Neobychnoe vozvrashenie Leonid!11.11.2009 16:20 | S. Yu. Shanov
Odinnadcat' let nazad praroditel'nica meteornogo potoka Leonid - kometa Tempelya-Tuttlya (55P) pokinula okolozemnoe prostranstvo, no nasha planeta vse eshe prodolzhaet peresekat' plotnye skopleniya kometnoi pyli.
Nemnogochislennye meteory potoka Leonid uverenno pereshli v razryad bol'shih meteornyh potokov v 90-h godah proshlogo veka. V 1994, 1995, 1996 godah maksimal'noe chislo meteorov dostiglo 75, 30, 70 v chas. V 1997 i 1998 godah nablyudalos' uzhe 120 i 200-350 meteorov v chas. V 1999, 2001 i 2002 godah proizoshli fenomenal'nye meteornye dozhdi Leonid s ZHR 1000 - 4200! V 2000 godu maksimal'naya aktivnost' Leonid sootvetstvovala otmetke v 400 meteorov v chas. V 2003 - 2005 godah aktivnost' Leonid snizilas' do 30 - 60, a v 2006, 2007, 2008 godah sostavila 80, <80 i ~100 meteorov v chas.
Kalendar' meteornyh potokov Mezhdunarodnoi meteornoi organizacii i nezavisimye teoreticheskie issledovaniya D.Eshera (Velikobritaniya), E.Litinena i M.Nissinena (Finlyandiya), Zh.Vobaiona (Franciya), M.Maslova (Rossiya), i M.Sato (Yaponiya) ukazyvayut na vozmozhnost' vysokoi aktivnosti Leonid v 2009 godu. Vse issledovateli shodyatsya v prognoze, chto glavnye meteornye maksimumy sleduet ozhidat' v noch' s 17 na 18 noyabrya, mezhdu 20:30 - 23:00 UT (23:30 - 02:00 po Moskovskomu vremeni). Ozhidaetsya, chto vokrug etogo vremeni aktivnost' Leonid sushestvenno prevysit aktivnost' samyh zametnyh, ezhegodno nablyudaemyh meteornyh potokov, takih kak Perseidy v avguste ili Geminidy v dekabre.
Podozrevaya, chto lyubiteli astronomii ni za chto ne propustyat takoe sobytie, nablyudateli delyatsya sovetami, kak sdelat' prostye vizual'nye (nevooruzhennym glazom) nablyudeniya meteorov optimal'nymi. Celenapravlennye nablyudeniya meteorov trebuyut prozrachnogo neba. Nablyudaya v megapolisah, s prisushim im smogom i yarkimi ognyami, nevozmozhno zametit' vse slabye meteory. Nablyudeniya stanovyatsya ne nadezhnymi, libo vovse bespoleznymi. Imenno poetomu, meteory luchshe vsego nablyudat' za gorodom. Pri organizacii nablyudenii za Leonidami sleduet pomnit', chto eto utrennii potok, meteory poyavlyayutsya tol'ko posle mestnoi polunochi, posle togo kak voshodit sozvezdie L'va. Na moment maksimal'noi aktivnosti Leonid radiant meteornogo potoka budet vysoko v nebe dlya nablyudatelei Dal'nego Vostoka i Sibiri. Usloviya dlya nablyudatelei Evropeiskoi chasti Rossii budut menee blagopriyatnymi. No dazhe dlya samyh zapadnyh nablyudatelei, gde mozhno budet zasvidetel'stvovat' tol'ko spad meteornoi aktivnosti, Leonidy mogut stat' nastoyashim podarkom.
Ris. 1. Polozhenie radianta meteornogo potoka Leonid v polnoch' po mestnomu
(srednemu solnechnomu) vremeni na shirote Moskvy.
Pri nablyudeniyah bol'shih meteornyh potokov, dlya individual'nyh nablyudatelei, Mezhdunarodnaya meteornaya organizaciya rekomenduet ispol'zovat' Metod podscheta. Sut' etogo metoda sostoit v tom, chto nablyudatel' podschityvaet kolichestvo meteorov potoka Leonid (LEO) i sporadicheskie meteory (SPO) za opredelennye otrezki vremeni, naprimer za 60 ili 15 ili 5 minutnye intervaly (chem vyshe aktivnost' potoka, tem dolzhen byt' koroche interval). Pri etom neobhodimo opredelyat' blesk kazhdogo uvidennogo meteora, sravnivaya ego s izvestnym bleskom okruzhayushih zvezd i planet.
Pri nablyudeniyah meteorov ne sleduet vertet' golovoi, vmesto etogo nuzhno vybrat' napravlenie na opredelennuyu chast' sveta (pri etom radiant dolzhen byt' obyazatel'no v pole zreniya) i nepreryvno nablyudat', priblizitel'no, v 60o vyshe gorizonta. Kachestvo nablyudenii sushestvenno povysitsya, esli vo vremya nablyudenii ispol'zuetsya neyarkii fonarik, diktofon i udobnyi shezlong.
Otchet o nablyudeniyah meteorov okazhetsya bespoleznym, esli nablyudatel' ne opredelyal predel'noi zvezdnoi velichiny Lm. Eta velichina neobhodima pri obrabotke nablyudennogo materiala, chtoby privyazat' ego k standartnym usloviyam nablyudenii - ZHR. Predel'naya zvezdnaya velichina opredelyaetsya podschetom kolichestva zvezd v opredelennyh oblastyah neba:
Zvezdnye karty: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
01 Chi-Zeta-Delta-Xi Drakona
02 Beta-Delta-Zeta Perseya
03 23-Theta-Beta Bol'shoi Medvedicy
04 Alpha-Epsilon-Beta Bliznecov
05 Zeta-Gamma-Delta Orla
06 Alpha Andromedy--Gamma-Alpha Pegasa
07 Alpha-Beta-Delta Cefeya
08 Alpha-Beta-Zeta Tel'ca
09 Alpha-Beta-Gamma-Delta L'va
10 Alpha-Zeta-Gamma Devy
11 Alpha Severnoi Korony--Gamma-Alpha
Volopasa
12 Alpha Zmei--Beta Vesov--Delta
Zmeenosca
13 Beta-Zeta Liry--Theta-Nu Gerkulesa
14 Epsilon-Eta-Gamma Lebedya
15 Beta Drakona--Tau-Pi Gerkulesa
16 Alpha Gonchih Psov--Epsilon-Eta
Bol'shoi Medvedicy
17 Epsilon-Theta-Delta Voznichego
18 Mu-Gamma-Phi Andromedy
19 Kappa-Alpha Drakona--Beta Maloi
Medvedicy
20 42-Beta-Gamma Zhirafa
21 Alpha Yuzhnoi Ryby--98-Delta Vodoleya
22 Beta Zaica--Beta Oriona--53 Eridana
23 Delta-Gamma-Epsilon-Beta Vorona
24 Beta-Gamma-Sigma-Alpha Vesov
25 Alpha-Epsilon Skorpiona--Chi
Volka
26 Gamma-Alpha Yuzhnogo Treugol'nika--Eta
Zhertvennika--Alpha Centavra
27 Beta Centavra--Alpha-Gamma
Yuzhnogo Kresta
28 Beta-Epsilon-Iota Kilya
29 Gamma-Alpha-Beta Gidry
30 Alpha Tukana--Alpha-Epsilon Pavlina
Kolichestvo zvezd, vidimyh v toi ili inoi zone, vklyuchaya zvezdy v uglah zon, sootvetstvuet predel'noi zvezdnoi velichine dannoi v tablice. Esli znachenie nahoditsya mezhdu strokami i otstoit ot tablichnogo bolee chem na 0,3m, ego sleduet ispol'zovat' tol'ko v tom sluchae, esli drugie ocenki otsutstvuyut.
Nablyudeniya dolzhny provodit'sya na uchastke neba, kotoryi ne perekryvayut stroeniya ili derev'ya. Esli nablyudaemaya chast' neba perekryvaetsya, naprimer oblakami, neobhodimo otmechat' srednee izmenenie oblachnosti kazhdye 5 - 10 minut do teh por, poka nebo ne ochistitsya ili vy ne prekratite nablyudeniya. Posle nablyudenii umnozh'te procent oblachnosti k na sootvetstvuyushii emu minutnyi vremennoi interval. Poluchennye takim obrazom proizvedeniya nuzhno slozhit' i razdelit' na proizvedenie obshego kolichestva vremeni nablyudenii i 100. Naprimer:
10 % * 9 min + 20 % * 4 min
k = -------------------------------- = 0,016
100 % * 104 min
Zaklyuchitel'nyi popravochnyi koefficient:
1
F = -------
1 - k
Otchety o nablyudeniyah meteorov sleduet otpravlyat' na e-mail Mezhdunarodnoi meteornoi organizacii: visual@imo.net. Prinimaetsya standartnaya forma otcheta. V kachestve primera, fragment otcheta o nablyudeniyah meteornogo potoka Perseid 2009 goda ot P'era Martina (Kanada).
Observation report
Type: visualsummary
Date: 2009-08-12
Observer: PIERRE MARTIN
Location: Westmeath Lookout, Canada
Coordinates: 45.75N, 76.83W
Remarks:
Period (UT) Field Teff F Lm PER SPO
date hh:mm:ss - hh:mm:ss RA Dec h M N M N
12/8 05:18:00 - 05:33:00 277 77 0.250 1.00 5.50 C 10 C 0
12/8 05:33:00 - 05:48:00 277 77 0.250 1.00 5.50 C 7 C 3
12/8 05:48:00 - 06:03:00 277 77 0.250 1.00 5.50 C 5 C 2
12/8 06:03:00 - 06:15:00 317 71 0.200 1.00 5.50 C 6 C 1
12/8 06:49:00 - 07:04:00 317 71 0.250 1.00 5.45 C 6 C 0
12/8 07:04:00 - 07:19:00 317 71 0.250 1.00 5.45 C 13 C 1
12/8 07:19:00 - 07:30:00 317 71 0.183 1.00 5.45 C 7 C 3
12/8 07:35:00 - 07:40:00 317 71 0.083 1.00 5.45 C 3 C 1
12/8 07:40:00 - 07:45:00 317 71 0.083 1.00 5.45 C 8 C 0
12/8 07:45:00 - 07:50:00 317 71 0.083 1.00 5.45 C 6 C 1
12/8 07:50:00 - 07:55:00 317 71 0.083 1.00 5.45 C 6 C 0
12/8 07:55:00 - 08:00:00 317 71 0.083 1.00 5.45 C 11 C 0
12/8 08:00:00 - 08:05:00 317 71 0.083 1.00 5.20 C 6 C 0
12/8 08:05:00 - 08:10:00 317 71 0.083 1.00 5.20 C 3 C 0
12/8 08:10:00 - 08:15:00 317 71 0.083 1.00 5.20 C 9 C 0
12/8 08:15:00 - 08:20:00 350 71 0.083 1.00 5.20 C 3 C 0
12/8 08:20:00 - 08:25:00 350 71 0.083 1.00 5.20 C 4 C 0
12/8 08:25:00 - 08:30:00 350 71 0.083 1.00 5.20 C 6 C 0
12/8 08:33:00 - 08:50:00 350 71 0.283 1.00 5.00 C 7 C 1
Shower Period (UT) Lm -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 +0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 Tot
PER 12/8 05:18:00 - 06:15:00 5.50 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 5 7 4 7 0 0 0 28
PER 12/8 06:49:00 - 07:30:00 5.45 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 11 4 2 0 0 26
PER 12/8 07:35:00 - 07:55:00 5.45 0 0 1 1 0 2 3 4 4 8 1 0 0 0 24
PER 12/8 07:55:00 - 08:15:00 5.20 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 5 4 6 6 3 0 0 29
PER 12/8 08:15:00 - 08:50:00 5.09 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 4 6 3 2 1 0 0 20
V pervyh kolonkah tablicy 1 ukazyvaetsya data i period nablyudenii. Dalee centr polya obzora. Potom effektivnoe vremya nablyudenii v dolyah chasa (vremya, potrachennoe isklyuchitel'no na nablyudeniya meteorov). Zatem popravochnyi koefficient, kotoryi otlichaetsya ot 1.00, esli pole obzora perekryvayut stroeniya, derev'ya ili oblaka. V sleduyushei kolonke ukazyvaetsya predel'naya zvezdnaya velichina. Potom metod nablyudenii (S - esli ispol'zuetsya Metod podscheta) i kolichestvo meteorov potoka Leonid (LEO), i sporadicheskie meteory (SPO). V tablice 2 daetsya raspredelenie meteorov potoka po ih zvezdnoi velichine.
Nachinayushie nablyudateli inogda soobshayut o chrezvychaino vysokoi aktivnosti togo ili inogo meteornogo potoka, poka ne vyyasnyaetsya, chto eto byli gruppovye nablyudeniya. Neskol'ko nablyudatelei vsegda zametyat bol'she meteorov, chem kazhdyi nablyudatel' v otdel'nosti i eto proishodit dazhe v tom sluchae, kogda vse nablyudayut za odnoi i toi zhe oblast'yu neba. Chislo nablyudennyh meteorov mozhet zaviset' ot celogo ryada faktorov. Naprimer, ot predel'noi zvezdnoi velichiny Lm, kotoraya individual'na dlya kazhdogo nablyudatelya. Drugaya prichina kroetsya v plohoi zamechaemosti ne yarkih meteorov. Chislo nablyudennyh meteorov snizhaetsya dazhe togda, kogda v gruppe nablyudatelei voznikaet razgovor. Esli pri gruppovyh nablyudeniyah praktikuetsya Metod podscheta, Mezhdunarodnaya meteornaya organizaciya nastoyatel'no rekomenduet delat' dlya kazhdogo nablyudatelya individual'nyi otchet.
Samye nastoichivye nablyudateli mogut obratit' vnimanie na vtorichnye, menee vyrazitel'nye maksimumy Leonid. Dlya nablyudatelei Evropeiskoi chasti Rossii i Sibiri - 18 noyabrya ~0ch UT. Dlya nablyudatelei Dal'nego Vostoka i Sibiri - 18 noyabrya ~19ch UT.
Meteor potoka Leonid.
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Leonidy - Meteornyi potok - Meteor
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