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The R.A.P. Project (Reviews of Astro-Ph)

Sverhnovye
(Arhiv Sverhnovye:
v.2, 2003, v.1, 2002-2003)

Vypusk 202. 17-31 dekabrya 2008

arxiv:0812.4802 Vzryvy vnutri vybrosov i naibolee yarkie sverhnovye (Explosions inside ejecta and most luminous supernovae)
Authors: S.I. Blinnikov
Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, The 10th International symposium on origin of matter and evolution of galaxies (OMEG0), Sapporo, Japan, December 2007

Byvyyut sverhnovye, kotorye na dayut na dva poryadka bol'she fotonov, chem drugie moshnye vzryvy. Primer - SN 2006gy. Avtor opisyvaet nablyudatel'nuyu situaciyu s takimi sobytiyami i predlagaet interpretaciyu. Ideya sostoit v tom, chto vybros, porozhdennyi pri vzryve sverhnovoi, stalkivaetsya s bolee rannim plotnym vybrosom, kotoryi proizoshel za neskol'ko let do sverhnovoi iz-za bolee slabogo vzryva. Naibolee legko vse nablyudaemye fakty v sluchae SN2006gy nahodyat svoe ob'yasnenie, esli vzryvalas' massivnaya (nachal'naya massa - 110 mass Solnca) zvezd. Iz-za neustoichivostei, svyazannyh s rozheniem elektron-pozitronnyh par, takie ob'ekty mogut proizvesti seriyu vzryvov, kotorye zavershatsya sverhnovoi.


!!!Vypusk 200!!!. 14-30 noyabrya 2008

arxiv:0811.2129 Termoyadernye sverhnovye, inducirovannye prilivami (Tidally-induced thermonuclear supernovae)
Authors: S. Rosswog et al.
Comments: 8 pages, EuroWD2008

Pri blizkih sblizheniyam prilivnye sily mogut byt' ochen' vysoki. Naprimer, mozhno govorit' o tesnyh sblizheniyah zvezd s massivnymi chernymi dyrmi v centrah galaktik ili sharovyh skoplenii. Harakternyi masshtab v takom sluchae sostavlyaet (Mbh/M*)1/3R* - eto prilivnoi radius. Zdes' Mbh - massa chernoi dyry, a M* i R* - massa i radius zvezdy. Sushestvuet bol'shaya literatura po prilivnomu razrusheniyu obychnyh zvezd, i neskol'ko kndidatov v takie yavleniya uzhe obnaruzheno. Zdes' zhe avtory issleduyut sblizheniya belyh karlikov s chernymi dyrami.

Karliki mogut prosto razrushat' chernymi dyrami, kak zvezdy, mogut "proglatyvat'sya". Eto takzhe proishodit i so zvezdami, no s karlikami chashe, t.k. oni kompaktnee. Dlya "proglatyvaniya" vazhno, chtoby prilivnoi radius okazalsya men'she radiusa chernoi dyry. No mozhet proishodit' i eshe odno yavlenie. Prilivnye sily mogut vyzvat' vzryv belogo karlika. Chto-to vrode sverhnovoi tipa Ia, no uzhe pod deistviem storonnih sil, poetomu dlya vzryva ne obyazatel'no, chtoby karlik byl tyazhelee predela Chandrasekara.

Avtory pokazyvayut, chto dlya chernyh dyr s massami menee ~100 000 solnechnyh (znachenie zavisit ot massy i radiusa karlika) vzryvy vpolne vozmozhny. Sobytiya eti dovol'no redki - 0.001 ot chisla sverhnovyh Ia. No budushie nablyudatel'nye programmy, napravlennye na poisk takih sverhnovyh, budut otkryvat' do tysyachi vzryvov v god. Sootvetstvenno, est' neplohaya nadezhda uvidet' i vzryvy, inducirovannye prilivami. VYdelit' takie sobytiya budet legko, t.k. sverhnovaya budet soprovozhdat'sya dlitel'noi (neskol'ko mesyacev) rentgenovskoi vspyshkoi, svyazannoi s tem, chto veshestvo razrushennogo karlika budet postepenno pogloshat'sya chernoi dyroi. p>

arxiv:0811.3605 Kak bystro vrashayutsya novorozhdennye neitronnye zvezdy? (How rapidly do neutron stars spin at birth?)
Authors: Roberto Soria et al.
Comments: 3 pages

Avtory ispol'zuyut dovol'no ostroumnyi podhod. Oni analiziruyut dannye rentgenovskih nablyudenii molodyh ostatkov sverhnovyh v drugih galaktikah. Tochnee dazhe tak. Oni analiziruyut, chto uvideli na meste vzryva sverhnovoi spustya neskol'ko desyatkov let posle vspyshki (chashe vsego prosto nichego ne vidyat). Otsutstvie registracii energichnyh molodyh pul'sarov v podavlyayushem bol'shinstve sluchaev pozvolyaet postavit' ser'eznye predely na raspredelenie neitronnyh zvezd po nachal'nym periodam (pri izvestnom raspredelenii po polyam). V chastnosti, dolya neitronnyh zvezd s nachal'nym periodom menee 40 millisekund dolzhna byt' ochen' mala (v to vremya kak seichas ochen' chasto v kachestve nachal'nogo raspredeleniya ispol'zuyut predpolozhenie ob ochen' korotkih periodah).


arxiv:0811.4648 Raschety nukleosinteza v sverhnovyh s kollapsom yadra (Nucleosynthesis calculations from core-collaps supernovae)
Authors: Christopher L. Fryer et al.
Comments: 5 pages, to appear in the conference proceedings for the "10th symposium on nuclei in the cosmos (NIC X)"

Avtory obsuzhdayut neopredelennosti pri raschete sinteza elementov vo vzryve sverhnovoi. Po mneniyu avtorov, raschety s "pistonom" (ved' sverhnovye "ne vzryvayutsya" v raschetah, a potomu v modelyah dlya rascheta sinteza elementov chasto prosto "rukami" zadayut razlet veshestva, v chastnosti, zadaetsya tverdaya poverhnost', kotoraya dvizhetsya naruzhu i sobstvenno "dvizhet" vzryv i razlet) mogut davat' rezul'taty na poryadok otlichayushiesya (v bOl'shuyu storonu) ot pravil'nyh. Eto proishodit iz-za togo, chto v takih modelyah nedoocenivaetsya effekt vozratnoi akkrecii (fall-back).

Takzhe gruppa odnovremenno vylozhila ryad drugih korotkih zametok (vse oni dlya materialov konferencii) po razlichnym aspektam, svyazannym s raschetami vzryvov sverhnovyh raznyh tipov (i sliyaniya belyh karlikov, i kollaps yader): arxiv:0811.4645, arxiv:0811.4646, arxiv:0811.4650, arxiv:0811.4651, arxiv:0811.4653, arxiv:0811.4654, arxiv:0811.4655, arxiv:0811.4658.

Takzhe sm. stat'yu arxiv:0811.4479, posvyashennuyu sravneniyu sovremennyh nablyudatel'nyh dannyh s model'nymi raschetami dlya pervichnogo nukleosinteza.


Vypusk 199. 01-13 noyabrya 2008

obzor arxiv:0811.1054 Spektropolyarimetriya sverhnovyh (Spectropolarimetry of supernovae)
Authors: Lifan Wang, J. Craig Wheeler
Comments: 88 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, Ann. Rev. Astrophys. 2008, 46, 433-474

Sverhnovye vzryvayutsya nesimmetrichno. Horoshei modeli vzryva tak i net. Potomu bylo by ochen' vazhno iz nablyudenii ponyat', naskol'ko tam vse nesimmetrichno, i kak ono vyglyadit. V etom pomogaet spektropolyarimetriya.

Okazyvaetsya, v bol'shinstve sluchaev dazhe aksial'noi simmetrii okazyvaetsya nedostatochno dlya ob'yasneniya dannyh. T.e., nablyudeniya pryamo ukazyvayut na real'nuyu asimmetriyu v trehmerii.


arxiv:0811.15774 Issledovanie nizhnego predela na massu predsverhnovyh i massivnoi chasti sootnosheniya nachal'noi i konechnoi mass po dannym o belyh karlikah v rasseyannom skoplenii M35 (NGC2168) (Probing the lower mass limit for supernova progenitors and the high-mass end of the initial-final mass relation from white dwarfs in the open cluster M35 (NGC2168))
Authors: Kurtis A. Williams et al.
Comments: 16 pages, accepted for publication in the ApJ

Chasto mozhno prochest', chto "zvezdy, bolee legkie chem primerno 8-10 mass Solnca, v konce svoei evolyucii prevrashayutsya v belye karliki". A nel'zya li potochnee, da eshe po dannym pryamyh nablyudenii? Mozhno, konechno, tol'ko trudno.

Avtory polagayut, chto im udalos' dostatochno tochno opredelit' granicu, nizhe kotoroi voznikayut belye karliki. Issleduya 14 karlikov v rasseyannom skoplenii promezhutochnogo vozrasta (150-200 millionov let), oni dayut znachenie 5.1-5.2 massy Solnca. Udivitel'no nizkaya velichina! Pravda, dobavlyaya dannye po drugim skopleniyam i uchityvaya vsyakie raznye neopredelennosti, oni povyshayut predel do 7.1 solnechnoi massy.

Dannye po praroditelyam normal'nyh sverhnovyh dayut predel 9.5 mass Solnca (t.e. vyshe etoi velichiny zvezda vzryvaetsya). V itoge, vse ravno ostaetsya neopredelennost' otnositel'no togo, chto proishodit v promezhutke primerno 6 s hvostikom - 9 s hvostikom solnechnyh mass. Yasno, chto predel mozhet kak-to var'irovat'sya v zavisimosti ot metallichnosti i, vozmozhno, drugih parametrov.


Vypusk 194. 01-11 sentyabrya 2008

arxiv:0809.0206 VLT zaregistriroval krasnyi gigant - praroditelya sverhnovoi 2008bk, imevshei tip IIP (VLT detection of a red supergiant progenitor of the type IIP supernova 2008bk)
Authors: S. Mattila, S.J. Smartt, J.J. Eldridge, J.R. Maund, R.M. Crockett, I.J. Danziger
Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to ApJ letters

Na snimkah, sdelannyh VLT, udalos' rassmotret' zvezdu-praroditelya sverhnovoi 2008bk. Sverhnovaya imela tip IIP. Izuchenie praroditelya pokazalo, chto on imel nachal'nuyu massu ot 7.5 do 9.5 mass Solnca.

Drugaya interesnaya rabota po praroditelyam sverhnovyh - arxiv:0809.0236. V nei avtory issleduyut raspredelenie sverhnovyh v galaktikah, sravnivaya ego s polozheniem oblastei zvezdoobrazovaniya. Sverhnovye tipa II huzhe vsego otslezhivayut zvezdoobrazovaniya. Tipa Ic - luchshe vsego. Iz etogo avtory delayut vyvod, chto posledovatel'nost' II-Ib-Ic otrazhaet rost massy zvezd-praroditelei.

Eshe odna stat'ya arxiv:0809.0403 posvyashena nablyudatel'nym ogranicheniyam na praroditelei SN IIP. Minimal'naya massa praroditelei etih sverhnovyh 7-9.5 mass Solnca.


arxiv:0809.0510 Novyi klass moshnyh tranzientov i pervaya peprepis' ih massivnyh praroditelei (A New Class of Luminous Transients and A First Census of Their Massive Stellar Progenitors)
Authors: Todd A. Thompson et al.
Comments: 21 pages, emulateapj, 11 figures, 3 tables; submitted to ApJ

Nedavno bylo obnaruzheno dva sobytiya, kotorye po vsei vidimosti yavlyayutsya sverhnovymi, no ih zvezdna velichina byla neskol'ko men'she. Opredeleny zvezdy-praroditeli etih vzryvov. Avtory polagayut, chto vo-pervyh, eti sobytiya formiruyut novyi tip zvezdnyh vzryvov, sostavlyayushii kak minimum bolee 10 procentov ot vseh sverhnovyh, svyazannyh s kollapsom yadra. Vo-vtoryh, oni delayut eshe bolee interesnyi vyvod.

Delo v tom, chto vokrug zvezd-praroditelei etih vzryvov ochen' mnogo pyli. My znaem takie zvezdy, no ih ochen' malo. T.e., esli prosto vzorvat' izvestnye stol' zapylennye zvezdy, to temp vzryvov budet slishkom nizkim. Otsyuda avtory delayut sleduyushii vyvod. Za neskol'ko tysyach let do vzryva mnogoe massivnye zvezdy (mnogie, no ne vse, dazhe, vidimo, men'shinstvo, no vse ravno rech' idet kak minimum o desyati procentah, a skoree neskol'ko bol'she) obrazuyut vokrug sebya mnogo-mnogo pyli.

Obsudit' v ZhZh-soobshestve ru_astroph.
Obsudit' na Astroforume v Nauchnoi panorame.


obzor arxiv:0809.0695 Gravitacionno-volnovoi signal ot sverhnovyh s kollapsom yadra (The Gravitational Wave Signature of Core-Collapse Supernovae)
Authors: Christian D. Ott
Comments: Topical Review, submitted to CQG. 49 pages, 13 figures

Bol'shoi obzor po ozhidaemym gravitacionno-volnovym signalam ot sverhnovyh, svyazannyh so vzryvami massivnyh zvezd.


arxiv:0809.1678 Udarnaya volna ot vzryva Eta Kilya 1843 goda (A Blast Wave from the 1843 Eruption of Eta Carinae)
Authors: Nathan Smith
Comments: 10 pages, 3 color figs, supplementary information. Accepted by Nature

V 1843 godu ot yarkoi zvezdy Ety Kilya nablyudalas' moshnaya vspyshka. V stat'e avtor rasskazyvaet o tom, chto im obnaruzheno bystro dvigayusheesya veshestvo (3500-6000 km v sek), svyazannoe s etoi vspyshkoi. Do etogo ranblyudalis' lish' sushestvenno men'shie skorosti. Novye dannye govoryat v pol'zu togo, chto vydelenie energii proizoshlo gluboko pod poverhnost'yu. A ran'she schitalos', chto nablyudaemyi razlet veshestva svyazan lish' s rezkim usileniem zvezdnogo vetra.


Vypusk 191. 22-31 iyulya 2008

arxiv:0807.5050 Sil'nye vzryvy pri z=0? (Powerful explosions at Z=0 ?)
Authors: S. Ekstrom, G. Meynet, R. Hirschi, A. Maeder
Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures, to appear in the IAU Symposium 255, "Low-Metallicity Star Formation: From the First stars to Dwarf Galaxies"

Avtory pokazyvayut, chto zvezdy s nulevoi metallichnost'yu (v dannom sluchae z=0 oznachaet nulevuyu metallichnost', a ne krasnoe smeshenie) mogut davat' normal'nye vzryvy sverhnovyh. Dlya etogo neobhodimo, chtoby zvezdy dostatochno bystro vrashalis'. Obychno polagayut, chto massivnye zvezdy bez metallov porozhdayut ochen' tyazhelye uglerodno-kislorodnye yadra i pryamo kollapsiruyut v chernye dyry. Vrashenie mozhet izmenit' kartinu. Esli zvezdy pokoleniya III mogut davat' sverhnovye, to eto vazhno, t.k. vliyat na rannee obogashenie vselennoi tyazhelymi elementami.

O vrashenie malometallichnyh zvezd sm. takzhe arxiv:0807.5061


Vypusk 189. 24 iyunya - 08 iyulya 2008

arxiv:0807.0660 SN2007ax : Predel'no slabaya sverhnovaya tipa Ia (SN2007ax : An Extremely Faint Type Ia Supernova)
Authors: M. M. Kasliwal et al.
Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJL

Obnaruzhena samaya slabaya i samaya krasnaya sverhnovaya tipa Ia. Razumeetsya, avtory preduprezhdayut o neobhodimosti ucheta takih sverhnovyh pri planirovanii vsyacheskih obzorov s kosmologicheskimi primeneniyami. Krome togo, oni obrashayut vnimanie, chto imenno takie predel'nye sluchai mogut pomoch' luchshe razobrat'sya v fizike vzryvov.


arxiv:0807.0791 Sverhnovye na VLBI (Supernova VLBI)
Authors: Norbert Bartel
Comments: Comments: 9 pages, 4 figure. Invited Review. To be published in "Approaching Micro-Arcsecond Resolution with VSOP-2: Astrophysics and Technology," Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. Eds. Y. Hagiwara, E. Fomalont, M. Tsuboi, and Y. Murata

Nebol'shoi obzor, posvyashennyi nablyudeniyam "svezhevspyhnuvshih" sverhnovyh s pomosh'yu radiointerferometrov s sverhdlinnoi bazoi. Dyuzhinu takih sverhnovyh udalos' zaregistrirovat'. Ozhidaetsya, chto proekty tipa VSOP-2 (vklyuchayushie teleskop na orbite) smogut dat' bol'she.


Vypusk 185. 01-15 maya 2008

arxiv:0805.1922 Temp sverhnovyh tipa Ia na z~0.2 po dannym s perekryvayushihsya polei v SDSS-I (The Rate of Type Ia Supernovae at z~0.2 from SDSS-I Overlapping Fields)
Authors: Assaf Horesh, Dovi Poznanski, Eran O. Ofek, Dan Maoz
Comments: 11 pages, Submitted to MNRAS

Poluchena novaya ocenka tempa vspyshek sverhnovyh tipa Ia na nebol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah. Temp primerno 14 10-14 v god na odnu svetimost' Solnca (esli interesny oshibki i normirovki - smotrite original stat'i). Ocenka primerno sovpadaet s bolee rannimi.

Avtory polagayut, chto stoit eshe ryt'sya v dannyh SDSS-I, tk. tam eshe mnogo sverhnovyh ne vyyavleno.


Vypusk 183. 01-20 aprelya 2008

obzor arxiv:0804.2147 Termoyadernye sverhnovye (Thermonuclear Supernovae)
Authors: F. K. Roepke
Comments: 25 pages, 7 figures (some with reduced resolution), invited review at "Supernovae: lights in the darkness", October 3-5, 2007, Mao (Menorca), to appear in Proceedings of Science

Prostymi ponyatnymi slovami i kartinkami avtor ob'yasnyaet, chto my znaem o mehanizme vspyshek sverhnovyh tipa Ia (vzryv belogo karlika), i obsuzhdaet nereshennye problemy. Pervaya (i edinstvennaya) formula poyavlyaetsya tol'ko na 15-i stranice. Pozhalui, mozhno porekomendovat' etot obzor dlya vseobshego prochteniya. Krome togo, mozhno porekomendovat' obzor arxiv:0804.2556.


Vypusk 182. 18-31 marta 2008

arxiv:0803.3161 Nukleosintez i evolyuciya massivnyh zvezd bez metallov (Nucleosynthesis and Evolution of Massive Metal-Free Stars)
Authors: Alexander Heger, S. E. Woosley
Comments: 54 pages, 15 figures, submitted to ApJ

Avtory izuchayut evolyuciyu i vzryvy massivnyh (10-100 solnechnyh mass) zvezd kraine maloi metallichnosti, tochnee, sovsem bez tyazhelyh elementov. Modeliruyutsya krivye bleska i massy ostatkov. Vse eto kraine vazhno dlya ponimaniya togo, kak zhili i umirali samye pervye zvezdy. Osobenno sushestvenno ponyat', kak protekal nukleosintez, t.k. imenno eti zvezdy pervymi obogatili mezhzvezdnuyu sredu tyazhelymi elementami (populyarnoe vvedenie v nukleosintez sm., naprimer, v aprel'skom nomere Vokrug Sveta za 2008 god).

Zvezdy bez metallov ili s kraine malym ih soderzhaniem chashe porozhdayut v konce svoei evolyucii chernye dyry, i v srednem kompaktnye ostatki takih zvezd massivnee. Raspredelenie obiliya elementov, voznikayushee posle cikla nukleosinteza, hotya vcelom i napominaet solnechnoe, no imeet ryad osobennostei. Dlya elementov legche kremniya podavlen sintez yader s nechetnym zaryadom, a takzhe izotopov, bogatyh neitronami. Krome togo, malo elementov tyazhelee germaniya. Evolyuciya zvezd dazhe s kraine malym nachal'nym soderzhaniem tyazhelyh elementov otlichaetsya ot toi, chto rassmotrena v dannoi stat'e. Tekst stat'i - tol'ko pervye 11 stranic. Dalee tablicy i risunki.


arxiv:0803.3596 Vyhod udarnoi volny sverhnovoi iz krasnogo sverhgiganta (Supernova Shock Breakout from a Red Supergiant)
Authors: Kevin Schawinski et al.
Comments: 19 pages, 6 figures

Nedavno ya rasskazyval o rabote 0802.1712, v kotoroi avtory pronablyudali rentgenovskuyu vspyshku s posleduyushei vspyshkoi v UF. Avtorskaya interpretaciya: vyhod udarnoi volny sverhnovoi iz plotnogo vetra kompaktnogo praroditelya. I vot novyi rezul'tat.

Zdes' avtory predstavlyayut rezul'taty nablyudenii togo, chto, po vsei vidimosti yavlyaetsya vyhodom udarnoi volny iz krasnogo sverhgiganta. Etot rezul'tat s bol'shei dostovernost'yu mozhno svyazat' s vyhodom udarnoi volny, chem rentgenovskii rezul'tat Soderberg et al. (2008). Vidno poyarchenie sverhgiganta do vyhoda udarnoi volny. Sobstvenno, nablyudaetsya ne sam vyhod volny, a progrev poverhnosti prekursorom udarnoi volny, hotya etot effekt inogda nazyvayut "vyhodom" (avtory obsuzhdayut etot terminologicheskii vopros v pervom abzace na vtoroi stranice).

Avtoram pomogla pravil'naya metodika nablyudenii. V 2004 godu odnovremenno s obzorom po poisku sverhnovyh (SNLS) tu zhe oblast' neba nablyudali na UF kosmicheskom teleskope GALEX. Odno iz sobytii (SNLS-04D2dc), klassificirovannoe kak sverhnovaya vtorogo tipa, pokazalo v dannyh GALEX uyarchenie za dve nedeli do opticheskoi vspyshki.

Galaktika, v kotoroi nablyudalas' sverhnovaya - normal'naya spiral' s sil'nym zvezdoobrazovaniem na z=0.1854. Polucheny detal'nye spektry samoi sverhnovoi, a takzhe spektry galaktiki. Galaktika takzhe nablyudalas' na Habble.

Avtory govoryat o sverhgigante na osnove krivoi bleska sverhnovoi. V nei nablyudaetsya plato, kotoroi svyazyvayut s tem, chto vzorvalas' bol'shaya (protyazhennaya) zvezda.

Sushestvenno, chto dannye po poyarcheniyu do vspyshki mozhno sravnivat' s teoreticheskimi modelyami vzryva. Analiz poyarcheniya (ono prodalzhalos' okolo 6 chasov) podtverzhdaet, chto vzorvalsya sverhgigant s radiusom 500-1000 solnechnyh.

Obsudit' v ZhZh-soobshestve ru_astroph.
Obsudit' na Astroforume v Nauchnoi panorame.


Vypusk 179. 01-14 fevralya 2008 goda

arxiv:0802.0456 Obzor v poiskah "nichto": monitoring milliona sverhgigantov dlya obnaruzheniya neudavshihsya sverhnovyh (A Survey About Nothing: Monitoring a Million Supergiants for Failed Supernovae)
Authors: C.S. Kochanek et al.
Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, submitted to ApJ

Teoretiki predskazyvayut, chto est' tip kollapsa, ne soprovozhdayushiisya yarkoi vspyshkoi. Takie sobytiya nazyvayut "neudavshimisya sverhnovymi". Byla zvezda - i vdrug BAC! - pustoe mesto (konechno, ostaetsya kompaktnyi ob'ekt, no ego s bol'shogo rasstoyaniya my ne vidim.

V stat'e predlagaetsya krasiveishaya ideya. Iskat' takie sobytiya, provodya monitoring bol'shogo kolichestva yarkih sverhgigantov v blizkih galaktikah. Ocenki pokazyvayut, chto raz v god mozhno nadeyat'sya (esli byt' optimistom), chto odin iz nih "ischeznet".

Obsudit' v ZhZh-soobshestve ru_astroph
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arxiv:0802.1712 Ekstremal'no moshnaya rengenovskaya vspyshka, oboznachayushaya rozhdenie normal'noi sverhnovoi (An Extremely Luminous X-ray Outburst Marking the Birth of a Normal Supernova)
Authors: A. M. Soderberg et al.
Comments: Submitted to Nature. 27 pages, 10 figures, supplementary information. Note: this paper has been submitted for publication in Nature and is embargoed for discussion in the press

28 yanvarya etogo goda s pomosh'yu sputnika SWIFT udalos' sluchaino pronablyudat' rentgenovskuyu vspyshku v galaktike NGC 2770, nahodyasheisya na rasstoyanii okolo 27 Mpk (t.e., eto blizkaya galaktika). Okazalos', chto vspyshka imeet otnoshenie k normal'noi sverhnovoi klassa Ibc. Pochemu eto vse tak vazhno? Eto ochen' vazhno, potomu chto, vidimo, eto samoe rannee nablyudenie normal'noi sverhnovoi. Obychno sverhnovye otkryvayut v optike spustya neskol'ko dnei posle vzryva. A tut udalos' v retgene poimat' ochen' rannii moment v razvitii sverhnovoi, prichem dazhe ne v samom maksimume, a na minutu ran'she. Spustya primerno poltora chasa poyavilos' i ul'trafioletovoe izluchenie (na bortu SWIFT est' UF teleskop), a vot gamma tak i ne bylo (napomnyu, chto SWIFT eto v pervuyu ochered' gamma-detektor dlya poiska gamma-vspleskov). Vidimo, vsplesk v rentgene sootvetstvuet vyhodu udarnoi volny iz plotnogo veshestva zvezdnogo vetra zvezdy-praroditelya.

Razumeetsya, v vidu isklyuchitel'nosti otkrytiya ob'ekt zatem nablyudali v melkih podrobnostyah. Na nego smotrela observatoriya Chandra, ego iskali v radio i nashli. Tak chto dannyh mnogo (sm. stat'yu). Vozmozhno, chto eta vspyshka stanet samoi horosho izuchennoi sverhnovoi (isklyuchaya SN 1987A, dlya kotoroi udalos' poimat' neitrinnyi signal). Odnako ne fakt, chto eto pozvolit teoretikam tak uzh sil'no prodvinut'sya v izuchenii mehanizma vspyshki.


Vypusk 199. 01-13 noyabrya 2008

obzor arxiv:0811.1054 Spektropolyarimetriya sverhnovyh (Spectropolarimetry of supernovae)
Authors: Lifan Wang, J. Craig Wheeler
Comments: 88 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, Ann. Rev. Astrophys. 2008, 46, 433-474

Sverhnovye vzryvayutsya nesimmetrichno. Horoshei modeli vzryva tak i net. Potomu bylo by ochen' vazhno iz nablyudenii ponyat', naskol'ko tam vse nesimmetrichno, i kak ono vyglyadit. V etom pomogaet spektropolyarimetriya.

Okazyvaetsya, v bol'shinstve sluchaev dazhe aksial'noi simmetrii okazyvaetsya nedostatochno dlya ob'yasneniya dannyh. T.e., nablyudeniya pryamo ukazyvayut na real'nuyu asimmetriyu v trehmerii.


arxiv:0811.15774 Issledovanie nizhnego predela na massu predsverhnovyh i massivnoi chasti sootnosheniya nachal'noi i konechnoi mass po dannym o belyh karlikah v rasseyannom skoplenii M35 (NGC2168) (Probing the lower mass limit for supernova progenitors and the high-mass end of the initial-final mass relation from white dwarfs in the open cluster M35 (NGC2168))
Authors: Kurtis A. Williams et al.
Comments: 16 pages, accepted for publication in the ApJ

Chasto mozhno prochest', chto "zvezdy, bolee legkie chem primerno 8-10 mass Solnca, v konce svoei evolyucii prevrashayutsya v belye karliki". A nel'zya li potochnee, da eshe po dannym pryamyh nablyudenii? Mozhno, konechno, tol'ko trudno.

Avtory polagayut, chto im udalos' dostatochno tochno opredelit' granicu, nizhe kotoroi voznikayut belye karliki. Issleduya 14 karlikov v rasseyannom skoplenii promezhutochnogo vozrasta (150-200 millionov let), oni dayut znachenie 5.1-5.2 massy Solnca. Udivitel'no nizkaya velichina! Pravda, dobavlyaya dannye po drugim skopleniyam i uchityvaya vsyakie raznye neopredelennosti, oni povyshayut predel do 7.1 solnechnoi massy.

Dannye po praroditelyam normal'nyh sverhnovyh dayut predel 9.5 mass Solnca (t.e. vyshe etoi velichiny zvezda vzryvaetsya). V itoge, vse ravno ostaetsya neopredelennost' otnositel'no togo, chto proishodit v promezhutke primerno 6 s hvostikom - 9 s hvostikom solnechnyh mass. Yasno, chto predel mozhet kak-to var'irovat'sya v zavisimosti ot metallichnosti i, vozmozhno, drugih parametrov.


Vypusk 171. 17-31 oktyabrya 2007

arxiv:0710.3166 Ogranicheniya na praroditelei sverhnovyh tipa Ia: poisk vodoroda v spektre tumannosti (Constraining the Type Ia Supernova Progenitor: The Search for Hydrogen in Nebular Spectra)
Authors:Douglas C. Leonard
Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. 16 pages, 1 figure

Vazhnaya rabota, na moi vzglyad. Ideya tut vot v chem.

Est' sverhnovye tipa Ia (eto po nim izmeryayut uskorenie rasshireniya vselennoi i tp.). Polagayut, chto eto vzryv belogo karlika. Massa karlika rosla-rosla za schet akkrecii s soseda, poka ne dorosla.... Tak vot. Esli akkreciruemoe veshestvo bogato vodorodom, kak eto i predpolagaetsya vo mnogih scenariyah, to posle vzryva etot vodorod mozhno uvidet' po spektram. Detal'ki tam budut slaben'kie, no vpolne obnaruzhimye.

Sut' v tom, chto dlya dvuh sverhnovyh takie detal'ki poiskali, da ne nashli. T.e., postavili zhestkii predel na massu vodoroda. Takoi zhestkii, chto mnogie scenarii okazalis' zakrytymi. Budem posmotret', chto pridumayut teoretiki v otvet!

V nagruzku (i vne vsyakoi svyazi s izlozhennym vyshe) o rentgenovskih nablyudeniyah sverhnovyh Ia mozhno pochitat' tut arxiv:0710.3189, a o vozmozhnom gamma-izluchenii ot nih - zdes': arxiv:0710.3313.


arxiv:0710.3314 Pul'sacionnaya neustoichivost' rozhdeniya par kak ob'yasnenie samyh moshnyh sverhnovyh (Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae)
Authors: S. E. Woosley, S. Blinnikov, Alexander Heger
Comments: 23 pages including 15 figures and 2 tables; submitted to Nature on June 4, 2007

Avtory predstavlyayut model', v kotoroi odnovremenno ob'yasnyayutsya ochen' moshnye (tochnee, s bol'shoi opticheskoi svetimost'yu) sverhnovye (rezul'taty prekrasno opisyvayut krivuyu bleska SN2006gy) i pozvolyayut opisat' "seriinye" vzryvy, proishodyashie v massivnyh zvezdah na pozdnih stadiyah evolyucii. Vysokaya svetimost' nekotoryh sverhnovyh ob'yasnyaetsya v modeli tem, chto vybros ot novoi vspyshki stalkivaetsya s predydushim.


obzor arxiv:0710.3753 Ochen' slabaya sverhnovaya v M85 (A very faint core-collapse supernova in M85)
Authors: A. Pastorello et al.
Comments: 7 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to Nature "Brief Communication Arising" on 18 July 2007, Accepted on 17 August 2007. Arising from: Kulkarni et al. 2007, Nature, 447, 458-460

Nekotoroe vremya nazad my pisali o neobychnom tranziente v M85. Sami avtory otkrytiya predpolozhili, chto nablyudaetsya stolknovenie zvezd. V dannoi zhe stat'e rassmatrivaetsya ideya o tom, chto my imeem delo s neobychnoi sverhnovoi. Esli etot tak, to eto samaya slabaya iz vseh nablyudavshihsya sverhnovyh.


Vypusk 170. 01-16 oktyabrya 2007

arxiv:0710.1094 Temp sverhnovyh v blizkih skopleniyah galaktik (The supernova rate in local galaxy clusters)
Authors: F. Mannucci et al.
Comments: MNRAS, revised version after referee's comments

Avtory issledovali temp razlichnyh tipov sverhnovyh v galaktikah razlichnyh tipov, vhodyashih v skopleniya. Rezul'taty sravnivayutsya s "galaktikami polya" (t.e. s temi, kotorye v skopleniya ne vhodyat).

Naibolee interesnyi rezul'tat sostoit v tom, chto temp sverhnovyh tipa Ia v galaktikah rannih tipov v skopleniyah v tri raza vyshe, chem v pole.

Dlya sverhnovyh, svyazannyh s kollapsom yadra massivnoi zvezdy, takogo razlichiya (v sluchae galaktik pozdnih spektral'nyh tipov, ibo tam oni v podavlyayushem bol'shinstve i vstrechayutsya) ne obnaruzheno.


arxiv:0710.2338 Ogranicheniya na kosmologicheskuyu evolyuciyu sverhnovyh tipa Ia (Constraining Cosmic Evolution of Type Ia Supernovae)
Authors: Ryan J. Foley et al.
Comments: 22 pages, 22 figures, submitted to ApJ.

Kak izvestno, sverhnovye tipa Ia ispol'zuyutsya v kosmologii kak standartnye svechi. Imenno po etim ob'ektam pochti 10 let nazad bylo obnaruzheno uskorennoe rasshirenie vselennoi. Tem ne menee, vsegda zvuchit somnenie: a chto esli svehnovye "tam" ne takie kak "tut". T.e., net li kakoi-to sushestvennoi evolyucii sverhnovyh za poslednie neskol'ko milliardov let. Mozhet byt' te, chto nahodyatsya na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah ne bliznecy-brat'ya "nashim" sverhnovym?

Avtory sravnivayut spektry dalekih i blizkih sverhnovyh. Spektrov mnogo, ispol'zovany tol'ko vysokokachestvennye dannye po horosho izuchennym sverhnovym. Osnovnoi vyvod takov: nikakoi sushestvennoi evolyucii ne obnaruzheno.


Vypusk 167. 25 avgusta - 10 sentyabrya 2007

arxiv:0709.0202 Mogut li ochen' massivnye zvezdy izbezhat' sverhnovoi s neustoichivost'yu k rozhdeniyu par? (Can very massive stars avoid Pair-instability Supernovae?)
Authors: S. Ekstroem, G. Meynet, A. Maeder
Comments: to be published in the conference proceedings of First Stars III, Santa Fe, 2007

Massivnye zvezdy maloi metallichnosti v nekotorom diapazone mass dolzhny teryat' svoyu ustoichivost' iz-za rozhdeniya par v yadre, chto privodit k specificheskomu vzryvu sverhnovoi. Takie sverhnovye dolzhny ostavlyat' harakternye "otpechatki pal'cev" iz-za osobennostei sostava vybrasyvaemogo veshestva. "Uliki" ne obnaruzheny. Eto mozhet byt' svyazano s tem, chto vse-taki takie vzryvy ne proishodyat. Avtory rassmatrivayut nekotorye varianty, dlya togo, chtoby zvezdy mogli izbezhat' takoi neustoichivosti. Pohozhe, chto variant naiden.


arxiv:0709.0302 SN 2005ap: samyi yarkii vzryv (SN 2005ap: A Most Brilliant Explosion)
Authors: Robert M. Quimby et al.
Comments: ApJ Letters Accepted; 4 pages

Opisany nablyudeniya samoi moshnoi sverhnovoi, vspyhnuvshei v 2005 godu. Blagodarya sisteme ROTSE-III ee udalos' nablyudat' i do maksimuma bleska.


Vypusk 166. 14-24 avgusta 2007

obzor arxiv:0708.2750 Obzor sverhnovyh v SDSS-II (The Sloan Digital Sky Survey-II Supernova Survey)
Authors: Masao Sako et al.
Comments: Submitted to The Astronomical Journal (66 pages, 13 figures)

Sloanovskii cifrovoi obzor neba estestvenno mozhet sluzhit' instrumentom dlya poiska razlichnyh opticheskih tranzientov, v tom chisle i vspyshek sverhnovyh. Poslednih obnaruzheno uzhe ne malo (sotni).

Avtory opisyvayut algoritm poiska sverhnovyh v SDSS.

O tehnicheskih detalyah sm. takzhe arxiv:0708.2749


Vypusk 164. 20-31 iyulya 2007

arxiv:0707.4008 Gamma-vspleski i gipernovye, svyazannye s nekotorymi galakticheskimi istochnikami (GRBs and Hypernova Explosions of Some Galactic Sources)
Authors: G. E. Brown, C. -H. Lee, E. Moreno Mendez
Comments: 3 pages, 1 figures

Avtory rassmatrivayut vopros o tom, ne svyazany li nekotorye izvestnye galakticheskie kandidaty v chernye dyry s gamma-vspleskami i gipernovymi. T.e., ne bylo li v moment rozhdeniya sootvetstvuyushih chernyh dyr gamma-vspleskov. Vyvod avtorov v otnoshenii neskol'kih ob'ektov [Nova Sco (GRO J1655-40), Il Lupi (4U 1543-47), XTE J1550-564, GS 2023+338] utverditel'nyi. A vot izvestnyi kandidat v chernye dyry v sisteme Lebed' H-1 s gamma-vspleskom ne svyazan, po mneniyu avtorov. Svyazano eto, opyat' zhe "kak polagayut avtory", s raznymi massami komponent v dvoiyh sistemah.


arxiv:0707.4345 Vzryvy sverhnovyh, dominirovannye al'venovskimi volnami (Alfven Wave-Driven Supernova Explosion)
Authors: T.K.Suzuki et al.
Comments: 4 pages, 3 figures embedded, submitted to ApJL

Rassmatrivaetsya rol' al'venovskih voln vo vzryvah sverhnovyh. Volny generiruyutsya konvekciei v protoneitronnoi zvezde. Dlya vysokoi effektivnosti neobhodimo moshnoe magnitnoe pole (poryadka 10 v 15-i stepeni Gauss i vyshe), no zato vovse ne obyazatel'no nalichie bystrogo vrasheniya.


Vypusk 163. 01-19 iyulya 2007

arxiv:0707.0881 SN 1993J VLBI (IV): geometricheskoe opredelenie rasstoyaniya do M81 po rasshiryayusheisya udarnoi volne (SN 1993J VLBI (IV): A Geometric Determination of the Distance to M81 with the Expanding Shock Front Method)
Authors: N. Bartel, et al.
Comments: 25 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Dlya sverhnovoi 1993J v galaktike M81 udalos' poluchit' ochen' tochnye dannye po lineinym (t.e. v km/s) skorostyam razleta po opticheskim nablyudeniyam, i po uglovym skorostyam razleta po radiodannym. V itoge, mozhno geometricheskim metodom opredelit' rasstoyanie do etoi galaktiki. Ono okazyvaetsya ravnym 3.96+/-0.29 Mpk, chto sut' vyshe, chem opredelennoe ranee v ramkah HST Key project (3.63+/-0.34 Mpk).


arxiv:0707.1328 Ukazanie na sushestvovanie korotkozhivushih praroditelei sverhnovyh Ia (Evidence for short-lived SN Ia progenitors)
Authors: Eric Aubourg et al.
Comments: Submitted to ApJ Letters

Avtory pokazyvayut, analiziruya svoistva galaktik, v kotoryh nablyudalis' sverhnovye tipa Ia, chto est' subpopulyaciya vzryvov etogo tipa, u kotoryh praroditeli zhili vsego lish' okolo 70 millionov let (vmesto neskol'kih milliardov u osnovnoi massy praroditelei).


arxiv:0707.2100 Relyativistskie dzhety i dlinnye gamma-vspleski ot rozhdayushihsya magnitarov (Relativistic Jets and Long-Duration Gamma-ray Bursts from the Birth of Magnetars)
Authors: N. Bucciantini et al.
Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to MNRAS letter, presented at the conference "Astrophysics of Compact Objects", 1-7 July, Huangshan, China

Predstavleny rezul'taty chislennogo modelirovaniya. V rezul'tate kollapsa obrazuetsya sil'no zamagnichenaaya bystrovrashayushayasya neitronnaya zvezda - magnitar. Formiruyutsya dzhety. Parametry obrazovavshegosya ob'ekta pozvolyayut po mneniyu avtorov, govorit' o poyavlenii dlinnogo gamma-vspleska.

Sm. takzhe arXiv:0707.2219 o svyazi sverhnovyh i gamma-vspleskov, a takzhe o vozmozhnosti togo, chto v serdce central'noi mashiny vspleska sidit neitronnaya zvezda, a ne chernaya dyra. I arXiv:0707.2187 o svyazi gamma-vspleskov so zvezdami maloi metallichnosti.


Vypusk 162. 20-30 iyunya 2007

miniobzor arxiv:0706.3047 Radiosvoistva sverhnovyh Ibc (The Radio Properties of Type Ibc Supernovae)
Authors: Alicia M. Soderberg
Comments: 8 pages, Proceedings for "Supernova 1987A: 20 Years After: Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters" AIP, New York, eds. S. Immler, K.W. Weiler, and R. McCray

Kak izvestno, dlinnye gamma-vspleski mnogie svyazyvayut so sverhnovymi. Prichem ne so vsyakimi, a tol'ko s tipom Ibc (sm. takzhe arxiv:0706.3209). Prichem, ne vse sverhnovye etogo tipa, a lish' chast'. Vot pro poslednee i idet rech' v stat'e.

Avtor pokazyvaet, chto esli gamma-vspleski i rentgenovskie vspyshki zakachivayut v energiyu relyativistskogo potoka veshestva bolee 1048 erg, to sverhnovye Ibc obychno zakachivayut men'she. V itoge, menee 3 proecntov ot blizkih sverhnovyh etogo tipa dayut osnovanie zapodozrit' ih svyaz' s gamma-vspleskami.

Razumeetsya, "mnogoe sdelano, no mnogoe eshe predstoit". Avtor nadeetsya, chto planiruemye opticheskie obzory, prednaznachennye dlya poiska sverhnovyh, smogut prolit' svet na fiziku sverhnovyh Ibc, i na i' svyaz' s gamma-vspleskami i rentgenovskimi vspyshkami.


Vypusk 161. 09-19 iyunya 2007

miniobzor arxiv:0706.1086 Klassy i podklassy sverhnovyh (Supernova Classes and Subclasses)
Authors: M. Turatto, S. Benetti, A. Pastorello
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figure, review for "Supernova 1987A: 20 Years After: Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters" AIP, New York, eds. S. Immler, K.W. Weiler, and R. McCray

Klassifikaciya sverhnovyh vse bolee razmyvaetsya za schet otkrytiya ob'ektov, ne vlezayushih v prokrustovo lozhe malogo chisla chetko opredelennyh tipov. V korotkom obzore predstavleny osnovnye poslednie rezul'taty v etoi oblasti. Risunok 2 na sed'moi stranice stat'i daet predstavlenie ob osnovnyh tipah, vydelyaemyh seichas, i o vozmozhnyh svyazyah mezhdu nimi.

Sm. takzhe svezhii preprint arxiv:0706.1299, v kotorom daetsya kratkii obzor evolyucii tempov vspyshek sverhnovyh so vremenem.


Vypusk 160. 01-08 iyunya 2007

arxiv:0706.0500 Bolee glubokii poisk praroditelya sverhnovoi tipa Ic 2002ap (A deeper search for the progenitor of the Type Ic Supernova 2002ap)
Authors: R. M. Crockett, et al.
Comments: 20 pages, 11 figures (resolution of images reduced), 6 tables, submitted for publication in MNRAS

Izuchenie sverhnovyh vyshlo na novyi uroven', kogda stalo vozmozhnym iskat' zvezdy-praroditeli na arhivnyh snimkah. Pravda, primery, kogda praroditel' byl identificirovan, mozhno pereschitat' po pal'cam. V obsuzhdaemoi stat'e praroditel' ne naiden, no postavleny ochen' vazhnye verhnie predely, krome togo, rech' idet o sverhnovyh tipa Ic.

Verhnii predel govorit o tom, chto praroditelem mogla byt' tol'ko zvezda Vol'fa-Raie. Prichem, esli eto byla odinochnaya zvezda, to ona dolzhna byla by imet' ochen' bol'shoi temp poteri massy, bol'she standartnogo. Znachit, veroyatnee vsego, zvezda-praroditel' vhodila v dvoinuyu sistemu. Sootvetstvenno, mozhno posmotret' ne viden li seichas vtoroi komponent. Ne viden. Znachit, mozhno dat' ogranichenie na ego massu, esli eto normal'naya zvezda (razumeetsya, kompan'on mozhet byt' kompaktnym ob'ektom).
V obshem, na moi vzglyad, nablyudeniya nachinayut davat' ochen' vazhnye dlya modelei sverhnovyh dannye.


Vypusk 159. 22-31 maya 2007

arxiv:0705.4274 Superyarkie sverhnovye: net ugrozy ot Eta Kilya (Superluminous supernovae: No threat from Eta Carinae)
Authors: Brian C. Thomas et al.
Comments: 12 pages, 2 figures

Otkrytie v proshlom godu ochen' moshnoi sverhnovoi 2006gy vyzvalo u nekotoryh lyudei opaseniya: a chto esli gde-to u nas pod bokom rvanet? Nekotorye avtory polagayut, chto izvestnaya ochen' massivnaya zvezda Eta Kilya mozhet v budushem privesti k takomu moshnomu vzryvu. Potencial'nye posledstviya takogo sobytiya rassmotreny v stat'e.

Kak i ozhidalos', vse mogut spat' spokoino. dazhe esli v kakom-to dalekom (sotni tysyach let) budushem Eta Kilya i rvanet kak 2006gy, to zhizni na Zemle eto ne ugrozhaet.


Vypusk 158. 12-21 maya 2007

arxiv:0705.2713 Unikal'naya sverhnovaya 2005bf tipa Ib v nebulyarnoi faze: vozmozhnoe rozhdenie sil'no zamagnichennoi neitronnoi zvezdy (The Unique Type Ib Supernova 2005bf at Nebular Phases: A Possible Birth Event of A Strongly Magnetized Neutron Star)
Authors: K. Maeda et al.
Comments: 16 pages, 12 figures. Accepted by the Astrophysical Journal

Opisany dannye po neobychnoi sverhnovoi tipa Ib. Avtory predlagayut interpretaciyu, soglasno kotoroi imeet mesto dopolnitel'naya zakachka energii blagodarya rabote molodogo magnitara - bystro vrashayusheisya neitronnoi zvezdy s sil'nym magnitnym polem.


Vypusk 153. 20-31 marta 2007

astro-ph/0703597 Modelirovanie magnito-rotacionnogo kollapsa yadra v ramkah OTO s uchetom effektov mikrofiziki (General relativistic simulations of magneto-rotational core collapse with microphysics)
Authors: P. Cerd-Durn, J. A. Font, H. Dimmelmeier
Comments: 25 pages, 14 figures, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics on March 7, 2007

Predstavleny rezul'taty raschetov sverhnovoi dlya magnito-rotacionnogo mehanizma. Kak ya uzhe ne raz podcherkival, nakonec-to etot mehanizm stal aktivno issledovat'sya raznymi gruppami. Vse eto yasnyi primer togo, kak razvitie vychislitel'noi tehniki (imeetsya vvidu ne tol'ko "zhelezo", no i "soft") privodit k detalizacii modelei i rassmotreniyu bolee shirokogo spektra mehanizmov.


astro-ph/0703629 Kolichestvennoe sravnenie spektrov sverhnovyh tipa Ia na malyh i bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah (Quantitative comparison between Type Ia supernova spectra at low and high redshifts: A case study)
Authors: G. Garavini et al. (The Supernova Cosmology Project)
Comments: accepted for publication on A&A

Kak izvestno, uskorennoe rasshirenie vselennoi bylo otkryto v 1998 godu imenno po rezul'tatam nablyudenii sverhnovyh tipa Ia na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah. S drugoi storony izvestno, chto s samogo nachala voznikla diskussiya o tom, mozhno li schitat' sverhnovye na bol'shih z (pod bol'shimi imeyutsya vvidu znacheniya tipa 0.2-0.3 i vyshe) takimi zhe, kak sverhnovye "vokrug nas" (t.e. na z<0.1). V dannoi stat'e avtory provodyat kolichestvennoe issledovanie etogo voprosa.

Byla ispol'zovana vyborka iz 12 sverhnovyh na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah (primerno ot 0.2 do 0.9). Ih spektry sravnivali so spektrami blizkih sverhnovyh. Lish' odna iz 12 okazalas' "inoi". Vse ostal'nye dalekie sverhnovye vpolne pohozhe na svoih blizkih k nam rodstvennikov. T.o., kosmologicheskim rezul'tatam, poluchennym po sverhnovym tipa Ia, mozhno verit'.

Otmechu, chto uzhe neskol'ko let nazad rezul'taty po dinamike rasshireniya vselennoi byli nezavisimo polucheny (v polnom soglasii s rezul'tatami po sverhnovym) s pomosh'yu sovershenno nezavisimyh metodik. Tem ne menee, vazhno napryamuyu pokazyvat', chto sverhnovye tipa Ia mogut byt' ispol'zovany kak instrument dlya izucheniya vselennoi.

Sm. takzhe svezhuyu rabotu astro-ph/0703656, posvyashennuyu novym dannym po spektram sverhnovyh.


Vypusk 152. 10-19 marta 2007

astro-ph/0703317 Troinoe kol'co vokrug SN 1987A: otpechatok sliyaniya dvoinoi (The Triple-Ring Nebula around SN1987A: Fingerprint of a binary merger)
Authors: T. Morris, Ph. Podsiadlowski
Comments: 6 pages (including 7 pages of supplementary material), 2 figures (reduced in size), appeared in Science on 23rd February 2007. Science 315 (2007) 1103-1106

Avtory pokazyvayut s pomosh'yu trehmernogo modelirovaniya, chto sistema troinyh kolec vokrug SN1987A mogla poyavit'sya iz-za togo, chto praroditelem byla zvezda, obrazovavshayasya v rezul'tate sliyaniya komponent dvoinoi sistemy.

Animacii dostupny zdes' i zdes'.

Obsudit' v ZhZh-soobshestve ru_astroph.
Obsudit' na Astroforume v Nauchnoi panorame.


miniobzor astro-ph/0703411 Radionablyudeniya sverhnovyh (Radio Observations of Supernovae)
Authors: Nino Panagia, et al.
Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures. Invited talk at he Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins', Cefalu', 2006 June 11-24 (AIP Conf. Proc.), eds. L. Burderi et al.

Radionablyudeniya sushestvenno obogashayut nashe ponimanie vzryvov sverhnovyh i rannei evolyucii ostatka. Na segodnyashnii den' udalos' otnablyudat' bolee 2 desyatkov radiosverhnovyh. Chto konkretno dayut eti nablyudeniya opisyvaetsya v nebol'shom obzore.


Vypusk 150. 15-28 fevralya 2007

astro-ph/0702355 Skol'ko sverhnovyh na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah my propuskaem? (How many supernovae are we missing at high redshift?)
Authors: F. Mannucci, M. Della Valle, N. Panagia
Comments: 9 pages, MNRAS, in press

Iz-za togo, chto pyl' i gaz meshayut nablyudeniyam v opticheskom diapazone, dostatochno bol'shoe kolichestvo sverhnovyh okazyvaetsya skrytimi ot nas. Dazhe v nashei Galaktike my mozhem ne zametit' takoi moshnyi vzryv! Chto uzh govorit' o dalekih....

Avtory pokazyvayut, chto v blizkih galaktikah my mozhem propuskat' primerno 5-10 procentov sverhnovyh, svyazannyh s kollapsom yader massivnyh zvezd. S rostom krasnogo smesheniya eta dolya uvelichivaetsya, dohodya do dvuh tretei na z>2.


astro-ph/0702539 Modelirovanie magnitnoi sverhnovyh i gipernovyh v kontekste bystrogo vrasheniya (Simulations of Magnetically-Driven Supernova and Hypernova Explosions in the Context of Rapid Rotation)
Authors: Adam Burrows, Luc Dessart, Eli Livne, Christian D. Ott, Jeremiah Murphy
Comments: 26 pages, including 16 color figures; submitted to the Astrophysical Journal February 20, 2007;

Ideya mehanizma vzryva sverhnovoi, predlozhennogo primerno v 1970 g. G.S. Bisnovatym-Koganom, postepenno ovladevaet massami. Sut' sostoit v tom, chto bystroe vrashenie i voznikayushee magnitnoe pole igrayut klyuchevuyu rol' vo vzryve. Avtory predstavlyayut rezul'taty svoego dvumernogo modelirovaniya, kotoroe pokazyvaet, chto pri dostatochno bystrom vrashenii zvezdy-praroditelya voznikaet moshnyi dzhet, i energetiki hvataet dazhe dlya giperonovoi. T.o., tak mozhno ob'yasnyat' gamma-vspleski.


Vypusk 146. 01-21 dekabrya 2006

obzor astro-ph/0612072 Teoriya sverhnovyh s kollapsom yadra (Theory of Core-Collapse Supernovae)
Authors: H.-Th. Janka et al.
Comments: 49 pages, 20 figures; submitted to the Bethe Centennial Volume of Physics Reports

Obsuzhdaetsya mehanizm vzryva sverhnovyh, svyazannyh s poslednimi stadiyami evolyucii massivnyh zvezd - s kollapsom yadra. Avtory polagayut, chto vopros o vzryve zvezd s massami 8-10 solnechnyh mozhno schitat' kachestvenno reshennym. Reshenie potrebovalo ucheta trehmernyh effektov (i, sootvetstvenno, ochen' slozhnogo modelirovaniya). Klyuchevuyu rol' v mehanizme vzryva igraet neitrinnyi progrev.

Vzryvy bolee massivnyh zvezd poka ostayutsya zagadochnymi. Veroyatno, pishut avtory, trebuetsya uchet novyh effektov, naprimer, svyazannym s magnitnym polem i vrasheniem, ili zhe vazhny kakie-to ploho ponyatnye processy pri vysokoi plotnosti veshestva.


obzor astro-ph/0612144 Obrazovanie dvoinyh kompaktnyh ob'ektov (Formation of Double Compact Objects)
Authors: V. Kalogera et al.
Comments: 55 pages, 16 figures, to appear in the Bethe Centennial Volume of Physics Reports, eds. G. E. Brown, V. Kalogera, E.P.J. van den Heuvel

Bol'shoi obzor, posvyashennyi v osnovnom, obrazovaniyu dvoinyh neitronnyh zvezd. Odnako, krome nih, rassmatrivayutsya i sistemy s chernymi dyrami i belymi karlikami. Avtory chestno pishut, chto dayut svodku v osnovnom svoih rezul'tatov, tak chto o rabotah drugih grupp pishut dovol'no-taki mimohodom.

Napomnyu, chto vsya eta deyatel'nost' po povodu dvoinyh kompaktnyh ob'ektov vazhna, v pervuyu ochered', v svyazi s rabotoi detektorov gravitacionnyh voln. Takzhe, dvoinye kompaktyne ob'ekty interesny kak vozmozhnye istochniki korotkih gamma-vspleskov. Nu i prosto, dvoinye radiopul'sary - luchshaya laboratoriya po proverke mnogih interesnyh effektov, vklyuchaya OTO. Krome togo, ne nado zabyvat', chto obnaruzhenie sistemy pul'sar plyus chernaya dyra ne za gorami, i obnaruzhenie takogo "zverya" gotovit nam mnogo otkrytii chudnyh.


astro-ph/0612408 SN 2006gy: chrezvychaino moshnaya sverhnovaya v galaktike rannego tipa NGC 1260 (SN 2006gy: An extremely luminous supernova in the early-type galaxy NGC 1260)
Authors: E. O. Ofek et al.
Comments: 4 pages, ApJL, submitted

Sverhnovaya 2006gy byla otkryta 18 sentyabrya etogo goda ustanovkoi ROTSE-IIIb, prednaznachennoi dlya poiska opticheskih proyavlenii gamma-vspleskov. Iznachal'no dazhe ne bylo uverennosti v tom, chto nablyudaetsya imenno sverhnovaya: byl zapodozren vsplesk, svyazannyi s aktivnost' galakticheskogo yadra. Potom, odnako, stalo yasno, chto vse-taki eto imenno sverhnovaya, prichem dostatochno redkogo tipa IIn/Ia. Ot centra galaktiki vspyshku otdelyaet okolo 300-400 parsek.

Vozmozhno, eto samaya moshnaya (v opticheskom diapazone) iz vseh nablyudavshihsya sverhnovyh. Ee absolyutnaya velichina v maksimume sostavila -22.2 (svetimost' v maksimume byla pochti 10 v 45 stepeni erg v sekundu, eto pochti million millionov solnechnyh). Za pervye dva mesyaca bylo izlucheno bolee 10 v 51 stepeni erg (rech' idet imenno ob elektromagnitnom izluchenii, a ne o mehanicheskoi energii ili neitrino). Ob'yasnit' eto neprosto, osobenno uchityvaya, chto sverhnovaya poyavilas' v linzovidnoi galaktike (tip S0), gde temp zvezdoobrazovaniya dolzhen byt' nevysok (vse ranee nablyudavshiesya sverhnovye etogo tipa, byli svyazany s oblastyami zvezdoobrazovaniya). Hotya, detal'nye nablyudeniya pokazali nalichie polosy pyli v tom raione, gde vspyhnula sverhnovaya. T.o., nedavnee zvezdoobrazovanie moglo imet' mesto i tam.

Obsudit' v ZhZh-soobshestve ru_astroph.
Obsudit' na Astroforume v Nauchnoi panorame.


obzor astro-ph/0612460 Mnogomernye issledovaniya v teorii sverhnovyh (Multi-Dimensional Explorations in Supernova Theory)
Authors: Adam Burrows, Luc Dessart, Christian D. Ott, Eli Livne
Comments: To be published in the "Centennial Festschrift for Hans Bethe," Physics Reports (Elsevier: Holland), ed. G.E. Brown, E. van den Heuvel, and V. Kalogera, 2006

Snova bol'shoi obzor iz sbornika, posvyashennogo Bete, i snova pro sverhnovye. Pod mnogomernost'yu ponimayutsya dvuh- i trehmernye chislennye modeli vzryva. V osnovnom, avtory obsuzhdayut svoi rezul'taty.


Vypusk 145. 11-30 noyabrya 2006

obzor astro-ph/0611337 Radiosverhnovye (Radio Supernovae)
Authors: R. J. Beswick
Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures, to appear in the proceedings of ``The 8th European VLBI Network Symposium on New Developments in VLBI Science and Technology', ed. A. Marecki et al., held in Torun, Poland, on September 26-29, 2006 (Invited Review).

Daetsya obzor nablyudenii sverhnovyh v radiodiapazone. Nekotorye naibolee interesnye ili luchshe vsego issledovannye sobytiya razbirayutsya bolee detal'no.


astro-ph/0611680 Raskrutka pul'sarov iz-za neustoichivosti v akkrecionnoi udarnoi volne sverhnovoi (Pulsar spins from an instability in the accretion shock of supernovae)
Authors: John M. Blondin, Anthony Mezzacappa
Comments: To be published in Nature

Opisany rezul'taty chislennogo modelirovaniya vzryva sverhnovoi i ego posledstvii, kotorye, vozmozhno, pozvolyayut prolit' svet na to, kak raskruchivayutsya novorozhdennye neitronnye zvezdy.

Sm. takzhe astro-ph/0611698.


astro-ph/0611919 Predvaritel'nye rezul'taty SSSR (Preliminary Results from the Caltech Core-Collapse Project (CCCP))
Authors: Avishay Gal-Yam et al.
Comments: To appear in the proceedings of the meeting "The Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins", Cefalu, Italy, June 2006, to be published by AIP, Eds. L. Burderi et al

Predstavleny predvaritel'nye rezul'taty mnogocvetnyh nablyudenii bol'shogo kolichestva sverhnovyh, svyazannyh s kollapsov yader massivnyh zvezd. Blagodarya odnorodnosti vyborki, mozhno detal'no issledovat' razlichnye podtipy sverhnovyh, sravnivaya ih chastotu poyavleniya i t.p.

Sm. takzhe astro-ph/0611920, gde rech' idet o sverhnovyh tipa Ia.


Vypusk 143. 18-31 oktyabrya 2006

astro-ph/0610840 Magnitovrashatel'nyi kollaps massivnyh zvezdnyh yader v neitronnye zvezdy: modelirovanie s uchetom effektov OTO (Magnetorotational collapse of massive stellar cores to neutron stars: Simulations in full general relativity)
Authors: Masaru Shibata, Yuk Tung Liu, Stuart L. Shapiro, Branson C. Stephens
Comments: 28 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D

Porazitel'no vse-taki slozhnaya shtuka - vzryv sverhnovoi!

Vot ocherednoi raschet. V nem avtory pytayutsya uchest' rol' magnitnyh polei. Rezul'taty sravnivayutsya s drugimi modelyami i podhodami.


Vypusk 141. 15-30 sentyabrya 2006

miniobzor astro-ph/0609631 O mehanizme sverhnovyh tipa Ia (On the Mechanism of Type Ia Supernovae)
Authors: F. K. Roepke et al.
Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the 13th General Meeting of the European Physical Society, Bern 11-15 July 2005

Nebol'shoi obzor posvyashen kak teorii, tak i nablyudeniyam sverhnovyh tipa Ia. Osnovnoi temoi yavlyayutsya chislennye raschety vzryvov i ih sravnenie s nablyudeniyami.

Stat'ya napisano ochen' yasno i posledovatel'no. Nesmotrya na opisanie teorii formul prakticheski net. Uchityvaya vazhnost' sverhnovyh tipa Ia dlya sovremennoi astrofiziki i kosmologii, vsem sovetuyu hotya by prosmotret' obzor.


astro-ph/0609742 Goryachii subkarlik + belyi karlik KPD 1930+2752: kandidat v praroditeli sverhnovyh tipa Ia (The hot subdwarf B + white dwarf binary KPD 1930+2752 - a Supernova Type Ia progenitor candidate)
Authors: S. Geier et al.
Comments: 10 pager, 11 figures, Astronomy & Astrophysics accepted

Sobstvenno, stat'ya privlekla moe vnimanie potomu, chto obsuzhdaemaya sistema schitaetsya odnim iz luchshih (na segodnyashnii den') kandidatov v budushie sverhnovye tipa Ia. Odnako takoi vyvod nuzhdaetsya v detal'nom nablyudatel'nom podtverzhdenii. Dlya etogo nado pokazat', chto, vo-pervyh, sistema sostoit iz "nuzhnyh" zvezd, a vo-vtoryh, chto ih summarnaya massa prevoshodit chandrasekarovskii predel.

Avtory pokazali, chto priroda kompan'onov udovletvoryaet trebovaniyam, pred'yavlyaemym k praroditelyam sverhnovyh Ia. S summarnoi massoi vse slozhnee. Delo v tom, chto ona okazalas' ochen' blizka k kriticheskoi. No vot s kakoi storony? Avtory polagayut bolee veroyatnym, chto massa vse-taki prevoshodit chandrasekarovskuyu. I, t.o., KPD 1930+2752 v samom dele yavlyaetsya edva li ne luchshim kandidatom v budushie sverhnovye.


Vypusk 140. 01-15 sentyabrya 2006

obzor astro-ph/0609142 Svyaz' mezhdu sverhnovymi i gamma-vspleskami (The Supernova -- Gamma-Ray Burst Connection)
Authors: S. E. Woosley, J. S. Bloom
Comments: Published in the Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics (Sept 2006). 54 pages, 11 figures (this is the pre-copyedited version, submitted 22 Feb 2006; published online as a Review in Advance on 16 June 2006)

V sovremennoi nauke o gamma-vspleskah dostatochno standartnoi yavlyaetsya gipoteza o svyazi gamma-vspleskov so sverhnovymi. Gipoteza eta imeet nekotoruyu nablyudatel'nuyu podderzhku, odnako est' u nee i trudnosti. Vo-pervyh, yasno, chto ne vse gamma-vspleski (i dazhe ne vse dlinnye) svyazany so sverhnovymi. Vo-vtoryh, neponyatno, verno li my otozhdestvlyaem nablyudaemye v optike fenomeny kak "sverhnovye". Podrobnee obo vsem eto mozhno prochest' v obzore.


obzor astro-ph/0609208 Sverhnovye s obrazovaniem par: teoriya i nablyudeniya (Pair-Production Supernovae: Theory and Observation)
Authors: Evan Scannapieco
Comments: 20 pages, 8 figures, presented at the 2006 STScI May Symposium, Massive Stars: From Pop III and GRBs to the Milky Way

Davlenie v nedrah ochen' massivnyh zvezd obespechivaetsya davleniem izlucheniya. Chem vyshe massa zvezdy, tem vyshe temperatura v centre. V yadrah svetil s massoi okolo 200 solnechnyh mogut vozniknut' usloviya, kogda fotony nachnut rozhdat' elektron-pizotronnye pary. Eto privedet k umen'sheniyu davleniya. Nachnetsya kollaps. Imenno tak i ustroeny sverhnovye s rozhdeniem par.

Stol' massivnye zvezdy ne obrazuyutsya v nashe vremya, kogda metallichnost' mezhzvezdnogo gaza vysoka. Oni mogli poyavlyat'sya tol'ko v dostatochno molodoi Vselennoi. Kraine interesno ponyat', proishodili li togda vzryvy za schet rozhdeniya par.

Avtory dayut obzor po sverhnovyh s rozhdeniem par, i rassmatrivayut vopros ob ih detektiruemosti na planiruemom JWST (t.e. na Vebbovskom kosmicheskom teleskope).


Vypusk 135. 22 aprelya - 31 maya 2006

astro-ph/0604570 VLBI izobrazheniya 49 radiosverhnovyh v Arp 220 (VLBI Images of 49 Radio Supernovae in Arp 220)
Authors: Colin J. Lonsdale et al.
Comments: 24 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in Ap.J

Arp 220 - odna iz t.n. "fabrik sverhnovyh". Eto galaktika s moshneishim zvezdoobrazovaniem. Avtory privodyat dannye radionablyudenii pochti 5 desyatkov radiosverhnovyh. Poluchennye rezul'taty svidetel'stvuyut o tempe vspyshek v yadre (!) Arp 220 ravnom 4 sverhnovye v god.


Vypusk 134. 12-21 aprelya 2006

astro-ph/0604389 Relyativistskii vybros v XRF 060218 i polnaya perepis' kosmicheskih vzryv (Relativistic ejecta from XRF 060218 and the complete census of cosmic explosions)
Authors: A. M. Soderberg et al.
Comments: Submitted to Nature (13 pages, 3 figures)

Kak izvestno, krome korotkih i dlinnyh gamma-vspleskov est' eshe i t.n. rentgenovskie vspyshka (X-ray flashes - XRF). Aktivno obsuzhdaetsya vozmozhnaya svyaz' vseh etih vzryvov so sverhnovymi i drug s drugom. Zamechu, chto i sverhnovye byvayut raznye (osobenno, esli rech' idet prosto o sobytiyah, klassificirovannyh kak sverhnovye).

V eto stat'e avtory predstavlyayut analiz dannyh nablyudenii odnoi iz blizhaishih vspyshek - XRF 060218 (ona takzhe sovpadaet so sverhnovoi 2006aj). Nalichie, krome rentgenovskih, radionablyudenii pozvolyaet opredelit' polnuyu energiyu vspyshki.

Analiz pozvolyaet avtoram utverzhdat', chto buduchi v 100 raz menee energichinymi, v sravnenii s tipichnymi dlinnymi gamma-vspleskami, takie vspyshki proishodyat v 10 raz chashe. Ot sverhnovyh tipa Ibc takie vspyshki otlichayutsya nalichiem ne ochen' moshnogo (opyat' zhe, v sravnenii s gamma-vspleskami) relyativistskogo vybrosa.

V itoge avory polagayut, chto
1. Gamma-vspleski i rentgenovskie vspyshki otlichayutsya ot sverhnovyh nalichiem relyativistskogo vybrosa.
2. Rentgenovskie vspyshki otlichayutsya ot gamma-vspleskov "central'noi mashinoi", zapuskayushei vybros.


Vypusk 133. 01-11 aprelya 2006

miniobzor astro-ph/0604110 Svyaz' mezhdu gamma-vspleskami i sverhnovymi: nablyudeniyai voprosy (Supernova and GRB connection: Observations and Questions)
Authors: Massimo Della Valle
Comments: Invited review talk to appear in proceedings of the 16th Annual October Astrophysics Conference in Maryland, "Gamma Ray Bursts in the Swift Era", eds. S. Holt, N. Gehrels and J. Nousek; 13 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables

Kak izvestno, seichas dostatochno populyarna ideya svyazi gamma-vspleskov so sverhnovymi. Zdes', odnako, est' mnogo nereshennyh voprosov. Gamma-vspleski associiruyutsya s ochen' raznymi opticheskimi tranzientami. S drugoi storony, detal'nye issledovaniya v radiodiapazone 74 sverhnovyh tipa Ib/c (s kotorymi v osnovnom i svyazyvayut gamma-vspleski) ne pokazali nalichiya izlucheniya, kotoroe dolzhno bylo by voznikat', esli eti sverhnovye soprovozhdayutsya fenomenom gamma-vspleska (sam vsplesk mog byt' nevidim dlya nas, esli relyativistskaya struya ne napravlena v nashu storonu). Tak chto voprosov mnogo, no mnogo i nablyudatel'nyh dannyh.

Vsya eta yarkaya i ne ochen' ponyatnaya kartina summirovana v obzore. Na moi vzglyad, stat'ya sozdaet chut' bolee optimistichnuyu kartinu svyazi dvuh yavlenii, chem sledovalo by. Vse-taki poka voprosy dominiruyut...

Eshe odin vazhnyi obzor na etu zhe temu astro-ph/0604131.


Vypusk 132. 22-31 marta 2006

astro-ph/0603647 Postoyannaya Habbla: itog programmy na Kosmicheskom teleskope po kalibrovke svetimosti sverhnovyh tipa Ia po cefeidam (The Hubble Constant: A Summary of the HST Program for the Luminosity Calibration of Type Ia Supernovae by Means of Cepheids)
Authors: A. Sandage et al.
Comments: 52 pages, 9 figures, 8 tables, submitted to the Astrophysical Journal

Podvoditsya itog 15-tiletnei programmy po utochneniyu postoyannoi Habbla. Osnova raboty - utochnenie svetimosti sverhnovyh tipa Ia na osnove dannyh po cefeidam. T.e., po cefeidam ocenivaetsya rasstoyanie do galaktiki, v kotoroi vidna sverhnovaya. Eto pozvolyaet opredelit' svetimost' sverhnovoi. Zatem rasstoyaniya do dalekih galaktik s izvestnym krasnym smesheniem (v kotoryh cefeidy uzhe ne vidny iz-za bol'shogo rasstoyaniya) opredelyaetsya po nablyudaemym v nih sverhnovym tipa Ia.

Sobstvenno, teleskom im. Habbla byl nuzhen kak raz dlya izucheniya cefeid v otnositel'no blizkih galaktikah, v kotoryh byli zaregistrirovany vspyshki sverhnovyh etogo tipa. Napomnyu, chto takie sverhnovye ispol'zuyut v kachestve t.n. "standartnoi svechi". Imenno po nim vpervye byli polucheny rezul'taty, pozvolyayushie govorit' ob uskorenii rasshireniya vselennoi.

Itog raboty takov: postoyannaya Habbla ravna 62.3 km/s/Mpk +/- 5 km/s/Mpk (sistematicheskaya oshibka) +/- 1.3 km/s/Mpk ("sluchainaya" oshibka, svyazannaya s konechnoi statistikoi). Nekotorye izmeneniya vozmozhny, esli budut akkuratno uchteny effekty, svyazannye s mezhgalakticheskoi pyl'yu. Odnako, oni ne mogut prevoshodit' primerno 20 procentov.

Vazhno, chto rezul'taty, poluchennye raznymi gruppami (zachastuyu "ne druzhashimi" drug s drugom) kachestvenno shodyatsya. Napomnyu, chto nedavnii rezul'tat gruppy WMAP sostavlyaet 73+/- 3 km/s/Mpk. S uchetom raznyh podhodov rezul'taty soglasuyutsya drug s drugom. T.e. znachenie poryadka 68-70 km/s/Mpk ustraivaet vseh.


Vypusk 130. 01-13 marta 2006

astro-ph/0603025 Sverhnovaya 2002kg tipa IIn: Vspyshka yarkoi goluboi peremennoi v NGC 2403 (The Type IIn Supernova 2002kg: The Outburst of a Luminous Blue Variable Star in NGC 2403)
Authors: Schuyler D. Van Dyk et al.
Comments: 22 pages, 15 figures, submitted to PASP

S chem mozhno pereputat' vzryv sverhnovoi? Avtory polagayut, chto neobychnaya sverhnovaya, nablyudavshayasya v 2002 godu, est' ni chto inoe, kak vspyshka yarkoi goluboi peremennoi ( Luminous Blue Variable, nekotorye kartinki, svyazannye s etimi massivnymi zvezdami, mozhno posmotret' zdes'). Takie sobytiya uzhe nablyudalis'. Naprimer, izvestny moshneishie vspyshki Eta Kilya.

Avtory polagayut, chto burnaya zhizn' massivnyh predsverhnovyh soprovozhdaetsya bol'shim kolichestvom takih vspyshek, i chto mnogie sobytiya, ranee klassificirovannye kak sverhnovye, na samom dele yavlyayutsya rezul'tatom ne smerti, a agonii massivnyh zvezd.

Eshe odna stat'ya, posvyashennaya toi zhe tematike, poyavilas' dnem pozzhe: astro-ph/0603056.


Vypusk 125. 18-20 yanvarya 2006

astro-ph/0601451 Otkrytie 35 novyh ostatkov sverhnovyh v central'noi chasti Galaktiki (Discovery of 35 New Supernova Remnants in the Inner Galaxy)
Authors: C. L. Brogan, J. D. Gelfand, B. M. Gaensler, N. E. Kassim, T. J. Lazio
Comments: 5 pages; Accepted to ApJL

Po dannym obzora galakticheskoi ploskosti na VLA otkryto 35 novyh ostatkov sverhnovyh. Vse oni lezhat na galakticheskoi dolgote ot 4.5 do 22 gradusov, a po shirote v poyase +/-1.25 gradusov.



Vypusk 121. 01-10 dekabrya 2005

astro-ph/0512033 Vozdeistvie "neitrinnogo udara" na vzryvy sverhnovyh (Effects of neutrino-driven kicks on the supernova explosion mechanism)
Authors: Chris L. Fryer, Alexander Kusenko
Comments: 22 pages including 8 figures, submitted to ApJ, version with high resolution figures can be found at this http URL

Kak izvestno, pri svoem rozhdenii vo vzryvah sverhnovyh neitronnye zvezdy poluchayut "tychki" (udary, tolchki, kiki - kicks). Prichin dlya etogo mozhet byt' neskol'ko, naprimer - nesimmetrichnoe izluchenie neitrino. Avtory rassmotreli, kak takie "neitrinnye udary" mogut povliyat' na dinamiku vzryva. Pokazano, chto vklad neitrino pomogaet ustroit' nastoyashii vzryv s vybrosom. Konechno, eto eshe ne znachit, chto osnovnye problemy mehanizma vzryva sverhnovyh resheny ...


Vypusk 119. 29 oktyabrya - 11 noyabrya 2005

astro-ph/0511142 Kollaps gipermassivnoi zamagnichennoi neitronnoi zvezdy: central'naya mashina dlya korotkih gamma-vspleskov (Magnetized hypermassive neutron star collapse: a central engine for short gamma-ray bursts)
Authors: Masaru Shibata et al.
Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Letter

V proshlom vypuske ya uzhe pisal o pervoi rabote etoi gruppy avtorov. Imi rassmatrivaetsya kollaps bystrovrashayusheisya massivnoi zamagnichennoi neitronno zvezdy, obrazovavsheisya v reuzl'tate sliyaniya dvuh neitronnyh zvezd. V predydushei stat'e avtorami lish' kratko byla otmechena vozmozhnost' generacii korotkogo gamma-vspleska pri takom kollapse. V etoi zhe stat'e modelirovanie vspelska yavlyaetsya osnovnoi temoi.


astro-ph/0511173 Magnitorotacionnyi vzryv sverhnovyh (Core collapse supernovae. Magnetorotational explosion)
Authors: G.S.Bisnovatyi-Kogan, S.G.Moiseenko, N.V.Ardeljan
Comments: 23 pages, 48 figures, Proc. of the workshop "Gravity, Astrophysics and Strings at the Black Sea" June 13-20, 2005, Bulgaria

Ocherednaya stat'ya izvestnoi rossiiskoi gruppy, razrabatyvayushei model' magnitorotacionnogo vzryva sverhnovoi. Poskol'ku model' postoyanno razvivaetsya, sovershenstvuetsya, to novye stat'i soderzhat novye detali. Rekomenduetsya k prochteniyu vsem, kogo interesuet, kak vzryvayutsya massivnye zvezdy (rech' idet tol'ko o takih sverhnovyh, t.e. ne o tipe Ia).


Vypusk 118. 17-28 oktyabrya 2005

astro-ph/0510687 Novyi mehanizm vzryvov sverhnovyh (A New Mechanism for Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions)
Authors: Adam Burrows et al.
Comments: 19 pages, including nine figures (in emulateapj format), submitted to the Astrophysical Journal

Za nedostatkom vremeni ne budem podrobno razbirat' stat'yu. Otmetim tol'ko, chto rech' idet o roli akusticheskih voln v sbrose obolochki. Avtory pokazyvayut, chto posle stadii otskoka (bounce) akkreciruyushaya neitronnaya zvezda (chast' veshestva vsegda vypadaet obratno) yavlyaetsya samovozbuzhdayushimsya oscillyatorom. Generiruemoi energii hvataet dlya vzryva. Vydelenie energii asimmetrichno.


Vypusk 117. 01-17 oktyabrya 2005

astro-ph/0510315 Dve populyacii praroditelei sverhnovyh tipa Ia (Two populations of progenitors for type Ia SNe)
Authors: F. Mannucci, M. Della Valle, N. Panagia
Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, MNRAS, revised version after referee's comments

Avtory pokazyvayut, chto sverhnovye tipa Ia raspadayutsya na dva klassa. Dlya odnogo iz nih vzryv proishodit spustya primerno 0.1 milliarda let posle obrazovaniya zvezdy, a dlya vtorogo eto vremya sostavlyaet uzhe milliardy let (v srednem poryadka treh).


Vypusk 112. 22-31 iyulya 2005

astro-ph/0507593 Kollaps yader ochen' massivnyh zvezd (Core-Collapse Very Massive Stars: Evolution, Explosion, and Nucleosynthesis of Population III 500 -- 1000 $M_{\odot}$ Stars)
Authors: T. Ohkubo et al.
Comments: 46 pages, 45 figure files

Dany rezul'taty raschetov kollapsa massivnyh zvezd populyacii III. Eto ob'ekty s massoi do 1000 mass Solnca, prakticheski lishennye tyazhelyh elementov. Pokazano, chto samye massivnye iz nih mogut davat' chernye dyry s massami poryadka 500 solnechnyh.


astro-ph/0507651 Gamma-luchi ot odnostoronnih vzryvov sverhnovyh (Gamma-Rays from Single Lobe Supernova Explosions)
Authors: A. L. Hungerford, C. L. Fryer, G. M. Rockefeller
Comments: 39 pages, 18 figures, submitted to ApJ Version with high resolution figures can be found at this http URL

Poslednie raschety vzryvov sverhnovyh, provodimye razlichnymi gruppami, ukazyvayut na sushestvennuyu stepen' asimmetrii. V dannoi rabote avtory rassmatrivayut posledstviya takoi asimmetrii, fokusiruyas' na svoistvah gamma-izlucheniya, voznikayushego v rezul'tate "odnostoronnih" vzryvov. Rech' idet ne ob izluchenii, voznikayushem pryamo v moment vspyshki. V rezul'tate asimmetrichnogo vzryva proishodit odnostoronnii vybros veshestva, kotoroe vposledstvii budet porozhdat' gamma-luchi. Sootvetstvenno, rassmatrivayutsya svoistva ostatkov SR1987A i Cas A.


Vypusk 111. 01-21 iyulya 2005

astro-ph/0507147 Pozdnie radionablyudeniya 74 sverhnovyh tipa Ibc: sil'nye ogranicheniya na vneosevye gamma-vspleski (Late-time Radio Observations of 74 Type Ibc Supernovae: Strong Constraints on Off-Axis Gamma-ray Bursts)
Authors: A. M. Soderberg, E. Nakar, S. R. Kulkarni
Comments: Submitted to ApJ (13 pages, 3 figures)

Predstavleny rezul'taty radionablyudenii 74 sverhnovyh tipa Ibc, kotorye, kak schitaetsya, mogut svyazany s gamma-vspleskami. Populyarnaya gipoteza glasit, chto dlinnye (dlinnee neskol'kih sekund) gamma-vspleski svyazany so sverhnovymi. Vzryvayushiesya zvezdy uzhe ne imeyut vodorodnyh obolochek. V rezul'tate kollapsa obrazuetsya chernaya dyra. Vokrug chernoi dyry formiruetsya toroobraznaya struktura. Bystrovrashayushiisya tor privodit k vozniknoveniyu gamma-vspleska. Vsplesk sil'no kollimirovan (t.e. izluchenie idet v uzkom konuse). Esli vse eto tak, to dazhe v sluchae, kogda dzhet napravlen ne na nas, mozhno ozhidat' registracii radioizlucheniya. Ni v odnom iz 74 issledovanyh sluchae takoe izluchenie ne bylo obnaruzheno. Eto pozvolyaet sdelat' ochen' sil'nye ogranicheniya na model'. V chastnosti, menee 1.4 procenta sverhnovyh dannogo tipa mogut byt' svyazany s gamma-vspleskami.

Esli zhe vydelit' t.n. "gipernovye" (ih vydelyayut po shirokim opticheskim absorbcionnym liniyam; sredi 74 issledovannyh sverhnovyh takih 6), to verhnii predel na dolyu gamma-vspleskov sredi nih sostavit 17 procentov. Znachit, esli gamma-vspleski v samom dele svyazany so sverhnovymi etogo tipa (a mnogie issledovateli osparivayut takuyu tochku zreniya), to nado kak-to ob'yasnyat', chto vydelyaet te, chto dayut gamma-vsplesk. Naprimer, eto mozhet byt' vrashenie (v modeli kollapsara nuzhen vysokii udel'nyi uglovoi moment, chtoby sozdat' bystrovrashayushiisya tor vokrug chernoi dyry). Togda nuzhno issledovat' kanaly evolyucii dvoinyh (sm., naprimer, astro-ph/0505406), kotorye privodyat k raskrutke praroditelei sverhnovyh.


astro-ph/0507394 Identifikaciya krasnogo giganta, porodivshego sverhnovuyu 2005cs (Identification of the Red Supergiant Progenitor of Supernova 2005cs: Do the Progenitors of Type II-P Supernovae Have Low Mass?)
Authors: Weidong Li et al.
Comments: Submitted to ApJ

Udalos' opredelit' kakaya zvezda porodila sverhnovuyu v M51. Okazalos', chto eto krasnyi sverhgigant. Ocenka massy daet znachenie poryadka 7-9 mass Solnca (pered vzryvom). Eto ukazyvaet na to, chto sverhnovye tipa II s plato na krivoi bleska porozhdayutsya otnositel'no malomassivnymi zvezdami.


Vypusk 110. 15-30 iyunya 2005

astro-ph/0506376 Ostatki mezhgalakticheskih sverhnovyh (The Remnants of Intergalactic Supernovae)
Authors: Dan Maoz, Eli Waxman, Abraham Loeb
Comments: ApJ, submitted, post-referee version, 8 pages

Nedavno byli otkryty sverhnovye tipa Ia, proishodyashie v mezhgalakticheskom prostranstve. Avtory zadayutsya voprosom: "Kak dolzhny vyglyadet' ostatki takih sverhnovyh i kak mozhno ih pronablyudat'?" Otvet na vopros o detektiruemosti sil'no zavisit ot togo, sohranilas' li vokrug vzryvayusheisya zvezdy kakoe-to veshestvo. Esli veshestvo sohranilos', to situaciya ne sushestvenno budet otlichat'sya ot sluchaya obychnyh vspyshek v galaktike. Odnako problema sohraneniya okolozvezdnoi materii issledovana ploho, i avtory polagayut, chto kak raz poisk ostatkov mozhet prolit' svet etu problemu. S drugoi storony, vne zavisimosti ot nalichiya veshestva poryadka 10 staryh ostatkov na kvadratnyi gradus mozhet byt' obnaruzheno v radiodiapazone v skoplenii galaktik v Deve.


Vypusk 108. 20-31 maya 2005

astro-ph/0505428 Nekotoraya statistika galakticheskih ostatkov sverhnovyh (Some statistics of Galactic SNRs)
Authors: D. A. Green
Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures; proceedings of a workshop on Stellar End Product, to appear in MmSAI (expected to be 2006, volume 77, number 1)

Katalog Grina - osnovnoi "spisok" galakticheskih ostatkov sverhnovyh. Razumeetsya, na osnove etogo kataloga raznymi avtorami provoditsya mnozhestvo statisticheskih issledovanii. V chastnosti, uchenye pytayutsya ponyat', kak mozhno po nablyudaemym svoistvam ostatka ocenit' rasstoyanie do nego (eto ser'eznaya problema, t.k. pryamyh metodov opredeleniya rasstoyanii do ostatkov nemnogo). V dannoi stat'e sam Grin demonstriruet nalichie nekotoryh effektov selekcii, kotorye neobhodimo uchityvat' pri rabote s dannymi po ostatkam sverhnovyh.


dissertaciya astro-ph/0505604 Temp i praroditeli sverhnovyh Ia (Rates and Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae)
Authors: William Michael Wood-Vasey
Comments: Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Physics, UC Berkeley, 2004. You may find a nice version with full-resolution figures at either supernova.lbl.gov/~wwoodvas/Papers or www.cfa.harvard.edu/~wmwood-vasey/Papers

O znachimosti dlya vsego progresivnogo chelovechestva sverhnovyh tipa Ia govorit' mnogo uzhe ne nuzhno - poskol'ku oni yavlyayutsya standartnymi svechami, to ih aktivno ispol'zuyut dlya opredeleniya rasstoyanii na kosmologicheskih masshtabah. V dissertacii podrobno izuchaetsya temp etih sverhnovyh, a takzhe rassmatrivaetsya vopros o tom, kakie ob'ekty eti sverhnovye porozhdayut. Kak vsegda sovetuyu vvodnuyu chast' dissertacii v kachestve horoshego obzora.


Vypusk 107. 11-19 maya 2005

astro-ph/0505370 "Fabrika sverhnovyh" v Mrk 273? (A Supernova Factory in Mrk 273?)
Authors: M. Bondi et al.
Comments: Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Main Journal. 6 pages, 3 figures

Sredi galaktik s burnym zvezdoobrazovaniem inogda vydelyayut t.n. "fabriki sverhnovyh". V etih ob'ektah temp vspyshek ochen' velik (odna sverhnovaya v god i dazhe bol'she). Sredi otnositel'no blizkih galaktik (rasstoyanie poryadka 40 Mpk) k etomu tipu mozhno otnesti Arp 299 i NGC 3256. Takie sistemy predstavlyayut bol'shoi interes ne tol'ko dlya astronomov, izuchayushih sobstvenno galaktiki i zvezdoobrazovanie. Vysokii temp sverhnovyh oznachaet i vysokii temp rozhdeniya neitronnyh zvezd i chernyh dyr, a takzhe vysokii temp generacii kosmicheskih luchei. T.o. i dlya vysokih energii "fabriki sverhnovyh" predstavlyayut bol'shoi interes.

Mrk 273 nahoditsya na rasstoyanii 150 Mpk (z=0.0378). Avtory proveli detal'nye radionablyudeniya etoi galaktiki. Oni vyyavili struktury, kotorye svidetel'stvuyut o tom, chto i etot ob'ekt mozhno otnesti k "fabrikam sverhnovyh". Temp ocenivaetsya v 1.5 vspyshek v god. Temp zvezdoobrazovaniya poryadka 39 mass solnca v god, i dlitsya takaya aktivnost' neskol'ko desyatkov millionov let.


Vypusk 105. 21-30 aprelya 2005

obzor astro-ph/0504517 Sverhnovye prolivayut svet na gamma-vspleski (Supernovae Shedding Light on Gamma-Ray Bursts)
Authors: M. Della Valle
Comments: 20 pages, 13 figures, invited review at the 4th Workshop Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era, Rome,18-22 October 2004. Editors: L. Piro, L. Amati, S. Covino, and B. Gendre. Il Nuovo Cimento

Obnaruzheno, chto nekotorye gamma-vspleski soprovozhdayutsya vspyshkami, pohozhimi na sverhnovye. Eti sverhnovye otlichayutsya ot bol'shinstva drugih, no pri etom sami ne sostavlyayut kakogo-to odnorodnogo klassa.

V stat'e daetsya podrobnyi obzor nablyudatel'nogo materiala po svyazi kosmicheskih gamma-vspleskov so sverhnovymi.


astro-ph/0504668 Klassifikaciya materinskih galaktik sverhnovyh (Classifications of the Host Galaxies of Supernovae, Set III)
Authors: Sidney van den Bergh et al.
Comments: Accepted for publishing in PASP

Izuchena statistika poyavleniya sverhnovyh razlichnyh tipov v raznyh galaktikah. Vyborka sostavlyaet 604 sverhnovye. Otmetim odnu osobennost'. Sverhnovye tipa Ia mozhno razdelit' na dva tipa, tipichnymi predstavitelyami kotoryh yavlyayutsya SN 1991bg i SN 1991T. Tak vot pervyi tip v osnovnom nablyudaetsya v E i E/Sa galaktikah, a vtoroi - v galaktikah promezhutochnyh tipov.


Vypusk 103. 01-10 aprelya 2005

astro-ph/0504175 Kakie zvezdy porozhdayut gamma-vspleski? (Which Massive stars are Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitors?)
Authors: Jelena Petrovic et al.
Comments: 40 pages

V nastoyashee vremya naibolee populyarnaya teoriya t.n. "dlinnyh" gamma-vspleskov (napomnim, chto gamma-vspleski chetko delyatsya na dlinnye - bolee 10 sekund - i korotkie - poryadka sekundy i men'she) osnovyvaetsya na kollapse massivnoi zvezdy. Zvezda, po vsei vidimosti, prevrashaetsya v chernuyu dyru, vokrug kotoroi formiruetsya tor (aka bublik). Obrazuyutsya dzhety. V itoge, esli nam povezlo i dzhet napravlen na nas, my vidim gamma-vsplesk. Vstaet vopros: kakie zvezdy v konce svoego zhiznennogo puti porozhdayut vse eti interesneishie posledstviya?

Dlya generacii gamma-vspleska neobhodimo, chtoby pered vzryvom yadro zvezdy dostatochno bystro vrashalos'. Rezul'taty raboty pokazyvayut, chto v bez ucheta vliyaniya magnitnogo polya neobhodimyi temp vrasheniya mozhet byt' dostignut. A vot prisutstvie polya vse portit.

Avtory issleduyut evolyuciyu odinochnyh zvezd i zvezd, vhodyashih v dvoinye sistemy. Tam est' mnogo nereshennyh problem, poetomu avtory ne prihodyat k kakomu-libo odnoznachnomu vyvodu. Tak chto "mnogoe sdelano, no mnogoe eshe predstoit ..."


Vypusk 102. 21-31 marta 2005

astro-ph/0503526 Novye issledovaniya pul'sarnoi tumannosti v ostatke sverhnovoi CTB 80 (New Studies of the Pulsar Wind Nebula in the Supernova Remnant CTB 80)
Authors: T.A. Lozinskaya et al.
Comments: to appear in Astronomy Letters, 12 pages, 6 postscript figures, two in colour; for a version with high resolution figures see http://www.sao.ru/hq/grb/team/vkom/CTB80_fine.pdf

Vpervye po issledovaniyu pul'sarnoi tumannosti udalos' opredelit' skorost' pul'sara vdol' lucha zreniya. Ona okazalas' dovol'no bol'shoi - okolo 500 km/s, chto prevoshodit ego skorost' v ploskosti nebesnoi sfery.


Vypusk 100. 01-10 marta 2005

astro-ph/0503093 Samyi glubokii poisk sverhnovyh po Habblovskim ul'traglubokim polyam (The Deepest Supernova Search is Realized in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey)
Authors: Louis-Gregory Strolger, Adam G. Riess
Comments: 24 pages (6 figures), submitted to the Astronomical Journal

Ul'traglubokie snimki, poluchennye na Kosmicheskom teleskope, pozvolyayut iskat' sverhnovye na krasnyh smesheniyah do 2.2. Avtory predstavlyayut rezul'taty takih poiskov. Obnaruzheno chetyre sverhnovye, odnako vse oni nahodyatsya blizhe chem z=1.4.


Vypusk 99. 15-28 fevralya 2005

miniobzor astro-ph/0502247 Sverhnovye na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah: kosmologicheskie prilozheniya (High Redshift Supernovae: Cosmological Implications)
Authors: Nino Panagia
Comments: [14 pages, 4 figures] Invited review, to be published in the proceedings of the Vulcano Workshop 2004 "Frontier Objects in Astrophysics and Particle Physics", F. Giovannelli & G. Mannocchi (eds.), Italian Physical Society, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, Italy (in press)

Dostatochno podrobnyi obzor tekushego sostoyaniya del v opredelenii kosmologicheskih parametrov po nablyudeniyam dalekih sverhnovyh tipa Ia. Nikakih sensacii net. Nablyudeniya podtverzhdayut model' s 70-procentnym vkladom lyambda-chlena. Tem ne menee obzor interesnyi, osobenno diskussiya o vozmozhnyh problemah etogo podhoda.


Vypusk 98. 01-14 fevralya 2005

dissertaciya astro-ph/0502046 Zvezdy-praroditeli sverhnovyh s kollapsom yadra (Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae)
Authors: John J. Eldridge
Comments: PhD Thesis, 171 pages, low detail figures, appendices removed to fit onto arXiv.org. For high resolution figures and the appendices goto http://www.iap.fr/users/eldridge/public.html

Detal'no rassmotreny mnogie aspekty evolyucii zvezd, kotorye v konce svoei zhizni vzryvayutsya kak sverhnovye za schet kollapsa yadra.


Vypusk 97. 17-31 yanvarya 2005

miniobzor astro-ph/0501363 Poisk predsverhnovyh (Searching for Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae)
Authors: Schuyler D. Van Dyk
Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures, to appear in "1604-2004: Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses," eds. M. Turatto, W. Shea, S. Benetti and L. Zampieri, ASP Conference Series

Dlya ponimaniya mehanizma sverhnovoi ochen' vazhno znat' kakie zvezdy vzryvayutsya. Zadacha eta neprostaya, t.k. v osnovnom sverhnovye otkryvayutsya v dostatochno dalekih galaktikah, i tochnoe vydelenie na arhivnyh snimkah vzorvavsheisya zvezdy predstavlyaet soboi slozhnuyu problemu. Odnako v nekotoryh sluchayah vse-taki udalos' s bol'shoi dostovernost'yu vychlenit' izobrazhenie predsverhnovoi. Vse sovremennye rezul'taty v etoi oblasti summirovany v kratkom obzore Van Daika.


astro-ph/0501561 Ostatok sverhnovoi 1987A: poslednii otchet s Chandra (Supernova Remnant 1987A: The Latest Report from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory)
Authors: Sangwook Park et al.
Comments: 9 pages, AdSpR in press

Sputnik Chandra vedet monitoring ostatka sverhnovoi 1987A. Za neskol'ko let nablyudenii udalos' zaregistrirovat' interesneishie yavleniya, soprovozhdayushie evolyuciyu ostatka, naprimer, poyavlenie yarkih obrazovanii vo vnutrennem kol'ce. Podrobnee - v stat'e.


Vypusk 96. 01-16 yanvarya 2005

miniobzor astro-ph/0501002 Fizika sverhnovyh (Physics of Supernovae)
Authors: D. K. Nadyozhin, V. S. Imshennik
Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, 72 references; Invited Lecture at the ECRS-19 (Florence, Italy, Aug.-Sep. 2004)

Posle kratkogo no soderzhatel'nogo obzora osnovnyh svoistv sverhnovyh avtory perehodyat k svoei modeli, i v nekotoryh detalyah obsuzhdayut neitrinnyi signal ot SN1987A i svyazannye s etim problemy i puti ih resheniya.


Vypusk 95. 22-31 dekabrya 2004

astro-ph/0412625 Mozhet li vrashenie "ozhivit'" ostanovivshuyusya udarnuyu volnu v sverhnovoi (Effects of rotation on the revival of a stalled shock in supernova explosions)
Authors: T. Yamasaki and S. Yamada
Comments: 26 pages, 10 figures, submitted to ApJ

Process vzryva sverhnovoi (s kollapsiruyushim yadrom, t.e. ne tipa Ia) v ochen' kratkom izlozhenii vyglyadit tak: yadro zvezdy teryaet ustoichivost' i nachinaet kollapsirovat' (szhimat'sya) pochti v rezhime svobodnogo padeniya. V centre kollapsiruyushego yadra plotnost' bystro rastet, tam nastupaet vyrozhdenie i proishodit neitronizaciya veshestva, t.e. obrazuetsya goryachaya protoneitronnaya zvezda. "Zhestkost'" neitronnoi zvezdy gorazdo vyshe, chem u kollapsiruyushego yadra, padayushee na nee veshestvo rezko tormozitsya i szhimaetsya v rezul'tate chego vokrug neitronnoi zvezdy obrazuetsya rasshiryayushayasya, dvizhushayasya naruzhu udarnaya volna. Odnako ona dvizhetsya po padayushemu vnutr' veshestvu, tratya svoyu energiyu na ego tormozhenie, nagrev i dissociaciyu yader. Udarnaya volna ostanavlivaetsya v promezhutochnyh sloyah kollapsiruyushego yadra zvezdy i ne vyhodit naruzhu, tak kak energii, poluchenno pri otskoke, ne hvataet, chtoby dissociirovat' vse yadro (a zatem sbrosit' obolochku, razlet kotoroi my i nablyudaem kak fenomen sverhnovoi).

No eta nedostacha nevelika, esli udarnoi volne dobavit' 15-50% ot ee nachal'noi energii, to vzryv sverhnovoi proizoidet. Istochniki dopolnitel'noi energii mogut byt' samymi raznymi: konvekciya, neitrino, magnitorotacionnyi mehanizm i t.d.

V dannoi stat'e rassmatrivayutsya voprosy "ozhivleniya" ostanovivsheisya udarnoi volny v bystro vrashayusheisya predsverhnovoi.


Vypusk 93. 01-12 dekabrya 2004

miniobzor astro-ph/0412029 Sverhnovye i ih massivnye praroditeli (Supernovae and Their Massive Star Progenitors)
Authors: Alexei V. Filippenko
Comments: 10 pages, To be published in "The Fate of the Most Massive Stars," ed. R. M. Humphreys and K. Stanek (San Francisco: Astron. Society of the Pacific)

Nebol'shoi nablyudatel'nyi obzor, posvyashennyi sverhnovym i ih praroditelyam. Dve osnovnye temy: poisk sverhnovyh i poisk zvezd-praroditelei do vzryva. Kratko ostanovimsya na vtorom punkte. Est' uzhe neskol'ko primerov, kogda na arhivnyh snimkah udavalos' rassmotret' zvezdy do vzryvov sverhnovyh. Naibolee izvestnyi primer - 1987A. Odnako est' i drugie. Eto chrezvychaino vazhnoe napravlenie issledovanii, t.k. bez tochnogo znanie svoistv vzryvayushihsya zvezd budet trudno (nevozmozhno?) postroit' teoriyu vzryvov.


Vypusk 92. 15-30 noyabrya 2004

astro-ph/0411425 Otvechayut li kiki sverhnovyh za vybros rentgenovskih dvoinyh iz molodyh skoplenii? (Are Supernova Kicks Responsible for X-ray Binary Ejection from Young Clusters?)
Authors: J. Sepinsky, V. Kalogera, K. Belczynski
Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure. Submitted to Astrophysical Journal Letters

Eshe odna stat'ya, posvyashennaya kikam. Sovremennye rentgenovskie nablyudeniya otlichayutsya dostatochno vysokim uglovm razresheniem. V chastnosti, eto pozvolyaet opredelyat' dostatochno tochnye polozheniya rentgenovskih istochnikov v galaktikah.

Massivnye rentgenovskie dvoinye - eto molodye ob'ekty. Bol'shinstvo iz nih dolzhny byli obrazovyvat'sya v molodyh massivnyh zvezdnyh skopleniyah. Nablyudeniya pokazyvayut, chto istochniki neskol'ko smesheny otnositel'no skoplenii. Razumno predpolozhit', chto smeshenie svyazano s tem, chto istochniki priobreli dopolnitel'nuyu skorost' posle vzryva odnoi iz komponent sistemy. Takoe predpolozhenie neobhodimo proverit', chto i delayut avtory stat'i. Rezul'taty raschetov okazyvayutsya v sootvetstvii s gipotezoi o tom, chto imenno skorost' otdachi otvetstvenna za vybros dvoinyh sistem iz skoplenii.


astro-ph/0411450 Temp sverhnovyh na edinicu massy (The supernova rate per unit mass)
Authors: F. Mannucci et al.
Comments: 10 pages, A&A, in press

Po dannym nablyudenii avtory rasschityvayut temp sverhnovyh razlichnyh tipov dlya galaktik raznyh tipov, normiruya etu velichinu na massu galaktiki i na svetimost' v IK diapazone. Interesnym rezul'tatom yavlyaetsya sushestvennoe vozrastanie tempa sverhnovyh Ia v galaktikah pozdnih tipov (spirali i nepravil'nye galaktiki). Poyasnim vazhnost' etogo utverzhdeniya. Schitaetsya, chto sverhnovye Ia svyazany so vzryvom belogo karlika, kotoryi nabral massu ili iz-za akkrecii, ili iz-za sliyaniya s drugim belym karlikom. Takie sverhnovye tradicionno svyazyvayut so starym naselenie galaktiki (trebuetsya vremya dlya obrazovaniya belogo karlika, a takzhe dlya akkrecii znachitel'noi massy veshestva ili dlya sliyaniya). To, chto temp takih sverhnovyh sushestvenno vyshe (na edinicu massy) dlya galaktik s dostatochno aktivnym zvezdnym obrazovaniem, govorit, chto ne vse tak prosto. V chastnosti, eto nanosit udar po modeli sliyaniya dvuh belyh karlikov. Krome togo, vozmozhno, chto est' dva tipa sverhnovyh Ia: odin svyazan so starym naseleniem (eti slabye sverhnovye), drugoi -- s molodym naseleniem spiral'nyh i nepravil'nyh galaktik (eto bolee yarkie sverhnovye Ia).


Vypusk 90. 25-31 oktyabrya 2004

astro-ph/0410525 Otlozheniya na dne okeanov v kachestve teleskopov: ispol'zovanie dannyh po izotopam dlya analiza nukleosinteza v sverhnovyh (Deep-Ocean Crusts as Telescopes: Using Live Radioisotopes to Probe Supernova Nucleosynthesis)
Authors: Brian D. Fields, Kathrin A. Hochmuth, John Ellis
Comments: 13 pages, 2 figures, AASTeX. Comments welcome

Izotop zheleza 60Fe zhivet vsego 2.2 milliona let. Ispol'zuya dannye o soderzhanii etogo izotopa v okeanicheskih otlozheniyah, avtory popytalis' poluchit' ocenku na rasstoyanie do sverhnovoi, porodivshei obnaruzhennyi 60Fe. V zavisimosti ot massy zvezdy-praroditelya rasstoyanie poluchaetsya ravnym 15-120 pk. Kak vidno neopredelennost' velika (da eshe nuzhno ne zabyt' o neopredelennostyah v modelyah, kotorye ispol'zovali avtory.


Otkrytie !!! astro-ph/0410673 Komponent dvoinoi, porodivshei sverhnovuyu Tiho Brage 1572 goda (The binary progenitor of Tycho Brahe's 1572 supernova)
Authors: Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente et al.
Comments: 31 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Nature

Sverhnovaya Tiho Brage (SN 1572) odna iz dvuh istoricheskih sverhnovyh tipa Ia (vtoroi byla SN 1006) v nashei Galaktike. Sverhnovaya pervogo tipa proishodit, kak seichas schitaetsya, iz-za termoyadernogo vzryva belogo karlika, kotoryi dostig predel'noi (Chandrasekarovskoi) massy i poteryal ustoichivost'. Podobnyi process (uvelichenie massy belogo karlika) mozhet effektivno proishodit' tol'ko v dvoinoi sisteme: libo pri akkrecii veshestva s nevyrozhdennogo vtorogo kompan'ona, libo pri sliyanii dvuh belyh karlikov.

Pohozhe, chto v sverhnovoi Tiho realizovalsya imenno pervyi scenarii. Pri glubokom obzore central'noi chasti ostatka sverhnovoi byla naidena zvezda spektral'nogo klassa G0-G2 (podobnaya nashemu Solncu), kotoraya dvizhetsya so skorost'yu primerno v tri raza bol'shei, chem srednyaya skorost' zvezd v okrestnosti ostatka.

Sprava glubokii Habblovskii snimok. Sleva - shema dvizheniya zvezd na etom snimke. Kresty v centre shemy otmechayut geometricheskie centry rentgenovskogo izlucheniya Chandra (Ch), ROSAT (RO) i centr radioizlucheniya ostatka (Ra). Vokrug kazhdogo iz nih proveden krug radiusom 0.5" (sinie punktirnye linii). Sploshnoi krug - oblast', za predely kotoroi ni pri kakih usloviyah ne mogla vyletet' vtoraya komponenta predsverhnovoi.

Zvezda, otozhdestvlennaya so vtorichnym komponentom predsverhnovoi po sobstvennomu dvizheniyu, oboznachena bukvoi G. Esli eto otozhdestvlenie verno, to v 1572 godu sverhnovaya vzorvalas' v tochke, otmechennoi krestom i bukvami (Ty).

Krasnye tochki - polozheniya zvezd s vysokim sobstvennym dvizheniem na moment vzryva sverhnovoi.


obzor astro-ph/0410609 Sverhnovye tipa Ia i kosmologiya (Type Ia Supernovae and Cosmology)
Authors: Alexei V. Filippenko
Comments: 39 pages, 17 figures

Sverhnovye tipa Ia yavlyayutsya prekrasnymi standartnymi svechami s dostatochnoi dlya kosmologicheskih issledovanii yavkost'yu. S ih pomosh'yu byli prodelany sleduyushie izmereniya: postoyannaya Habbla - H0=72+/-8 km/s/Mpk (po sverhnovym s z<0.1); plotnost' Vselennoi i kosmologicheskaya postoyannaya - ΩΛ=0.72 i ΩM=0.28 (primerno po 200 sverhnovym); vozrast Vselennoi t=13.1+/-1.5 Gyr (po sverhnovym s z=1.0-1.7). Srednee vremya mezhdu obrazovaniem zvezdy i vspyshkoi ee kak sverhnovoi (tipa Ia) sostavlyaet primerno 3 milliarda let.

V obzore vy naidete eshe mnogo interesnogo.


Vypusk 89. 18-25 oktyabrya 2004

obzor astro-ph/0410501 Ogranicheniya na oslablenie dalekih sverhnovyh tipa Ia (Limiting the dimming of distant type Ia supernovae)
Authors: Linda Ostman and Edvard Mortsell
Comments: 19 pages, 11 figures

Dalekie sverhnovye tipa Ia (yavlyayushiesya horoshimi "standartnymi svechami") vyglyadyat slabee, chem oni dolzhny byt' v ploskoi Vselennoi zapolnennoi obychnym veshestvom. Prinyatoe segodnya ob'yasnenie etogo fakta - Vselennaya v osnovnom zapolnena temnoi energiei, iz-za chego ona rasshiryaetsya uskorenno, sverhnovye okazyvayutsya dal'she i svetyat, sootvetstvenno, slabee.

No, v principe, sushestvuyut i drugie vozmozhnye istochniki dlya podobnogo oslableniya. V dannom obzore rassmotreny tol'ko dva iz nih:

  1. mezhgalakticheskaya seraya pyl', oslablyayushaya svetimost' istochnika, no ne izmenyayushaya ego cvet;
  2. prevrashenie (oscillyacii) fotonov v aksiony.


Vypusk 88. 11-17 oktyabrya 2004

miniobzor astro-ph/0410275 SN 1987A: neobychnyi vzryv normal'noi sverhnovoi tipa II (SN 1987A: The Unusual Explosion of a Normal Type II Supernova)
Authors: Nino Panagia
Comments: [8 pages, 6 figures] Invited talk presented at the International Conference "1604-2004 Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses" (Padova, Italy, June 16-19, 2004), (San Francisco: ASP), in press

Nebol'shoi obzor, posvyashennoi sverhnovoi 1987A. Kratko opisany vse osnovnye otkrytiya, svyazannye s samoi izvestnoi (posle Kraba) sverhnovoi.

Veroyatno ne vse otsledili interesnye nablyudeniya, svyazannye s izmeneniyami v strukture vnutrennego kol'ca sverhnovoi. Sovetuem obratit' vnimanie na vtoruyu chast' stat'i (s razdela 8).


Vypusk 87. 01-10 oktyabrya 2004

obzor astro-ph/0410061 Reliktovyi fon neitrino ot kosmologicheskih sverhnovyh (Relic neutrino background from cosmological supernovae)
Authors: Shin'ichiro Ando and Katsuhiko Sato
Comments: 29 pages, 8 figures, submitted to New Journal of Physics

Otkuda mozhet vzyat'sya neitrinnyi fon? U nego dva dostatochno moshnyh, no ochen' raznyh istochnika: rannyaya i ochen' goryachaya Vselennaya (etot fon podoben elektromagnitnomu reliktovomu izlucheniyu i imeet pochti takuyu zhe temperaturu, tol'ko otdelenie neitrino ot veshestva proizoshlo gorazdo ran'she) i neitrino ispuskaemye kollapsiruyushimi yadrami kosmologicheskih sverhnovyh. Registraciya neitrino s temperaturoi v neskol'ko gradusov kel'vina na segodnya nereal'no. A vot neitrino ot sverhnovyh vpolne dostupny sovremennym priboram i mogut prinesti ochen' mnogo poleznoi informacii. Imenno etim dvum voprosam posvyashen obzor.


astro-ph/0410081 Ostatok sverhnovoi Keplera: 400 let (Kepler's Supernova Remnant: The view at 400 Years)
Authors: W. P. Blair
Comments: 6 page

V oktyabre 2004 goda ispolnyaetsya 400 let vspyshke Sverhnovoi Keplera (SN 1604 - poslednyaya zafiksirovannaya Sverhnovaya v nashei Galaktike). Segodnya na ee meste nablyudaetsya rasshiryayushayasya tumannost' - ostatok sverhnovoi. Ih vseh istoricheskih sverhnovyh (a ih vsego neskol'ko) SN 1604 ostaetsya samoi zagadochnoi: do sih por sporyat o tipe etoi sverhnovoi, evolyucionnom sostoyanii porodivshei ee zvezdy (predsverhnovoi) i dazhe o rasstoyanii do ostatka (ono izvestno s tochnost'yu do dvoiki).


miniobzor astro-ph/0410085 Mehanizm sverhnovyh s kollapsom yadra: Sovremennye modeli, probely i puti razvitiya (The Core Collapse Supernova Mechanism: Current Models, Gaps, and the Road Ahead)
Authors: Anthony Mezzacappa
Comments: 8 pages, no figures

Poiski mehanizma, prevrashayushego kollaps yadra predsverhnovoi vo vzryv sverhnovoi, prodolzhayutsya. Hotya oni dlyatsya uzhe sorok let, tol'ko v poslednee desyatiletie nachali razrabatyvat'sya trehmernye modeli kollapsa. I tol'ko v poslednie neskol'ko let pri modelirovanii nachali uchityvat'sya takie vazhnye komponenty mehanizma vzryva, kak, naprimer, perenos neitrino.


Vypusk 86. 20-30 sentyabrya 2004

astro-ph/0409577 Pyl' ot sverhnovoi v dalekom kvazare (A supernova origin for dust in a high-redshift quasar)
Authors: R. Maiolino et al.
Comments: To Appear in Nature, September 30, 2004

Kak izvestno, uzhe na bol'shih krasnyh smesheniyah nablyudaetsya prakticheski solnechnyi himicheskii sostav veshestva. Krome togo nablyudaetsya i mezhzvezdnaya pyl'. Proishozhdenie ee do konca ne yasno, odnako naibolee ochevidnym kandidatom yavlyayutsya sverhnovye (drugoi variant - pozdnie stadii evolyucii zvezd).

Maiolino i dr. issledovali spektr kvazara na krasnom smeshenii z=6.2. Nablyudeniya provodilis' v IK diapazone na ital'yanskom teleskope im. Galileya.

Obrabotka dannyh pokazala, chto nablyudaemoe pogloshenie prekrasno opisyvaetsya modelyami, v kotoryh pyl' porozhdaetsya sverhnovymi tipa II, t.e. vzryvami massivnyh zvezd.


obzor astro-ph/0409755 Gamma-vspleski i gipernovye (Gamma-ray Bursts and Hypernovae)
Authors: K.A. Postnov
Comments: 11 pages, no figures

V poslednee vremya poyavlyaetsya vse bol'she argumentov v pol'zu togo, chto po krainei mere chast' gamma-vspleskov mozhet byt' svyazana so vspyshkami sverhnovyh osobogo tipa - tak nazyvaemyh gipernovyh. Vozmozhno imenno etim ob'yasnyaetsya to, chto vo vseh gamma-vspleskah vydelyaetsya primerno ravnoe kolichestvo energii ~1051 erg. (Vprochem, poslednee utverzhdenie tozhe gipoteza, nuzhdayushayasya v podtverzhdenii.)


Vypusk 84. 01-12 sentyabrya 2004

astro-ph/0409013 Molodye ostatki sverhnovyh i sami sverhnovye (Young core collapse supernova remnants and their supernovae)
Authors: Roger A. Chevalier
Comments: 42 pages, ApJ, submitted

Sushestvuet neskol'ko tipov sverhnovyh, razlichaemyh po vidu krivoi bleska i po spektral'nym harakteristikam. V dannoi stat'e avtor rassmatrivaet sverhnovye, svyazannye s kollapsom yadra massivnoi zvezdy (core collapse supernovae). Vydelyayut takie ih tipy: IIP, 1987-A-like, IIL/b, Ib/c. Vse oni detal'no opisyvayutsya v etoi stat'e.

Osnovnaya cel' stat'i - svyazat' izvestnye molodye ostatki sverhnovyh s tipom sverhnovoi, t.e. opredelit', kakov byl tip sverhnovoi, porodivshii dannyi nablyudayushiisya ostatok. Posle opisaniya teorii rassmotreno 14 ostatkov (kak s pul'sarami, tak i bez).

Vozmozhno, chto stat'yu stoit chitat' vmeste s rabotoi Rotating Core Collapse and Bipolar Supernova Explosions.


Vypusk 83. 01-31 avgusta 2004

astro-ph/0407112 Dolya GRB sredi sverhnovyh tipa Ib/c (Branching ratio of Type Ib/c supernovae into GRB-supernovae)
Authors: Maurice H.P.M. van Putten
Comments: 12 pages

My reshili upomyanut' stat'yu iz proshlogo mesyaca, o kotoroi ne pisali ran'she. Soglasno odnomu iz variantov teorii gamma-vspleski proishodyat pri vzryvah sverhnovyh tipa Ib/c, no daleko ne vsegda, a lish' odin raz na neskol'ko soten sverhnovyh. Kak mozhno ob'yasnit' stol' maluyu dolyu?

Avtor stat'i predlagaet sleduyushii variant. Dlya vozniknoveniya gamma-vspleska po vsei vidimosti neobhodimo obrazovanie akkrecionnogo tora vokrug novoobrazovavsheisya chernoi dyry. Okazyvaetsya, chto mozhno pridumat' pochemu prakticheski vo vseh sluchayah tor ne obrazuetsya. Esli kollaps proishodit nesimmetrichno (rech' idet o narushenii sfericheskoi simmetrii), naprimer iz-za nesferichnosti samoi zvezdy do kollapsa, to obrazovavshayasya chernaya dyra poluchit dostatochnyi tolchok (kik), chtoby vyiti iz oblasti vysokoi plotnosti, a znachit tor ne iz chego budet obrazovat'. Malaya dolya chernyh dyr, ostavshihsya v oblasti vysokoi plotnosti (central'naya chast' kollapsiruyushei zvezdy), ob'yasnyaetsya maloi veroyatnost'yu nizkih skorostei posle kika. Nesferichnost' zvezdy pered kollapsom ob'yasnyaetsya prilivnym vozdeistvie kompan'ona (sverhnovye tipa Ib/c dolzhny proishodit' v tesnyh dvoinyh sistemah).


astro-ph/0408439 Asimmetriya sverhnovyh i kik pul'sarov (Supernova Asymmetries and Pulsar Kicks -- Views on Controversial Issues)
Authors: H.-Th. Janka et al.
Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures

Zametka izvestnoi nemeckoi gruppy issledovatelei. Dvuh- i treh-mernye chislennye raschety pokazyvayut, chto pri vzryvah sverhnovyh voznikayut nizkomodovye (l=1,2) neustoichivosti na stadii moshnogo neitrinnogo izlucheniya. Podobnaya asimmetriya pozvolyaet neitronnoi zvezde priobresti prostranstvennuyu skorost', prevyshayushuyu 1000 km/s. Dlya vozniknoveniya ukazannyh neustoichivostei bystroe vrashenie protoneitronnoi zvezdy ne trebuetsya (i dazhe protivopokazano). [Poslednii vyvod protivorechit nablyudaemoi u radiopul'sarov sonapravlennosti osei vrasheniya i prostranstvennoi skorosti.]

Avtory takzhe govoryat, chto bimodal'nost' raspredeleniya pul'sarov po skorostyam estestvennym obrazom nahodit svoe ob'yasnenie, esli svyazat' vysokoskorostnye pul'sary s neustoichivost'yu s dominantoi l=1, a nizkoskorostnye - s l=2.


Vypusk 81. 20-30 iyunya 2004

astro-ph/0406421 "Fabrika sverhnovyh" v slivayusheisya sisteme Arp 299 (A Supernova Factory in the Merger System Arp 299)
Authors: S. G. Neff, J. S. Ulvestad, and S. H. Teng
Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures. accepted to ApJ

Blizkaya k nam galaktika Arp 299 nedavno obrazovalas' iz dvuh drugih v rezul'tate sliyaniya. Iz-za etogo v nei seichas idet ochen' moshnoe zvezdoobrazovanie. Sverhnovye tam vspyhivayut s chastotoi odin raz a god - odin raz v 10 let (a oni obrazuyutsya iz zvezd s massoi bol'she 10Mo, kotoryh malo).

Dannyi ob'ekt nablyudalsya v radio (na VLA) i v infrakrasnom diapazone, polucheny interesnye rezul'taty.


astro-ph/0406546 Nablyudenie dalekih sverhnovyh na Habblovskom teleskope: do z=1.6 (The Hubble Higher-Z Supernova Search: Supernovae to z=1.6 and Constraints on Type Ia Progenitor Models)
Authors: L.-G. Strolger et al
Comments: 32 pages, 15 figures, accepted in ApJ

Dlya programmy "poisk sverhnovyh na bol'shih z" Habblovskii teleskop provel pyat' seansov nablyudenii oblasti ploshad'yu 300 kvadratnyh minut s intervalami v 45 dnei. Sravnenie snimkov pozvolilo naiti 42 sverhnovye na krasnyh smesheniyah 0.2 < z < 1.6 (s bleskom do 26 velichiny v fil'tre z').


Nekotorye iz obnaruzhennyh Sverhnovyh

Sravnenie dannyh rezul'tatov s model'nymi raschetami pozvolyaet sdelat' interesnye vyvody.

Voprosu ocenki tempa vspyshek dalekih sverhnovyh posvyashena stat'ya astro-ph/0406547 togo zhe nauchnogo kollektiva.


Vypusk 78. 13-31 maya 2004

astro-ph/0405232 Zond dlya sverhnovyh i uskoreniya: kosmicheskii eksperiment po izucheniyu prirody temnoi energii (Supernova / Acceleration Probe: A Satellite Experiment to Study the Nature of the Dark Energy)
Authors: SNAP Collaboration
Comments: 40 pages, 18 figures, submitted to PASP, http://snap.lbl.gov

Opisyvaetsya proekt SNAP: The Supernova / Acceleration Probe. Ideya sostoit v nablyudenii bol'shogo chisla dalekih sverhnovyh pervogo tipa (Ia) s pomosh'yu specializirovannogo dvuhmetrovogo kosmicheskogo teleskopa. Proekt dolzhen otnablyudat' neskol'ko tysyach na krasnyh smesheniyah do 1.7. Eti dannye pozvolyat poluchit' sushestvenno bolee tochnye parametry temnoi energii.

Obzor po temnoi energii dlya nespecialistov mozhno naiti v svezhei rabote A. Dolgova Problems of vacuum energy and dark energy.


Vypusk 77. 01-12 maya 2004

miniobzor astro-ph/0405029 Pyat'desyat devyat' prichin chtoby sverhnovaya ne vzorvalas' (Fifty-Nine Reasons for a Supernova to not Explode)
Authors: M. Liebendoerfer
Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on "Nuclear Astrophysics" held at Ringberg Castle, March 22-27, 2004

Ryad problem v modelirovanii sverhnovyh svoditsya k sleduyushemu:

NE VZRYVAYuTSYa!

Na chetyreh stranicah avtor perechislyaet osnovnye prichiny dlya takogo "nepravil'nogo" povedeniya modeliruemyh sverhnovyh.

Na samom dele obsuzhdaetsya ne 59, a 5.9 prichin (poslednyaya ne zaschitana za celuyu, t.k. svyazano s tehnicheskimi trudnostyami v modelirovanii). Tak chto fizicheskih prichin pyat'.
1. Zahvat elektronov.
2. Dissociaciya yader. Energiya udarnoi volny uhodit na dissociaciyu yader. Dazhe malomassivnye (9 solnechnyh mass) yadra ochen' tyazhelo vzorvat'.
3. Neitrinnoe ohlazhdenie. Neitrino unosyat energiyu, kotoraya mogla by byt' kineticheskoi.
4. Akkreciya. Deleptonizaciya privodit k akkrecii chasti sloev, a ne k vzryvu.
5. Konvektivnaya ustoichivost' protoneitronnoi zvezdy. Mnogie modeli, dayushie vzryv, osnovany na konvekcii

Chetyreh stranic malo dlya podrobnogo opisaniya, poetomu razobrat'sya ne tak uzh legko..... Vozmozhno, chto vse-taki mehanizm "chut'-chut' drugoi". Naprimer, magnitnye polya i vrashenie mogut sygrat' reshayushuyu rol'.


Vypusk 76. 19-30 aprelya 2004

astro-ph/0404515 Vzryvy sverhnovyh, 511 keV-nye fotony, gamma-vspleski i zerkal'naya materiya (Supernova explosions, 511 keV photons, gamma ray bursts and mirror matter)
Authors: R. Foot and Z. K. Silagadze
Comments: about 9 pages

Nekotorye sovremennye teorii elementarnyh chastic utverzhdayut, chto krome nashego mira, v kotorom vse tela sostoyat iz izvestnyh nam fotonov, protonov, elektronov i t.d. v etoi zhe samoi Vselennoi mozhet sushestvovat' eshe odin, takoi zhe po raznoobraziyu svoistv mir, postroennyi iz drugih chastic, kotorye nazyvayut "zerkal'nymi" (otsyuda "zerkal'noe veshestva" i "zerkal'naya vselennaya"). Nabor zerkal'nyh chastic i ih vzaimodeistviya mezhdu soboi mogut byt' takimi zhe (strogo ili priblizhenno) kak v nashem mire ili zhe mogut sovershenno ot nih otlichat'sya. Osnovnoi osobennost'yu zerkal'nyh chastic yavlyaetsya to, chto s normal'nym veshestvom oni vzaimodeistvuyut libo tol'ko gravitacionno, no eto ochen' zhestkoe ogranichenie, posle vvedeniya kotorogo ostaetsya sovsem malo interesnoi fiziki. Poetomu v poslednee vremya pri rassmotrenii zerkal'nyh teorii dopolnitel'no predpolagayut nalichie (slabogo) smeshivaniya obychnyh i zerkal'nyh chastic. Eto oznachaet, chto pri nekotoryh usloviyah zerkal'nye neitrino ili (kak v etoi stat'e) fotony mogut prevrashat'sya v sootvetstvuyushie obychnye chasticy i naoborot. Nikakoe drugoe vzaimodeistvie mezhdu obychnym i zerkal'nym veshestvom nevozmozhno (t.e. my ego ne mozhem dazhe napryamuyu uvidet').

Esli zerkal'noe veshestvo vo svoim (vnutrennim) svoistvam pohozhe na nashe, to iz nego budut obrazovyvat'sya galaktiki (zerkal'nye), v nih zvezdy, a massivnye zerkal'nye zvezdy budut zakanchivat' svoyu evolyuciyu vzryvami sverhnovyh (v zerkal'nom mire). Prichem obychnye i zerkal'nye galaktiki budut skoree vsego sovpadat' (oba sorta veshestva budut raspolozheny v obshei gravitacionnoi potencial'noi yame), a otdel'nye zvezdy - raspolagayutsya nezavisimym obrazom.

Pri vzryve zerkal'noi sverhnovoi vydelyaetsya potok energii, v osnovnom v neitrino i fotonah. Chast' etih zerkal'nyh fotonov mozhet prevratit'sya v obychnye. A voznikayushaya "na pustom meste" sverhmoshnaya vspyshka izlucheniya mozhet ob'yasnit' nekotorye nablyudaemye v kosmose interesnye fenomeny.

Avtory stat'i privodyat tri takih yavleniya:

  • "Velikii Annigillyator" - istochnik pozitronov v centre Galaktiki, nablyudaemyi po annigilyacionnoi linii 511 keV;
  • gamma-vspleski i
  • sverhnovye.

A voobshe stat'ya ochen' prostaya i prozrachnaya.


Vypusk 75. 12-19 aprelya 2004

obzor astro-ph/0404207 Krivye bleska sverhnovyh: argument v pol'zu novogo modulya rasstoyanii (Supernovae Light Curves: An Argument for a New Distance Modulus)
Authors: Jerry W. Jensen
Comments: 34 Pages, 21 figures

Avtor schitaet, chto kogerentnoe Ramanovskoe rasseyanie nekogerentnogo sveta v mezhgalakticheskoi srede okazyvaet vliyanie na ocenku rasstoyanii do dalekih ob'ektov (i eto vliyanie uzhe mozhno obnaruzhit'). V pol'zu svoei gipotezy on privodit analiz krivyh bleska dalekih sverhnovyh, v kotoryh nahodit sootvetstvuyushuyu sistematiku.

Po povodu dannoi gipotezy eshe, navernoe, budut sporit' specialisty, a v rezul'tate poluchilsya interesny obzor, v tom chisle i prosto po sverhnovym.


Vypusk 73. 16-31 marta 2004

astro-ph/0403399 Temp vspyshek Gipernovyh i gamma-vspleskov: ih praroditeli (The Rates of Hypernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: Implications for their Progenitors)
Authors: Ph. Podsiadlowski et al.
Comments: Accepted by ApJ Lett., 12 pages, 0 figures

Gipernovye - osobyi moshnyi tip sverhnovyh (obladayushih, veroyatno, eshe ryadom dopolnitel'nyh svoistv), schitaetsya vozmozhnym istochnikom gamma-vspleskov. Togda lyuboe predpolozhenie o tom kakie zvezdy v konce svoei evolyucii porozhdayut gipernovye, trebuet proverki chastoty ih vspyshek: gamma-vspleski proishodyat odin raz v 105-106 let v galaktike tipa Mlechnogo Puti. Eto ne neskol'ko poryadkov nizhe, chem tem vzryvov obychnyh sverhnovyh (s kollapsom yadra), chto, v chastnosti, pozvolyaet predpolozhit', chto gipernovye (i gamma-vspleski) vstrechayutsya tol'ko v dvoinyh sistemah.

V dannoi stat'e rassmatrivayutsya razlichnye puti evolyucii dvoinyh sistem, kotorye zakanchivayutsya vzryvom gipernovoi i, sootvetstvenno/vozmozhno, gamma-vspleskom.


astro-ph/0403451 Sverhnovaya, svyazannaya s rentgenovskoi vspyshkoi 031203 (A supernova associated with X-ray flash 031203)
Authors: B. Thomsen et al.
Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, submitted to A&A

Avtory polagayut, chto nashli primer associacii rentgenovskoi vspyshki (X-ray flash) i sverhnovoi.

Rentgenovskie vspyshki po vsei vidimosti yavlyayutsya "mladshimi brat'yami" gamma-vspleskov. V etoi rabote rech' idet o vspyshke GRB 031203, proizoshedshei v galaktike s krasnym smesheniem z=0.1055 (eto dovol'no blizko po merkam gamma-vspleskov). Avtory obnaruzhili pik izlucheniya cherez 10-33 dnya posle vspyshki. Oni interpretiruyu eto kak sverhnovuyu (vozmozhno, gipernovuyu), otmechaya shodstvo so sverhnovoi SN1998bw (kotoruyu, v svoyu ochered', svyazyvayut s gamma-vspleskom).


Vypusk 72. 01-15 marta 2004

miniobzor astro-ph/0403038 Neitrinnyi processy v sverhnovyh i neitronnyh zvezdah v ih "mladenchestve" i "starosti" (Neutrino Processes in Supernovae and Neutrons Stars in Their Infancy and Old Age)
Authors: M. Prakash, S. Ratkovic, S. I. Dutta and PALS
Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures

Obsuzhdayutsya neitrinnye processy v poluprozrachnom (dlya neitrino) veshestve sverhnovyh i pochti neprozrachnyh protoneitronnyh zvezdah. Rassmatrivayutsya voprosy registracii neitrinnogo signala na Zemle na sushestvuyushih ustanovkah i vozmozhnost' na etoi osnove razlichit' te ili inye modeli neitronnyh zvezd.


(Arhiv Sverhnovye:
v.2, 2003, v.1, 2002-2003)

Registraciya neitrinnogo signala ot sverhnovoi 1987A na ustanovkah Kamiokande i IMB byla vozmozhna tol'ko na rannih etapah sushestvovaniya protoneitronnoi zvezdy (<10 s) i ne nakladyvalo ogranichenii na massu i svoistva neitronnoi zvezdy. Registraciya vspyshki sverhnovoi v centre nashei Galaktiki na sovremennyh ustanovkah (SNO, USO ili SuperKamiokande) pozvolit opredelit' massu neitronnoi zvezdy i opredelit' sostoyanie ee veshestva.
Vypusk 67. 26-31 yanvarya 2004
astro-ph/0401513 Fabrika blizkih sverhnovyh (The Nearby Supernova Factory)
Authors: W. M. Wood-Vasey et al.
Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures to be published in New Astronomy Reviews

Na proshloi nedele my pisali o tom, kak kosmologicheskii obzornyi proekt planiruyut ispol'zovat' dlya izucheniya malyh tel Solnechnoi sistemy. Na etot raz vse naoborot.

Nebol'shoi (1.2 metra) teleskop programmy poiska okolozemnyh asteroidov (NEAT) ispol'zuyut dlya poiska sverhnovyh. Rech' idet o sverhnovyh tipa Ia na krasnyh smesheniyah 0.03 < z < 0.08. Planiruetsya issledovat' okolo 300 takih ob'ektov (otsyuda i nazvanie "fabrika" zaimstvovannoe, kak nam kazhetsya, iz fiziki elementarnyh chastic, gde populyarny temriny "mezonnaya fabrika" i t.p.).

Kak vy pomnite, sverhnovye tipa Ia ispol'zuyut v kosmologii kak standartnye svechi. Avtory planiruyut ispol'zovat' dannye po blizkim sverhnovym v pervuyu ochered' dlya kalibrovki.

Planiruetsya, chto temp otkrytiya sverhnovyh na dannoi ustanovke budet okolo 12 shtuk v mesyac!


astro-ph/0401563 Gravitacionnoe izluchenie pri kollapse vrashayushegosya yadra: effekty magnitnyh polei i realistichnyh uravnenii sostoyaniya (Gravitational Radiation from Rotational Core Collapse: Effects of Magnetic Fields and Realistic Equation of States)
Authors: Kei Kotake et al.
Comments: 25 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in PRD

Vzryvy sverhnovyh yavlyayutsya odnimi iz vozmozhnyh istochnikov gravitacionnyh voln. Pravda, pri etih vzryvah ne takaya uzh bol'shaya dolya energii uhodit v vide gravvspleka, no tem ne menee. Sovremennye detektory mogli by "pochuvstvovat'" sverhnovuyu v nashei Galaktike. Odnako, chitatel' mozhet pomnit', chto dlya gravdetektorov ochen' vazhno zaranee znat' formu signala (hotya by priblizitel'no), togda ego gorazdo legche vydelit' na fone shumov.

Raschet realistichnyh form signalov ochen' slozhen, t.k. slozhny processy, protekayushie pri vzryve. V etoi rabote avtory pytayutsya v slozhnoi chislennoi modeli uchest' effekty magnitnyh polei i uravneniya sostoyaniya veshestva vzryvayushegosya yadra.


Vypusk 66. 19-26 yanvarya 2004

miniobzor astro-ph/0401322 3-D vzryvy: meditaciya na vrashenii (i magnitnyh polyah) (3-D Explosions: A Meditation on Rotation (and Magnetic Fields))
Authors: J. Craig Wheeler
Comments: Introductory talk to be published in Cosmic Explosions in Three Dimensions: Asymmetries in Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts eds P. Hoeflich, P, Kumar and J. C. Wheeler, Cambridge University Press. 10 pages, 1 eps figure, 1 table
miniobzor astro-ph/0401323 Itog konferencii: trehmernye vzryvy (Conference Summary: Three Dimensional Explosions)
Comments: Workshop summary to be published in Cosmic Explosions in Three Dimensions: Asymmetries in Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts, eds P. Hoeflich, P, Kumar and J. C. Wheeler, Cambridge University Press. 9 pages

Dve stat'i Krega Uillera: vvodnaya i zaklyuchitel'naya. Vmeste eti raboty sostavlyayut horoshii neperegruzhennyi detalyami obzor sovremennogo sostoyaniya del v izuchenii vzryvov sverhnovyh i svyazannyh s etim fenomenov. Ves' tekst napisan ochen' po delu, prichem avtor reshil (i preuspel!) isklyuchitel'no slovesno (t.e. bez formul) izlozhit' sut' mnogih vazhnyh nedavnih rabot. Edinstvennoe, o chem mozhno pozhalet' - eto nedostatochnoe chislo illyustracii. Ochevidno, chto zadumka sostoit v tom, chto illyustracii privodyatsya v original'nyh stat'yah, tak chto sledite za stat'yami iz materialov etoi konferencii.

V istoricheskih celyah privedem odin abzac iz vtoroi stat'i:
"In terms of giving credit, Stirling Colgate revealed the true father of modern supernova research: Scratchy Serapkin. Anatoly Serapkin was the head of the Soviet delegation to the Geneva talks aimed at the Limited Test Ban Treaty to abandon space, atmospheric, and underwater nuclear talks in 1963. Colgate was one of the representatives on the U.S. side with the self-appointed goal of convincing both sides that we needed to understand the astrophysical `background" to avoid confusing a natural event with a bomb test. The yet-to-be famous Vela satellites played a role in these discussions. Colgate said supernovae might be confused with a test. Scratchy, not a scientist himself, fixed him with a steely glare and inquired, `Who knows how supernovae work?" Colgate realized what thin ground he, and the U.S. delegation, were on, returned to Livermore and made the case to Edward Teller that understanding supernovae must become a primary goal of the lab. The rest is history."


miniobzor astro-ph/0401461 Kollapsiruyushie Sverhnovye "na podhode" (Core-Collapse Supernovae at the Threshold)
Authors: H.-Th. Janka et al. Astrophysics, Garching)
Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, high-quality available upon request; contribution to Procs. IAU Coll. 192, "Supernovae", Eds. J.M. Marcaide ad K.W. Weiler, Springer

Ochen' malen'kii obzor odnoi iz samyh avtoritetnyh grupp po chislennomu modelirovaniyu Sverhnovyh. Chto stalo yasno na segodnyashnii den': dvumernye osesimmetrichnye modeli, dazhe s ochen' izoshrennym perenosom neitrino, ne priveli k uspehu. No est' yavnye priznaki togo, chto (v trehmerii) dannaya problema blizka k resheniyu.


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