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The R.A.P. Project (Reviews of Astro-Ph) 2003

Sverhnovye
(Arhiv Sverhnovye:
v.2, 2004, v.1, 2002-2003)

Vypusk 63. 16-31 dekabrya 2003

miniobzor! astro-ph/0312542 Skorosti neitronnyh zvezd i asimmetriya vzryva sverhnovoi (Neutron Star Kicks and Supernova Asymmetry)
Authors: Dong Lai
Comments: 11 pages, to appear in 3D Signatures of Stellar Explosion, a workshop honoring J.C. Wheeler's 60th Birthday

Odnim iz vazhneishih svoistv neitronnyh zvezd yavlyayutsya ih nachal'nye skorosti, t.k. po vsei vidimosti oni nesut na sebe otpechatok vzryva sverhnovoi. Pri vzryve vydelyaetsya kolossal'naya energiya - 1053 erg (1046 Dzh). Bol'shaya ee chast' unositsya neitrino. Ostal'noe izluchaetsya v vide elektromagnitnogo i gravitacionnogo izlucheniya, a takzhe perehodit v mehanicheskuyu energiyu sbroshennogo veshestva. Dazhe esli dopustit' nebol'shuyu (poryadka procenta) asimmetriyu vzryva, to obrazovavshiisya kompaktnyi ostatok poluchit' kik (tolchok), v rezul'tate chego my budem potom nablyudat', naprimer, bystro dvigayushiisya pul'sar. Izmerennye skorosti etih ob'ektov dostigayut 2000 km/s !!!

Avtor daet obzor osnovnyh mehanizmov poyavleniya kika:
Gidrodinamicheskii,
Neitrinnyi,
Elektromagnitnyi.

Ukazhem takzhe na lyubopytnuyu vozmozhnost' togo, chto naibolee bystrodvigayushiesya kompaktnye ob'ekty - eto kvarkovye zvezdy.


Vypusk 62. 01-15 dekabrya 2003

miniobzor astro-ph/0312050 Magnitogidrodinamicheskie dzhety Sverhnovyh: propushennoe zveno (MHD Supernova Jets: The Missing Link)
Authors: David L. Meier and Masanori Nakamura
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures

Rassmotreny samye poslednie tendencii v teorii obrazovaniya dzhetov. Samymi vazhnymi napravleniyami avtory schitayut sleduyushie:

  1. dzhety obrazuyutsya v techenie neskol'kih sekund posle kollapsa yadra sverhnovoi;
  2. dzhety otvetstvenny za asimmetriyu kollapsa sverhnovoi v celom.
Avtory schitayut, chto v formirovanii dzhetov osnovnymi yavlyayutsya elektrodinamicheskie processy.


astro-ph/0312279 Kak izmerit' vremennuyu zaderzhku mezhdu vspyshkoi sverhnovoi i gamma-vspleskom? (How Can The SN-GRB Time Delay Be Measured?)
Authors: J. P. Norris and J. T. Bonnell
Comments: 4 pages

Vse bol'she argumentov obnaruzhivaetsya v pol'zu svyazi gamma-vspleskov so sverhnovymi (naprimer, SN1998bw/GRB980425 ili SN2003dh/GRB030329). Odnako eto processy yarkost' kotoryh razlichaetsya v 50000 raz i opredelit' proishodyat li oni odnovremenno ili odno operezhaet drugoe na 1-2 dnya ochen' neprosto. Podrobnee - v stat'e.


Vypusk 61. 16-30 noyabrya 2003

ideya! astro-ph/0311484 Paradigma slivayushihsya belyh karlikov dlya Sverhnovyh i gamma-vspleskov (A White Dwarf Merger Paradigm for Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts)
Authors: John Middleditch
Comments: 11 pages, 0 figures

Ochen' krasivaya ideya!

Sverhnovye tipa I i II razlichayut po nalichiyu (v tipe II) i otsutstviyu (v tipe I) v ih spektrah linii vodoroda. Teoriya evolyucii zvezd govorit nam, chto sverhnovye tipa II eto massivnye zvezdy s bogatoi vodorodom obolochkoi, ih vzryvy svyazany s kollapsom yadra zvezdy. So sverhnovymi tipa I situaciya bolee slozhna - ih podrazdelyayut na tri podklassa: sverhnovye tipa Ib i Ic - tozhe massivnye zvezdy, no lishivshiesya vodorodnoi obolochki. A vot u sverhnovyh Ia fizika sovsem drugaya - eto dva slivayushihsya belyh karlika (samaya populyarnaya model'). Poetomu otsutstvie linii vodoroda v spektrah sverhnovyh tipa Ia poluchaet estestvennoe ob'yasnenie.

Sverhnovaya 1987a, vspyhnuvshaya v Magellanovyh Oblakah, otnositsya k tipu II, a zagadochnye gamma-vspleski v poslednee vremya svyazyvayut so vzryvami sverhnovyh tipa Ic.

Vsegda li verna ukazannaya kartina? Dzhon Middledich utverzhdaet, chto net.

Sliyanie dvuh belyh karlikov mozhet vyglyadet', kak vzryv sverhnovoi II tipa, esli belye karliki - dvoinoe yadro zvezdy, okruzhennoe obolochkoi, kotoraya i porozhdaet linii vodoroda. (Podobnuyu model' sverhnovoi s dvoinym yadrom razrabatyvala gruppa V.S.Imshennika iz ITEF, no v toi modeli dvoinoe yadro bylo neitronnym.) Podobnoi "zamaskirovannoi" sverhnovoi mogla byt' SN 1987a. Togda mozhet byt' i gamma-vspleski - porozhdenie slivayushihsya belyh karlikov?


astro-ph/0311495 Uskorennoe rasshirenie Vselennoi ili smeshivanie aksionov i fotonov (Cosmic acceleration vs axion-photon mixing)
Authors: Bruce A. Bassett
Comments: 4 pages, 5 colour figures

Ochen' prostaya i krasivaya ideya: my nablyudaem dalekie sverhnovye tipa Ia i vidim, chto oni neskol'ko slabee, chem dolzhny byli by byt' vo Vselennoi rasshiryayusheisya soglasno modelyam Fridmana. I my delaem vyvod, chto Vselennaya rasshiryaetsya uskorenno. No snizhenie svetimosti mozhet byt' svyazano s tem, chto chast' fotonov po puti k nam prevratilis' v drugie chasticy - aksiony. (Primerno takoe zhe yavlenie privodilo k nedostatku neitrino ot Solnca na Zemle i zakonchilos' otkrytiem smeshivaniya razlichnyh sortov neitrino.) Strogim dokazatel'stvom smeshivaniya mozhet stat' obnaruzhenie sistematicheskoi raznicy mezhdu fotometricheskimi rasstoyaniyami (opredelyaemymi po svetimosti dalekih ob'ektov) i uglovymi rasstoyaniyami (opredelyaemymi po uglovomu diametru dalekogo ob'ekta).

[Zamechanie: Veroyatno eta krasivaya ideya vse-taki ne verna, poskol'ku uskorenie rasshireniya Vselennoi nezavisimo podtverzhdaetsya i po chito kosmologicheskim dannym.]


Vypusk 59. 19-31 oktyabrya 2003

astro-ph/0310481 Effekt fluktuacii neitrinnogo potoka na malyh uglovyh masshtabah pri vzryve sverhnovoi (Effects of Small-Scale Fluctuations of Neutrino Flux in Supernova Explosions)
Authors: Hideki Madokoro, Tetsuya Shimizu, Yuko Motizuki
Comments: 5 pages, including 4 figures, to be published in the proceedings of IAU Colloquium 192, `SUPERNOVAE (10 years of SN1993J)'', Valencia, Spain, eds. J.M. Marcaide and K.W. Weiler (Springer Verlag)

V fizike vzryva sverhnovoi est' eshe ochen' i ochen' mnogo neponyatnogo. V naibolee prorabotannoi na segodnyashnii den' modeli sbros obolochki proishodit za schet moshnogo potoka neitrino. Odnako, poka v raschetah ne udaetsya poluchit' nuzhnuyu energetiku vzryva pri dannoi neitrinnoi svetimosti.

Yaponskie uchenye rassmatrivali zavisimost' energii vzryva ot parametrov fluktuacii neitrinnogo potoka. Pust' u nas zadana polnaya neitrinnaya svetimost'. No pust' my mozhem zadavat' nebol'shie uglovye fluktuacii potoka. Okazyvaetsya, chto eto mozhet pomoch' v reshenii problemy sbrosa obolochki! Poka raschety provedeny dlya dostatochno prostoi modeli. No rezul'taty obnadezhivayut. Neobhodimy bolee detal'nye raschety.


Vypusk 58. 01-17 oktyabrya 2003

miniobzor astro-ph/0310015 Nablyudatel'nye i fizicheskie svoistva sverhnovyh tipa II s plato (Observed and physical properties of type II plateau supernovae)
Authors: Mario Hamuy
Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures.

Sverhnovye tipa II-P imeyut na krivoi bleska vskore posle maksimuma dostatochno prodolzhitel'nyi uchastok s medlennym spadaniem svetimosti - "plato". V dannoi rabote issledovany 24 takih sverhnovyh. Mnogie iz parametrov etih sverhnovyh menyayutsya v shirokih predelah: svetimost' na plato i na posleduyushem spade, skorost' rasshireniya obolochki, nachal'nyi radius zvezdy, energiya vzryva, sbroshennaya massa obolochki i 56Ni. Nesmotrya na etot razbros nablyudayutsya opredelennye svoistva i zavisimosti parametrov:

  1. Vse parametry menyayutsya nepreryvno (vnutri nekotoryh intervalov znachenii).
  2. V pervom priblizhenii vse eti zavisimosti mozhno opisat' kak odnoparametricheskoe semeistvo.
  3. Rol' osnovnogo parametra igraet massa predsverhnovoi.


Ochen' blizkim temam posvyasheny eshe dve stat'i:

astro-ph/0310056 A.Pastorello et al. Nablyudatel'nye svoistva sverhnovyh tipa II s plato (Observational Properties of Type II Plateau Supernovae)

astro-ph/0310057 L.Zampieri et al. Nashe ponimanie sverhnovyh vtorogo tipa (Understanding Type II Supernovae)

Tochki - nablyudatel'nye krivye bleska sverhnovyh iz raboty astro-ph/0310056. Raznym cvetom pokazany sil'nye, slabye i promezhutochnye sverhnovye. Sinyaya liniya - SN 1987a.


astro-ph/0310142 Magnitovrashatel'nyi mehanizm vzryva sverhnovoi vtorogo tipa (Magnetorotational mechanism of supernova type II exlosion)
Authors: S.G.Moiseenko, G.S.Bisnovatyi-Kogan, N.V.Ardeljan
Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures.

Ocherednaya rabota gruppy uchenyh iz IKI, posledovatel'no izuchayushih magnitovrashatel'nyi mehanizm vzryva sverhnovyh. V etom mehanizme istochnikom energii sluzhit kineticheskaya energiya bystro vrashayusheisya neitronnoi zvezdy, ona peredaetsya sbrasyvaemoi obolochke cherez magnitnoe pole. V postroennoi v rabote modeli energiya vzryva sostavlyaet 1.12x1051 erg, sbrasyvaetsya 0.11 massy Solnca.


astro-ph/0310210 Chastota vspyshek infrakrasnyh sverhnovyh (The Infrared Supernova Rate)
Authors: F.Mannucci et al.
Comments: 5 pages

My mozhem ne zametit' vspyshku sverhnovoi v optike, esli ona otgorozhena ot nas plotnym sloem pyli, kotoraya pogloshaet izluchenie Sverhnovoi. V infrakrasnom diapazone (dazhe v blizhnem) etogo uzhe ne proishodit. V zametke obsuzhdaetsya uspeshnost' takogo podhoda i vozmozhnye budushie proekty, celikom orientirovannye na poisk i nablyudenie sverhnovyh v infrakrasnom diapazone.


astro-ph/0310320 Priroda GRB980425 i poisk neosevyh effektov v blizkih sverhnovyh tipa Ib/c (The nature of GRB980425 and the search for off-axis GRB signatures in nearby type Ib/c supernovae emission)
Authors: E. Waxman
Comments: 13 pages, 1 figure

Po suti seichas net sovsem uzh standartnoi modeli gamma-vspleska. Est' neskol'ko bolee-menee obsheprinyatyh momentov, kotorye pytayutsya proverit' i po vozmozhnosti uvyazat' drug s drugom. Naprimer, dovol'no aktivno obsuzhdaetsya vozmozhnaya svyaz' gamma-vspleskov so sverhnovymi tipa Ib/c.

V dannoi gruppe modelei gamma-vsplesk svyazan s dzhetom, voznikayushem pri kollapse massivnoi zvezdy v chernuyu dyru. Vazhnym parametrom, kotoryi v principe mozhno opredelyat' iz nablyudenii, yavlyaetsya ugol, pod kotorym my vidim dzhet. Modeli dayut raznoobraznye predskazaniya, naprimer, kasatel'no registracii radioizlucheniya.

Dlya GRB980425 predskazyvalis' parametry radioizlucheniya, kotorye zatem ne byli obnaruzheny. Eto yavlyaetsya dlya mnogih argumentom protiv dannoi gruppy modelei. Avtor pokazyvaet, kak mozhno modificirovat' model' (tochnee, sledat' ee bolee obshei), chtoby udovletvorit' imeyushimsya nablyudeniyam. Klyuchevym okazyvayutsya parametry zvzdnogo vetra vzorvavsheisya zvezdy. Sootvetstvenno delayutsya novye predskazaniya otnositel'no dolgovremennogo (gody) povedeniya radioizlucheniya.


Vypusk 57. 22-30 sentyabrya

miniobzor astro-ph/0309519 Netrinno-yadernaya astrofizika sverhnovyh (Supernova Neutrino-Nucleus Astrophysics)
Authors: A.B.Balantekin, G.M.Fuller
Comments: 12 pages, 4 figures.

Kollapsiruyushee yadro massivnoi predsverhnovoi - odin iz samyh moshnyh istochnikov neitrino vo Vselennoi. Kakoe vozdeistvie etot potok mozhet okazat' na yadra atomov v kollapsiruyushem yadre? Kak na etih reakciyah mozhet skazat'sya effekt smeshivaniya neitrino (perehod neitrino odnogo sorta v drugie)? Vot dve osnovnye temy etogo korotkogo obzora.


astro-ph/0309539 Kollaps yader v treh izmereniyah (3-Dimensional Core-Collapse)
Authors: C. L. Fryer and M. S. Warren
Comments: 34 pages (5 of 17 figures missing), accepted by ApJ

Eta stat'ya - prazdnik trehmernyh raschetov, kotorye byli vypolneny dlya serii modelei s razlichnoi skorost'yu vrasheniya i magnitnym polem. Samoe bystroe iz rassmotrennyh vrashenii ne privodit k fragmentacii zvezdy i ne vyzyvaet sushestvennyh izmenenii v processah konvekcii v centre ee yadra. Analogichno, rassmatrivalis' ne slishkom sil'nye magnitnye polya, kotorye ne dominiruyut v processe vzryva sverhnovoi (bolee sil'nye magnitnye polya, nablyudaemye u neitronnyh zvezd, mogut voznikat' pri ih posleduyushem ohlazhdenii i szhatii). V modeli s samym bystrym vrasheniem mozhet obrazovat'sya pul'sar, energii vrasheniya kotorogo budet dostatochno dlya sbrosa obolochki sverhnovoi. No sovremennye evolyucionnye teorii predskazyvayut slishkom medlennoe vrashenie u predsverhnovyh, chtoby takoi (magnitorotacionnyi) mehanizm mog srabotat'.


astro-ph/0309588 Vliyanie dvoistvennosti na dinamiku kollapsa yadra i na skorost' neitronnoi zvezdy (The Effects of Binary Evolution on the Dynamics of Core Collapse and Neutron-Star Kicks)
Authors: Ph. Podsiadlowski et al.
Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures, submitted to ApJ

Naibolee mnogochislennye sverhnovye, soglasno zakonu Solpitera, obrazuyutsya iz zvezd s massami okolo 10 Mo. Odnako, ih evolyuciya v odinochnyh i dvoinyh sistemah zametno razlichaetsya. V konce evolyucii v dvoinyh zvezdah s nachal'noi massoi >11 Mo obrazuetsya men'shee zheleznoe yadro, chem v odinochnyh. Zvezdy s massoi 8-11 Mo v dvoinyh sistemah vyzyvayut vzryvy sverhnovyh (kollaps yadra vyzyvaetsya reakciyami elektronnogo zahvata), a odinochnye sistemy takoi massy prevrashayutsya v tyazhelye O-Ne-Mg belye karliki. Estestvennym obrazom voznikayut dve gruppy zvezd: evolyucionirovavshih v tesnyh dvoinyh i odinochnye ili shirokie pary. Vzryvy sverhnovyh pervoi gruppy soprovozhdayutsya men'shei otdachei i, kak sledstvie, porozhdayut neitronnye zvezdy s malymi prostranstvennymi skorostyami.
[Prim.: Konechno, vse eti zaklyucheniya trebuyut dopolnitel'noi proverki.]


astro-ph/0309684 Voprosy teorii kollapsiruyushih sverhnovyh (Topics in Core-Collapse Supernova Theory)
Authors: Adam Burrows et al.
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures

Celyi ryad interesnyh tem, v kotoryh perepletayutsya fizika i astrofizika, my nazyvaem "Teoriei Sverhnovyh". V dannoi stat'e avtor uspel kosnut'sya chetyreh iz nih:

  1. Otkuda u pul'sarov vysokie prostranstvennye skorosti?
  2. Gravitacionnye volny ot kollapsa yadra.
  3. Vzryv sverhnovoi i ee vrashenie.
  4. Otkuda beretsya energiya Sverhnovoi?


astro-ph/0309796 Raspredelenie sverhnovyh tipa Ia po krasnym smesheniyam: ogranicheniya na praroditelei sverhnovyh i na istoriyu zvezdoobrazovaniya (The Redshift Distribution of Type-Ia Supernovae: Constraints on Progenitors and Cosmic Star Formation History)
Authors: Avishay Gal-Yam and Dan Maoz
Comments: 9 pages, 7 figures, MNRAS, accepted

Proekty poiska dalekih sverhnovyh vedutsya uzhe neskol'ko let, zaregistrirovano neskol'ko desyatkov takih sobytii (0.3<z<1) - teper' mozhno pristupit' k statisticheskoi obrabotke vsego mnozhestva zaregistrirovannyh yavlenii.

V dannoi rabote byl vypolnen sleduyushii analiz - dlya razlichnyh empiricheskih zakonov zvezdoobrazovaniya vo Vselennoi (pokazannyh na risunke) byla ocenena zaderzhka mezhdu obrazovaniem zvezdy, iz kotoroi voznikla sverhnovaya, i momentom vzryva. Dazhe v obshem sluchae etot interval okazyvaetsya dovol'no velik: poryadka ili bolee 1 mlrd.let, dlya zakona zvezdoobrazovaniya Madau poluchaetsya ocenka >1.7 mlrd.let (na 95% urovne znachimosti), dlya zakona Lancetta v kotorom zvezdoobrazovanie na bol'shih z sushestvenno vyshe - >2.5 mlrd.let.

Empiricheskie zakony zvezdoobrazovaniya vo Vselennoi:
(sleva) zakon Madau - maksimal'nyi temp zvezdoobrazovaniya prihoditsya na z=1.5-2;
(v centre) zakon Lancetta - temp zvezdoobrazovaniya rastet s z, do z~2 - bystro, zatem - medlennee;
(sprava) zakon Kovi-Steidelya s postoyannym tempom zvezdoobrazovaniya pri z>2.

Eshe odna stat'ya teh zhe avtorov na blizkuyu temu:

astro-ph/0309797 Chastota vspyshek sverhnovyh tipa Ia v skopleniyah galaktik pri z<1: prilozhenie k proishozhdeniyu sverhnovyh i istochnikam zheleza v skopleniyah (The Type-Ia Supernova Rate in z < 1 Galaxy Clusters: Implications for Progenitors and the Source of Cluster Iron)


astro-ph/0309824 Gipernovaya (gamma-vsplesk) v centre Galaktiki kak vozmozhnyi istochnik galakticheskih pozitronov (Hypernovae/GRB in the Galactic Center as possible sources of Galactic Positrons)
Authors: M. Casse et al.
Comments: 9 pages, 0 figures, submitted ApJ Lett

Pribory, ustanovlennye na observatorii INTEGRAL, zaregistrirovali sil'noe i protyazhennoe izluchenie vyzvannoe annigilyaciei pozitronov i elektronov v oblasti baldzha Mlechnogo Puti. Nalichie stol' sushestvennogo izbytka pozitronov trebuet svoego ob'yasneniya. Odno iz vozmozhnyh: nekotoroe vremya nazad v central'noi oblasti nashei Galaktiki (ne obyazatel'no v samom centre) proizoshla vspyshka gipernovoi, soprovozhdavshayasya gamma-vspleskom.


Vypusk 56. 13-20 sentyabrya 2003

astro-ph/0309378 Radiomonitoring sverhnovoi 2001ig: god pervyi (Radio Monitoring of Supernova 2001ig: The First Year)
Authors: S.D.Ryder et al.
Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures.

Sverhnovaya 2001ig tipa IIb vspyhnula (kak sleduet iz ee nazvaniya) v 2001 godu v galaktike NGC 7424. Ona regulyarno nablyudalas' na avstraliiskom radioteleskope "Compact Array" nachinaya so vtoroi nedeli posle ee otkrytiya. Eta sverhnovaya luchshe vsego issledovana v radiodiapazone posle znamenitoi sverhnovoi 1993J. Dlya SN 2001ig polucheny krivye bleska na chastotah ot 1.4 do 20 GGc.

Radio krivye bleska SN 2001ig na raznyh chactotah (teoriya i nablyudeniya):
18.8 GGc (sploshnaya liniya/kruzhki),
8.6 GGc (punktir/kresty),
4.8 GGc (shtrih-punktir/kvadraty),
2.4 GGc (tochki/treugol'niki) i
1.4 GGc (shtrih-tri tochki/romby).

Posle togo, kak svetimost' sverhnovoi na chastotah 8.6 i 4.8 GGc dostigla maksimuma (eto proizoshlo cherez 1-2 mesyaca posle vspyshki) krivye bleska na etih chastotah po krainei mere dvazhdy sushestvenno otklonyalis' ot ozhidaemogo (i predskazyvaemogo teoriei) plavnogo zatuhaniya. Veroyatno eto proizoshlo iz-za vzaimodeistviya s okruzhayushei sredoi, chto ukazyvaet na periodicheskoe usilenie sbrosa massy predsverhnovoi na samyh poslednih stadiyah svoego sushestvovaniya.

Otklonenie krivyh radiobleska SN 2001ig ot ozhidaemyh. Simvoly te zhe, chto i na pervom risunke.


Vypusk 53. 10-22 avgusta 2003
astro-ph/0308297 Sverhnovye tipa Ia v plotnom okolozvezdnom gaze (Type Ia supernovae in dense circumstellar gas)
Authors: N.N. Chugai, L.R. Yungelson
Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy Letters, 13 pages, 6 figures

Krivye bleska nekotoryh sverhnovyh tipa Ia imeyut strannye osobennosti. Avtory predlagayut model', v kotoroi takie fenomeny ob'yasnyayutsya tem, chto vzryv proizoshel v plotnom gaze, okruzhayushem zvezdu. Obolochki dolzhny byt' dostatochno tyazhelymi (neskol'ko mass Solnca). Oni mogut obrazovyvat'sya iz veshestva krasnogo giganta, kotoryi vhodit v tesnuyu sistemu s belym karlikom. Sobstvenno imenno karlik i vzorvetsya za schet naakkrecirovannogo veshestva giganta. Mozhno oboitis' i odinochnoi zvezdoi s massoi poryadka 8 mass Solnca.


astro-ph/0308185 Vydelenie sverhnovyh Ia na krasnom smeshenii 1.3 i dal'she s pomosh'yu usovershenstvovannoi obzornoi kamery na Kosmicheskom teleskope (Identification of Type Ia Supernovae at Redshift 1.3 and Beyond with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on HST)
Authors: Adam G. Riess et al.
Comments: accepted for publication, ApJ Letters

V prodolzhenie temy o sverhnovyh Ia. Avtory opisyvayut nablyudeniya ob'ektov etogo tipa na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah s pomosh'yu Kosmicheskogo teleskopa. Predstavlen spektr samoi dalekoi sverhnovoi (tochnee, sverhnovaya samaya dalekaya iz vseh, dlya kotoryh udalos' poluchit' spektr). Poluchennye dannye pozvolyayut nadeyat'sya na sozdanie metodiki, kotoraya dast vozmozhnost' vydelyat' bol'she sverhnovyh na krasnyh smesheniyah 1.2 < z < 1.8.


obzor astro-ph/0308136 Gipernovye i drugie sverhnovye, iz kotoryh obrazuyutsya chernye dyry (Hypernovae and Other Black-Hole-Forming Supernovae)
Authors: K. Nomoto et al.
Comments: 49 pages, >20 figs. To be published in "Stellar Collapse" (Astrophysics and Space Science; Kluwer)

Fundamental'nyi obzor, on zhe glava knigi, napisannyi odnoi iz samyh staryh i opytnyh grupp issledovatelei, neskol'ko desyatiletii zanimayushihsya chislennym modelirovaniem vspyshek sverhnovyh. Udivitel'no, no dve treti obzora zanimayut sovremennye nablyudatel'nye dannye o sverhnovyh - to s chem uchenye sravnivayut svoi modeli. Sushestvennaya chast' materiala posvyashena gipernovym: sverhmoshnym sverhnovym, pri kollapsah kotoryh, vozmozhno, proishodyat gamma-vspleski.


Krivye bleska chetyreh sverhnovyh tipa Ic
vblizi maksimuma ih bleska:
(sverhu vniz)1998bw, 1997ef, 2002ap i 1994I.
Vozmozhno, nekotorye iz nih - gipernovye.


miniobzor astro-ph/0308138 Sverhnovye tipa Ia: praroditeli i raznoobrazie (Type Ia Supernovae: Progenitors and Diversities)
Authors: K. Nomoto et al.
Comments: 13 pages. Invited Review published in "From Twilight to Highlight: The Physics of Supernovae," eds. W. Hillebrandt & B. Leibundgut, ESO/Springer Series "ESO Astrophysics Symposia" (Berlin: Springer) p.115--127 (2003)

V nastoyashee vremya neskol'ko grupp nablyudatel'nyh faktov svidetel'stvuyut o nalichii temnoi energii v kolichestve, dostatochnom dlya uskorennogo rasshireniya Vselennoi v nastoyashee vremya. Pervye ukazaniya poyavilis' v 1998 g. blagodarya nablyudeniyam sverhnovyh tipa Ia na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah. S teh por ne utihayut spory naskol'ko tochno eti ob'ekty sootvetstvuyut trebovaniyam, pred'yavlyaemym k t.n. "standartnym svecham". Delo v tom, chto sverhnovye mogut obladat' raznoi svetimost'yu pri raznom himicheskom sostave, raznoi masse vzryvayushegosya ob'ekta i t.d. Krome togo, vazhnoi mogla by okazat'sya rol' pyli. V dannom obzore avtory kratko razbirayut razlichnye scenarii vzryva sverhnovyh Ia, i obsuzhdayut k kakim zavisimostyam svetimosti ot krasnogo smesheniya eto mozhet privodit'.

Na risunke pokazano kak dlya sverhnovyh Ia, rodivshihsya v spiral'nyh i ellipticheskih galaktikah, svetimost' zavisit ot krasnogo smesheniya. Vidno, chto na ochen' bol'shih smesheniyah ostayutsya tol'ko sverhnovye v ellipticheskih galaktikah i dlya nih variaciya svetimosti ne stol' velika.

Napomnim, chto v nastoyashee vremya dannye po sverhnovym ne yavlyayutsya ni edinstvennym, ni dazhe osnovnym dokazatel'stvom uskoreniya rasshireniya Vselennoi. Tak chto ostrota spora neskol'ko spala. Odnako razobrat'sya vse ravno nado.


miniobzor astro-ph/0308144 Svoistva materinskih galaktik sverhnovyh (Properties of SN-host galaxies)
Authors: F. Combes
Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures, review paper in "Supernovae and dust" (Paris, May 2003), to be published by New Astronomy Reviews

V dopolnenie v predydushei stat'e stoit prochest' i etu, special'no posvyashennuyu svoistvam materinskih galaktik sverhnovyh. Evolyuciya sverhnovyh tesno svyazana s evolyuciei galaktik, t.k. izmenyaetsya ih himicheskii sostav i parametry zvezdoobrazovaniya.

Avtor pokazyvaet, chto po krivoi bleska vse-taki mozhno pravil'no otkalibrovat' svetimost', chtoby ispol'zovat' sverhnovye v kosmologii.


Vypusk 52. 01-09 avgusta 2003
astro-ph/0308018 Otkryty li neulovimye praroditeli sverhnovyh Ia? (Have the Elusive Progenitors of Supernovae Type Ia Been Discovered?)
Authors: Mario Livio, Adam Riess
Comments: 5 pages

Sverhnovye tipa Ia tak ili inache dolzhny byt' svyazany s belymi karlikami. V spektrah etih vzryvayushihsya zvezd net vodorodnyh linii, krome togo oni chasto vstrechayutsya v ellipticheskih galaktikah, gde v dannoe vremya malo massivnyh zvezd. Chto zhe zastavlyaet belyi karlik vzryvat'sya? Osnovnyh idei po etomu povodu dve: akkreciya na belyi karlik i sliyanie dvuh belyh karlikov.

Nablyudeniya sverhnovoi SN 2002ic na pervyi vzglyad podderzhivayut pervuyu ideyu - delo v tom, chto v spektre byli zamecheny linii vodoroda - Halpha. Odnako v etoi korotkoi zametke avtory pokazyvayut, chto vse ne tak-to prosto, i vtoroi scenarii - sliyanie dvuh belyh karlikov - takzhe mozhet udovletvoryat' poluchennym dannym.

Vypusk 51. 21-31 iyulya 2003

astro-ph/0307337 Belye karliki okolo chernyh dyr: novyi scenarii dlya sverhnovyh pervogo tipa (White Dwarfs Near Black Holes: A New Paradigm for Type I Supernovae)
Authors: J. R. Wilson, G. J. Mathews
Comments: 12 pages, Submitted to The Astrophysical Journal

Esli "podzhat'" kislorodno-uglerodnyi belyi karlik, to plotnost' i temperatura v ego nedrah mogut okazat'sya dostatochnymi dlya nachala piknoyadernyh reakcii. Eto mozhet privesti k vzryvu sverhnovoi pervogo tipa. Takaya situaciya mozhet realizovyvat'sya pri prolete belogo karlika vblizi chernoi dyry. V svoih vychisleniyah avtory rassmatrivayut neskol'ko situacii: belyi karlik v dvoinoi sisteme, prolet mimo massivnoi chernoi dyry v sharovom skoplenii, prohozhdenie vblizi sverhmassivnoi chernoi dyry v galakticheskom yadre. Po ocenkam avtorov temp takih vspyshek okazyvaetsya nemalen'kim, a potomu aktual'no obsuzhdenie nablyudatel'nyh proyavlenii takih vzryvov, a takzhe strategii ih poiska.

Vypusk 50. 8-18 iyulya 2003

astro-ph/0307226 Praroditel' sverhnovoi vtorogo tipa s plato 2003gd v galaktike M74 (The Progenitor of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 2003gd in Messier 74)
Authors: S.D. Van Dyk, W. Li, A.V. Filippenko
Comments: 10 pages, 6 figures, to appear in PASP (2003 Oct issue)

Kak my neodnokratno pisali, v astrofizike sverhnovyh sushestvuet massa nereshennyh problem. Svyazano eto kak so slozhnost'yu proishodyashih processov, tak i s redkost'yu etih sobytii. Naprimer, bylo by ochen' vazhno imet' informaciyu o vzorvavsheisya zvezde, no ona kraine redko okazyvaetsya dostupnoi. Do poyavleniya etoi raboty bylo izvestno vsego pyat' takih zvezd-praroditelei (sredi nih - praroditel'nica SN1987A v Magellanovom oblake).

Obrabotav arhivnye dannye, poluchennye na Kosmicheskom teleskope za god do nablyudeniya vspyshki, avtory smogli opredelit', chto do vzryva zvezda byla krasnym sverhgigantom s nachal'noi massoi okolo 8-9 mass Solnca. Avtory polagayut, odnako, chto informaciya eshe nuzhdaetsya v podtverzhdenii. Dlya etogo neobhodimo provesti povtornye nablyudeniya na Kosmicheskom teleskope posle togo kak blesk sverhnovoi sushestvenno umen'shitsya. Eto pozvolit tochnee opredelit' polozhenie centra vzryva, t.e. pozvolit s uverennost'yu utverzhdat', chto zvezda-praroditel' byla vydelena verno.



Vypusk 48. 23-30 iyunya 2003


astro-ph/0306412 Nukleosintez v Sverhnovyh, porozhdayushih chernye dyry, i raspredelenie himicheskih elementov, sintezirovannyh v zvezdah predel'no bednyh metallami (Nucleosynthesis in Black-Hole-Forming Supernovae and Abundance Patterns of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars)
Authors: K.Nomoto et al.
Comments: 12 pages, 9 figures. To appear in "Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. 4: Origin and Evolution of the Elements, 2003

Rabota izvestnoi yaponskoi gruppy.

Chernye dyry obrazuyutsya iz naibolee massivnyh zvezd (s massoi po krainei mere vyshe 20-25Mo). Po svoim "vneshnim" proyavleniyam takie yavleniya zanimayut, po-vidimomu, dve krainie nishi - sverhnovye s medlennym vrasheniem kollapsiruyut "tiho" i vybrasyvayut maloe kolichestvo metallov (Faint Supernovae), pri bystrom vrashenii chernoi dyry obrazuyutsya Gipernovye, kotorye sinteziruyut mnogo metallov i, vozmozhno, soprovozhdayutsya gamma-vspleskami. Ochen' pohozhimi na nih dolzhny byli byt' sverhnovye v sverhmassivnyh zvezdah pervogo pokoleniya (populyacii III), hotya segodnya nikto ne znaet byli li eti vspyshki Gipernovymi.

V dannoi rabote provedeny raschety spektra sinteziruemyh i vybrasyvaemyh himicheskih elementov dlya "slaboi" i "sil'noi" sverhnovyh. Interesnym yavlyaetsya vyvod, chto nablyudaemoe v sverhbednyh metallami zvezdah (tipa HE0107-5240) raspredelenie elementov pohozhe na porozhdaemoe sverhnovoi s chernoi dyroi (i mozhet ob'yasnyat'sya blizkim vzryvom podobnoi sverhnovoi v dalekom proshlom) i sushestvenno otlichaetsya ot togo, chto dayut obychnye sverhnovye.

Sravnenie rasschitannogo dlya zvezdy s nachal'noi massoi 25Mo pri vzryve s energiei 3.1050 erg raspredeleniya himicheskih elementov (sploshnaya liniya) s nablyudayushimsya u svehbednoi metallami zvezdy HE0107-5240 (krasnye tochki).

Posmotrite takzhe stat'yu astro-ph/0306417 o nukleosinteze pri vzryve massivnoi zvezdy, porozhdayushei gamma-vsplesk toi zhe issledovatel'skoi gruppy.

Vypusk 47. 16-21 iyunya 2003

astro-ph/0306347 Ochen' energichnaya sverhnovaya, associiruyushayasya s gamma-vspleskom 29 marta 2003 goda (A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003)
Authors: J.Hjorth et al.
Comments: 19 pages, 3 figures

Pervoi sverhnovoi, vspyshku kotoroi svyazali s gamma-vspleskom, byla blizkaya sverhnovaya SN 1998bw (a gamma-vsplesk - GRB980425). Krasnoe smeshenie u 1998bw bylo ravno z=0.0085, chto sootvetstvuet rasstoyaniyu ~37 Mpk. Posle etogo sobytiya proyavleniya sverhnovyh stali "obnaruzhivat'" u mnogih drugih gamma-vspleskov. (Slovo obnaruzhivat' vzyato v kavychki potomu, chto vo vseh sluchayah obnaruzhivalis' ne bolee chem "ukazaniya na prisutstvie sverhnovyh", smotri, naprimer, ANKu ot 21 iyunya 2003 g.) So sverhnovoi 1998bw byli i drugie problemy: 1) nebol'shoe, no znachimoe, nesovpadenie polozheniya rentgenovskogo oreola gamma-vspleska so sverhnovoi; 2) esli dannaya associaciya verna, to polnaya energiya vspleska (pri izotropii ego izlucheniya) sostavlyala by vsego ~8.1047 erg, chto na neskol'ko poryadkov men'she, chem u samogo slabogo vspleska s izmerennym rasstoyaniem.

Vsplesk GRB030329 okazalsya vtorym (a mozhet byt' pervym) po blizosti k nam. Ego krasnoe smeshenie, izmerennoe avtorami dannoi stat'i na eshele-spektrografe teleskopa VLT (diametrom 8 m), okazalos' ravnym z=0.1685, chto sootvetstvuet rasstoyaniyu ~810 Mpk pri WL=0.7 i H0=70 km/s/Mpk. Energiya etogo vspleska byla vpolne tipichnoi ~9.1051 erg (v diapazone energii 30-400 keV pri izotropnom izluchenii).

S pomosh'yu teleskopa VLT byla proslezhena spektral'naya evolyuciya opticheskogo oreola GRB030429 v intervale 5-30 dnei posle vspleska. Pervye spektry (3 i 8 aprelya) imeyut pochti stepennoi vid, no po mere zatuhaniya oreola spektr stanovilsya vse bolee pohozh na spektr sverhnovoi 1998bw (na pozdnei stadii). Etot fakt ne dokazyvaet svyazi GRB030429 so vspyshkoi sverhnovoi, no yavlyaetsya sil'nym argumentom v pol'zu dannoi idei. Eshe odin argument - sovpadenie predpolagaemogo momenta vspyshki sverhnovoi s gamma-vspleskom.


Spektry opticheskogo oreola gamma-vspleska GRB 030429

Stat'ya budet opublikovana v zhurnale Nature 423, 847-850 (2003).


Vypusk 45. 26-31 maya 2003

obzor astro-ph/0305555 Nukleosintez legkih elementov i tyazhelyh elementov r-processov cherez neitrinnye processy vo vspyshkah Sverhnovyh (Nucleosynthesis of Light Elements and Heavy r-Process Elements through the nu-Process in Supernova Explosion)
Authors: T. Yoshida, M. Terasawa, T. Kajino, K. Sumiyoshi
Comments: 26 pages, 4 figures, submitted to ApJ

Obsheizvestnyi fakt, pervichnyi nukleosintez (na ochen' rannih kosmologicheskih stadiyah) zapolnil Vselennuyu vodorodom i geliem. Bolee tyazhelye elementy, vplot' do "zheleznogo pika" (Fe, Ni i Co), voznikli pri termoyadernyh reakciyah vnutri zvezd, a eshe bolee tyazhelye - pri vspyshkah Sverhnovyh. Eto utverzhdenie verno v srednem. Naprimer, v Sverhnovyh obrazuyutsya kak tyazhelye, tak i legkie elementy. Krome togo vo vremya vspyshek Sverhnovyh idut yadernye reakcii s uchastiem neitrino - tak nazyvaemyi "neitrinnyi kataliz". (Dlya ih protekaniya trebuetsya sverhmoshnyi istochnik neitrino, kotorym i yavlyaetsya Sverhnovaya, v drugoe vremya takie reakcii maloeffektivny.) Vot primernaya problematika, kotoroi posvyashen dannyi obzor.

astro-ph/0305462 Galakticheskaya evolyuciya tempov sverhnovyh (The galactic evolution of the supernova rates)
Authors: E. De Donder, D. Vanbeveren
Comments:Accepted by New Astronomy, 36 pages

Raschety i nablyudeniya tempov sverhnovyh raznyh tipov yavlyaetsya ochen' vazhnoi astrofizicheskoi zadachei (sm., naprimer, "A New Population of Old Stars", gde obsuzhdayutsya starye zvezdy maloi metallichnosti s vyhodom na poyavlenie pervyh sverhnovyh tipa Ia i otnositel'ny tempy poyavleniya sverhnovyh). S tochki zreniya teorii eto ochen' slozhnaya problema. Pervoe - my ne znaem, kak sobstvenno proishodit vzryv sverhnovyh nekotoryh tipov (osobaya problema s uchetom vrasheniya i magnitnogo polya). Vtoroe - est' neopredelennosti v final'nyh stadiyah evolyucii massivnyh zvezd (opyat' zhe - rol' vrasheniya i magnitnyh polei). Tret'e - evolyuciya zvezd zavisit ot metallichnosti, kotoraya menyaetsya ne tol'ko ot galaktiki k galaktike, no i vnutri Galaktiki (kak v prostranstve, tak i vo vremeni).

V etoi rabote, rassmatrivaya vliyaniya mnogih effektov, avtory osoboe vnimanie udelyayut dvoistvennosti zvezd. Uchet togo prostogo fakta, chto bol'shoi procent zvezd vhodit vo vzaimodeistvuyushie dvoinye, okazyvaet vliyanie na rezul'taty raschetov.

Vypusk 44. 17-23 maya 2003

astro-ph/0305376 K voprosu ob otnositel'noi chastote kollapsiruyushih sverhnovyh raznyh podtipov: rol' metallichnosti vzorvavshihsya zvezd (On the relative frequencies of core-collapse supernovae sub-types: the role of progenitor metallicity)
Authors: Nikos Prantzos, Samuel Boissier
Comments: 7 pages, 5 figs. ; accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Rassmotreny sverhnovye tipov Ib,c i II, t.e. teh, chto svyazany s kollapsom yader massivnyh zvezd. Pokazano, chto otnositel'noe chislo sverhnovyh etih podtipov zavisit ot metallichnosti, chto i ozhidalos' na osnove rasschetov. Prichem, dannye luchshe soglasuyutsya s predskazaniyami modelei, uchityvayushih vrashenie zvezd (postroenie takih modelei yavlyaetsya vazhnym dostizheniem poslednih let).

Avtory obsuzhdayut, chto smozhet dat' specializirovannyi sputnik SNAP, kotoryi budet nablyudat' sverhnovye na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah (poryadka edinicy).


Vypusk 42. 1-9 maya 2003


astro-ph/0305008 Kosmologicheskie rezul'taty po sverhnovym na bol'shih z (Cosmological Results from High-z Supernovae)
Authors: John L. Tonry et al.
Comments: 50 pages, AAS LateX, 15 figures, 15 tables. Accepted for publication by Astrophysical Journal

Kak izvestno, vpechatlyayushie rezul'taty po izucheniyu dinamiki rasshireniya Vselennoi byli polucheny prakticheski odnovremenno i nezavisimo dvumya gruppami (HZT-High-Z supernova search Team: Garnavich, Schmidt et al. i Supernova Cosmology Project: Perlmutter et al.). Obe gruppy ispol'zovali sverhnovye tipa Ia v kachestve standartnyh svechei, no metodika vo mnogom otlichalas' (i, estestvenno, ispol'zovalis' raznye sverhnovye). V etoi stat'e predstavleny novye rezul'taty gruppy HZT po sverhnovym na krasnyh smesheniyah poryadka 1. Otkryto 8 sverhnovyh na z=0.3-1.2.

Sobstvenno, podtverzhdeny rannie rezul'taty. Edinstvennym vazhnym punktom yavlyaetsya to, chto pohozhe Bol'shoi razryv nam ne grozit: dannye svidetel'stvuyut v pol'zu temnoi energii s parametrom uravneniya sostoyaniya vblizi -1.

Nespecialistam sovetuem prochest' hotya by vvedenie.


Vypusk 39. 12-18 aprelya 2003


astro-ph/0304240 Sobstvennyi razbros cvetov u sverhnovyh tipa Ia (The intrinsic colour dispersion in Type Ia supernovae)
Authors: S.Nobili, A.Goobar, R.Knop, P.Nugent
Comments: 12 pages,13 figures,A&A in press

Sverhnovye tipa Ia ochen' yarkie i ochen' horoshie "standartnye svechi". Eto pozvolyaet s vysokoi tochnost'yu opredelyat' rasstoyaniya do nih, dazhe kogda vspyshka proishodit v dalekoi galaktike. Imenno s ih pomosh'yu vpervye bylo obnaruzheno, chto nasha Vselennaya rasshiryaetsya s uskoreniem (vposledstvie eto bylo podtverzhdeno drugimi sposobami). Poetomu tak vazhno znat' kakoi vnutrennii razbros cvetov i svetimostei prisush etim ob'ektam. Avtory pokazali, chto razbros cvetov spustya 40 dnei posle maksimuma bleska v B-fil'tre men'she 0.1 zvezdnoi velichiny (chto sovpadaet s delavshimisya ranee ocenkami). Vazhnee drugoe - obnaruzheno, chto neskol'ko dal'she (t.e. spustya bolee chem 40 dnei) etot razbros umen'shaetsya, t.e. "standartnye svechi" mozhno sdelat' "eshe luchshe"!



Vypusk 38. 01-11 aprelya 2003

Na etoi nedele poyavilis' dva zamechatel'nyh obzora:

Kosmologiya po Sverhnovym, gde opisyvaetsya "eksperimental'noe issledovanie" kosmologicheskogo ustroistva nashei vselennoi s pomosh'yu Sverhnovyh tipa Ia na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah.

I podrobnyi obzor opticheskih krivyh bleska sverhnovyh raznyh tipov B.Leibundgut astro-ph/0304112.

Poslednyaya tema ochen' aktual'ny v tekushem godu v svyazi s "uchastivshimsya" vydeleniem krivyh bleska sverhnovyh iz opticheskih poslesvechenii gamma-vspleskov Iz-za etogo dannaya tema nedeli peresekaetsya s predydushei.

astro-ph/0304109 Poisk kompan'onov galakticheskih sverhnovyh tipa Ia (Search for the companions of Galactic SNe Ia)
Authors: Ruiz-Lapuente et al.
Commets: 8 pages, 2 Postscript figures. Appeared in "From Twilight to Highlight: the Physics of Supernovae", ed. W. Hillebrandt & B. Leibundgut (Springer), pp. 140-147

Sverhnovye Ia - eto vzryv belogo karlika v dvoinoi sisteme. T.o. "kto na pervoi baze, my znaem, a kto na vtoroi?" Chto za zvezdy postavlyali veshestvo vzorvavshemusya kompaktnomu ob'ektu? Normal'naya zvezda? Gigant? Subgigant? Drugoi belyi karlik? Mozhno popytat'sya detal'no issledovat' kakoi-nibud' podhodyashii galakticheskii ostatok sverhnovoi tipa Ia, chtoby naiti etogo zagadochnogo "mister N2". Imenno eto i prodelali avtory stat'i.

Oni rassmatrivali dva istoricheskih ostatka ("istoricheskih" v tom smysle, chto vspyshki sverhnovyh zafiksirovany v staryh zapisyah) SN 1572 i SN 1006. Provodilsya otbor zvezd-kandidatov, kotorye obladali by bol'shimi skorostyami (eto svyazano s raspadom dvoinoi posle vzryva). Zatem issledovalis' spektry otobrannyh zvezd.

Poka, k sozhaleniyu, est' tol'ko "podozrevaemye". Tak chto zhdem prodolzheniya detektiva o poiske zagadochnogo "mistera N2".



astro-ph/0304172 Bipolyarnye vzryvy sverhnovyh: nukleosintez i vliyanie na obilie elementov v ekstremal'no malometallichnyh zvezdah (Bipolar Supernova Explosions: Nucleosynthesis & Implication on Abundances in Extremely Metal-Poor Stars)
Authors: K. Maeda, K. Nomoto
Commets: Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal. 52 pages including 17 figs and 9 tables

Bol'shaya detal'naya original'naya rabota. Upominaem ee potomu, chto bipolyarnye sverhnovye ne na sluhu u nespecialistov, a potomu rabota mozhet predstavlyat' shirokii interes (imeetsya v vidu po-krainei mere vvedenie/zaklyuchenie).



astro-ph/0304176 Udarnye volny i uskorenie chastic v ostatkah Sverhnovyh: Po nablyudeniyam (Shocks and Particle Acceleration in Supernova Remnants: Observational Features)
Authors: Jacco Vink (Columbia University, Chandra fellow)
Commets: 13 pages, 7 figures. Invited review to appear in "High Energy Studies of Supernova Remnants and Neutron Stars" (COSPAR 2002), Eds. W. Hermsen, W. Becker, Advances in Space Research, in press

Za poslednie 10 let my uznali snogo novogo o processah proishodyashih v ostatkah sverhnovyh, v chastnosti o sil'nyh udarnyh volnyh v nih. Etot progress svyazan s zapuskom celogo ryada kosmicheskih gamma i rentgenovskih observatorii. Naprimer, stalo yasno, chto obolochechnye ostatki (shells) podobnye ostatku Sverznovoi 1006 goda, izluchayut v osnovnom sinhrotronnym obrazom, za schet elektronov s energiyami do 100 TeV. Eto vsego lish' na poryadok men'she, chem energiya 3.1015 eV na kotoroi nablyudaetsya izlom naklona spektra kommicheskih luchei. Odni iz vyvodov: ostatki sverhnovyh - "yasli" dlya uskoreniya chastic ne samyh vysokih energii.


(Arhiv Sverhnovye:
v.2, 2004, v.1, 2002-2003)

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