors: G. Hobbs Comments: 9 pages + figure, Accepted for publication in the JPCS issue for the Amaldi 7 proceedings U pul'sarshikov svoi "nanodostizheniya": seichas vozmozhen taiming s tochnost' poryadka 100 nanosekund (konechno, rech' idet tol'ko o dostatochno stabil'nyh pul'sarah, kotoryh ne kolbasit pochem zrya). Takie dannye mozhno ispol'zovat' dlya samyh raznyh prilozhenii prosto potomu, chto takoi pul'sar ispol'zuetsya kak vysokotochnye chasy, kotorye podvergayutsya kakim-to vneshnim vozdeistviyam ili yavlyayutsya standartom, a vozdeistviyam podvergaetsya nablyudatel' na Zemle. Odnim iz takih vozdeistvii yavlyayutsya gravitacionnye volny. V stat'e rasskazyvaetsya o tom, kak pul'sarnyi taiming mozhno ispol'zovat' dlya "nablyudeniya" gravitacionnyh voln. Kachestvenno ideya prosta (pervye vychisleniya prodelal 30 let nazad M. Sazhin v GAISh). Prohozhdenie gravitacionnoi volny cherez nablyudatel'nuyu sistemu na Zemle vyzyvaet "sboi" v nablyudaemom periode pul'sara. Nablyudaem neskol'ko pul'sarov. Sboi v nih, esli oni svyazany s samimi pul'sarami budut neskorellirovany. A vot esli sboi proishodit iz-za "potryaseniya" detektora, to u vseh pul'sarov v taiminge budet prisutstvovat' odna i tazhe osobennost'. Razumeetsya, tak mozhno zametit' gravitacionnye volny tol'ko s dostatochno bol'shim periodom (s nizkoi chastotoi). Takie volny nedostupny imeyushimsya detektoram (LIGO, VIRGO i dr.). Tak chto dve tehniki ne konkuriruyut, a dopolnyayut drug druga. Stol' nizkochastotnye gravitacionnye volny mogut byt' svyazany, naprimer, s parami sverhmassivnyh chernyh dyr v yadrah slivshihsya galaktik.
Authors: A. M. Soderberg et al. Comments: Submitted to Nature. 27 pages, 10 figures, supplementary information. Note: this paper has been submitted for publication in Nature and is embargoed for discussion in the press 28 yanvarya etogo goda s pomosh'yu sputnika SWIFT udalos' sluchaino pronablyudat' rentgenovskuyu vspyshku v galaktike NGC 2770, nahodyasheisya na rasstoyanii okolo 27 Mpk (t.e., eto blizkaya galaktika). Okazalos', chto vspyshka imeet otnoshenie k normal'noi sverhnovoi klassa Ibc. Pochemu eto vse tak vazhno? Eto ochen' vazhno, potomu chto, vidimo, eto samoe rannee nablyudenie normal'noi sverhnovoi. Obychno sverhnovye otkryvayut v optike spustya neskol'ko dnei posle vzryva. A tut udalos' v retgene poimat' ochen' rannii moment v razvitii sverhnovoi, prichem dazhe ne v samom maksimume, a na minutu ran'she. Spustya primerno poltora chasa poyavilos' i ul'trafioletovoe izluchenie (na bortu SWIFT est' UF teleskop), a vot gamma tak i ne bylo (napomnyu, chto SWIFT eto v pervuyu ochered' gamma-detektor dlya poiska gamma-vspleskov). Vidimo, vsplesk v rentgene sootvetstvuet vyhodu udarnoi volny iz plotnogo veshestva zvezdnogo vetra zvezdy-praroditelya. Razumeetsya, v vidu isklyuchitel'nosti otkrytiya ob'ekt zatem nablyudali v melkih podrobnostyah. Na nego smotrela observatoriya Chandra, ego iskali v radio i nashli. Tak chto dannyh mnogo (sm. stat'yu). Vozmozhno, chto eta vspyshka stanet samoi horosho izuchennoi sverhnovoi (isklyuchaya SN 1987A, dlya kotoroi udalos' poimat' neitrinnyi signal). Odnako ne fakt, chto eto pozvolit teoretikam tak uzh sil'no prodvinut'sya v izuchenii mehanizma vspyshki.
My budem starat'sya hotya by perechislit' interesnye (dlya shirokoi publiki) stat'i, poyavivshiesya v razdele physics (vklyuchaya cross-listing).
Authors: The KamLAND Collaboration Comments: 5 pages KamLAND - Kamioka Liquid scintillator Anti-neutrino Detector. Ustanovka nahoditsya na meste byvshego eksperimenta Kamiokande. KamLAND - eto 1000-tonnyi detektor, registriruyushii antineitrino ot atomnyh reaktorov (bol'shinstvo yaponskih atomnyh stancii nahodyatsya v predelah 150-200 km ot ustanovki). Krome etogo, detektor "vidit" i solnechnye neitrino. Rabotat' eksperiment nachal 6 let nazad - v yanvare 2002 goda. V dannoi stat'e privodyatsya dannye po reaktornym antineitrino v prilozhenii k neitrinnym oscillyaciyam.
Na risunke pervom privedeny dannye dlya kvadrata raznicy mass mezhdu dvumya legkimi neitrino, i dlya ugla smeshivaniya (pokazany cvetom). Takzhe privedny dannye, poluchennye iz nablyudenii solnechnyh neitrino.
Na vtorom risunke privedeno sledushee. Po gorizontal'noi osi otlozheno otnoshenie effektivnogo rasstoyaniya do reaktorov - istochnikov antineitrino (L0=180 km) k energii chastic. Po vertikal'noi osi privedeno otnoshenie dvuh drugih velichin. Pervaya iz nih - eto potok antineitrino (za vychetom fona i geo-neitrino). Vtoraya - ozhidaemyi potok, esli by ne bylo oscillyacii. Kak vidno, oscillyacii est'. Tochki - dannye. Krivaya - ozhidaemyi rezul'tat, postroennyi s ispol'zovaniem opredelennyh v eksperimente parametrov. Kvadrat raznicy mass legkih neitrino raven primerno 7-8 10-5 eV. Kvadrat tangensa ugla smeshivaniya legkih neitrino raven primerno 0.5. Bolee tochnye dannye s opisaniem neopredelennostei i prochimi detalyami - v stat'e.
Authors: Andreas Schadschneider, Wolfram Klingsch, Hubert Kluepfel, Tobias Kretz, Christian Rogsch, Armin Seyfried Comments: 57 pages, 19 figures; to appear in: `Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science'', B. Meyers (Ed.) (Springer, Berlin, 2008); V principe, mnogie dogadyvayutsya, chto vopros ob evakuacii lyudei daleko ne prazdnyi. V novostyah poyavlyaetsya dostatochno mnogo sluchaev, kogda, skazhem, pri pozhare v usloviyah paniki lyudi gibnut prosto iz-za togo, chto puti evakuacii okazalis' ploho ustroeny. Pravil'noe obsutroistvo takih putei - delo neprostoe. I tut razrabatyvaetsya mnogo raznyh podhodov. Bol'shinstvo iz nih opisano v stat'e. Osnovnoe vnimanie avtory udelyayut modelirovaniyu metodom kletochnyh avtomatov.
Authors: Michael Schreiber Comments: 28 pages, including 4 figures with 6 plots, 4 tables accepted for publication in J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Techn Sushestvuet mnogo sposobov formal'noi ocenki kachestva i kolichestva narabotannogo uchenym. Krome banal'nogo polnogo citirovaniya i kolichestva statei pridumano mnogo raznyh indeksov. V dannoi stat'e na primere 26 uchenyh odnogo universiteta avtor sravnivaet raznye indeksy.
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